The document provides an overview of India's health care delivery system. It discusses three main levels: central, state, and district/local levels. At the central level, the key organizations are the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Directorate General of Health Services, which are responsible for policymaking, planning, and coordination. At the state level, each state has its own independent health care system. At the district/local level, primary health care is delivered through a three-tiered rural system of sub-centers, primary health centers (PHC), and community health centers (CHC) based on population thresholds. The PHCs act as the first point of contact between communities and medical officers.
This ppt gives you the details about the NRHM scheme. The SWOT analysis has been done which helps you to know the strength and weakness part of the NRHM program.
BY: Dr.Pavithra R (M.H.A)
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
This ppt gives you the details about the NRHM scheme. The SWOT analysis has been done which helps you to know the strength and weakness part of the NRHM program.
BY: Dr.Pavithra R (M.H.A)
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
3. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 3 - Organization and administration of health s...thiru murugan
2nd Year PBBSc Nursingcommunity Health Nursing
Organization and administration of health services in India
UNIT III:
Organization and administration of health services in India.
National health policy
Health Care Delivery system in India.
Health team concept
Centre, State, district, urban health services, rural health services
System of medicines
Centrally sponsored health schemes
Role of voluntary health organizations and international health agencies
Role of health personnel in the community
Public health legislation.
Important questions:
Different level of health services in india (Centre, State, district, urban health services, rural health services)
Health team
System of medicines / AYUSH
Role of health personnel in the community
National health policy
voluntary health organizations – WHO, UNICEF, Red cross
Public health legislation.
National health policy:
Definition:
Health policy can be defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society”
National health policy 1983:
National health policy in India was not framed and announced in 1983.
The ministry of health and family welfare evolved a National Health Policy in 1983.
The policy focus on the preventive, promotive, public health and rehabilitation aspects of health care.
To attain the objectives “Health for all by 2000 AD”.
KEY ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 1983:-
Awareness of health problems
Safe drinking water and sanitation
Rural health infrastructure
Health management of information system
Legislative support to health
Combat wide spread of malnutrition
Research in health care
Different system of medicines
Factors interfering with the progress towards health for all:
Insufficient political commitment
Failure to achieve equality
The low status of women.
Slow socio-economic development.
Lack of human resources.
Inadequacy of health promotion activities.
Weak health information system and no baseline data.
Pollution, lack of water supply and sanitation.
Uncontrolled population
Advanced technology
Natural and man-made disasters
National Health Policy 2002:
The national health policy 1983 revised in 2002 with new objectives and strategies in order meet the health problems and demand of peoples
Objectives:
To achieve an acceptable standard of good health
To upgrading health infrastructure
To improve equitable health service
To give priority for prevention and first line curative
To promote rational use of drugs.
To increase use of Traditional Medicine (AYUSH)
National Health Policy 2002 - Policy prescriptions:
Equity
Delivery of national health programmes
Extending public health services
Education of health care professionals
Need for specialists in 'public health' & 'family medicine
Nursing personnel
Urban health
Mental health
Information Education and Communication
Health research
Role of private sector
Health statistics
Women's health
Medical ethics
Enforcement of quality standard for food &drug
This is the first part of the lecture in Community Health Nursing. This course provides an overview of the Philippine Health Care Delivery System and the different programs implemented by the Philippine Department of Health to promote and protect the health of the people.
Introduction of Social Pharmacy Role of Pharmacist /Chapter -1
L-1 Social Pharmacy D.Pharm 1st Year based on the new syllabus of d Pharma as per PCI ER 2020.
Definition of social pharmacy
Social pharmacy as a discipline
Objectives of social pharmacy
Social pharmacy research
Social pharmacy education
Scope of social pharmacy in improving health
Role of pharmacist in public health
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Healthcare delivery system in india
1. Health Care Delivery System in
India
Dr Utpal Sharma
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
SMIMS, Gangtok, Sikkim
2. Introduction
Health is…..
……..a state of complete Physical, Mental
and Social well being and not merely an
absence of disease or infirmity….
…..which allows a person to
live a socio-economically productive life.
Illness is…..
…a state in which a person’ s physical,
emotional, intellectual, social or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired.
3. Cont….
Health care is...
…….multitude of services rendered to
individuals or communities by the agents
of health services or professional for the
purpose of
Promoting
Restoring and
Maintaining health
Embraces all the goods and services
designed for “prevention, promotion and
rehabilitation interventions” includes
Medical Care
4. Health Care provider
A person or organization that provides services
and/or health care personnel….
….to deliver proper health care in a systematic
way to any individual in need of health care
services.
Could be a government…or…
….the health care industry,
….a health care equipment company,
….an institution such as a hospital or laboratory.
Health care professionals may include physicians,
dentists, and other support staff.
5. Cont….
Health services
Permanent countrywide system of
estabilished institutions with the objective of…
….coping with the various health needs and
demands of population…
…thereby provide health care to individuals and
community with preventive and curative activities
….utilizing health care workers
6. Cont…
System
Includes… concepts ( e.g health and diseases)
Ideas(e.g equity)
Objects(e.g hospitals, health centres)
Persons (health care workers viz. physician,
nurses)
Together these forms a system interacting
with each other, supporting and controlling
each other
8. 1. Structure of health system
Aspects of the design of health services that influences the
way in which they are delivered Includes….
Number and type of personnel and staff
Way of these personnel organized to work
Nature and extend of facility and equipment
Range of services offered
System of management and amenities
Financing
Enumeration and determination of the eligible population for
these services
Governance and decision making
9. Cont…
2. Process of health care delivery
Consists of two parts
Behavior of professionals
Recognition of the problem i.e diagnosis
Diagnostic procedure
Recommendation of treatment or management
Appropiate follow up
Participation of people
Utilization of services
Understanding the recommendations
Satisfaction with the services
Participation in decision making
10. Cont…
3. Outcomes of health care
Aspects of health that results from interventions provided by the
health system
4. Flow of patients in health care system
Varies from country to country
India harbors a multistage (three tier) system, where majority of
health care is delivered by community health care worker
Indian system is more cost effective if health workers are skilled
and effectively supervised
Such system could one of the reason to reduced cost of health
care in developing countries
11. Levels of health care
Primary Health care
Provided at the community level
Secondary health care
Provided at PHC, CHC, DH etc.
Tertiary health care
Provided at hospitals
Tertiary health
care
12. Alma-Ata international conference
In 1977, World Health Assembly decided to launch a
movement called “Health for all by 2000”
Fundamental principle of this concept was equity, an equal
health status for all the people in all countries
This is to be ensured by equitable distribution of health
resources
In 1978, the note of “Health for all” was reaffirmed and
marked as the major social goal for every country.
It was stated in the declaration that the best way to achieve
HFA is by providing primary health care……
……… especially to vast size of
underserved rural and urban poor
14. Alma-Ata Declarations
A main social target of governments, international
organizations and the whole world community in the coming
decades should be the attainment by all peoples of the world
by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to
lead a socially and economically productive life. - “HEALTH
FOR ALL BY 2000”
Primary health care is the key to attaining this target as part of
development in the spirit of social justice.
Primary health care is essential health care based on
practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods
and technology, made universally accessible to individuals
and families in the community through their full participation
and at a cost that the community and country can afford.
15. Alma-Ata Declaration
It forms an integral part of the country's health
system, and of the overall social and economic
development of the community.
It is the first level of contact of individuals, the
family and community with the national health
system.
All governments should formulate national policies,
strategies and plans of action to launch and sustain
primary health care as part of a comprehensive
national health system and in coordination with
other sectors.
16. Primary health care
Primary Health Care as defined by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in 1978 is…
Essential health care; based on
practical,
scientifically sound, and
socially acceptable method and technology….
…….made universally accessible to individuals
and families of the community through their full
participation….
……at a cost that community and country can
afford to maintain every stage of their development in
the spirit of self determination.
17. Cont…
Definition
Primary health care is essential health
care made universally accessible to
individuals and acceptable to them
through their full participation and at a cost
the community and country can afford
18. What is there in Primary Health
Care..?????
Primary Health Care includes:
– Primary Care (physicians, midwives & nurses);
– Health promotion, illness prevention;
– Health maintenance & home support;
– Community rehabilitation;
– Pre-hospital emergency medical services… and…
– Coordination and referral to other areas of health care.
19. Cont.…
It is the first level of contact with the health system to promote
health, prevent illness, care for common illnesses, and
manage ongoing health problems.
Primary Health Care involves concerted effort to provide
rural population of developing countries with least bare
minimum of health services.
Some services are also provided community and hospitals
Primary Health Care is different in each community depending
upon:
– Needs of the residents;
– Availability of health care providers;
– The communities geographic location; &
– Proximity to other health care services in the area.
20. Elements of primary health care
1. Education about prevailing health conditions and methods
to prevent and control them
2. Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
3. Adequate water supply and basic sanitation
4. Maternal and child health care with family planning
5. Immunization against major infectious diseases
6. Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
7. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
8. Provision of essential drugs
21. Principles of primary health care
Equitable distribution
Community participation
Intersectoral coordination
Appropriate technology
22. Health Care Delivery System in India
India is a union of 28 states and 7 union territories.
States are largely independent in matters relating to
the delivery of health care to the people.
Each state has developed its own system of health
care delivery, independent of the Central
Government.
The Central Government’s responsibility consists
mainly of policy making , planning , guiding,
assisting, evaluating and coordinating the work of
the State Health Ministries.
23. Health System in India
The health system in India has 3 main links
24. At the central level
The official “organs” of health system at
national level are
27. Functions of MoHFW
Union list
International health relations and administration of port
quarintine
Administration of Central Institutes
Promotion of research
Regulation and development of medical, pharmaceutical, dental
and nursing professions
Establishment and maintenance of drug standards
Census and collection and publication of other statistical data
Coordination with states
28. cont….
Concurrent List:
Prevention of Communicable disease
Prevention of food adulteration
Control of drug and poison
Vital statistics
Labour welfare
Economic and social planning
Poulation control and family planning
31. Functions of Directorate General of Health
services
General functions
Surveys
Planning
Coordination
Programming and appraisal of all health matters
Specific function
International health relations and quarantine of all major
ports in country and international airport.
Control of drug standards
Maintain medical store depots
Administration of post graduate training programmes
32. Cont…
Administration of certain medical colleges in India
Conducting medical research through Indian Council of
Medical Research ( ICMR )
Central Government Health Schemes.
Implementation of national health programmes
Preparation of health education material for creating health
awareness through Health Education Bureau
Collection, compilation, analysis, evaluation and
dissemination of information
National Medical Library
35. Functions
To consider and recommend broad outlines of
policy related to matters concerning health like
environment hygiene, nutrition and health
education.
To make proposals for legislation relating to
medical and public health matters.
To make recommendations to the Central
Government regarding distribution of grants-in-
aid.
37. At District level
There are 593 ( year 2001 census) districts in
India. Within each district, there are 6 types of
administrative areas.
1. Sub –division
2. Tehsils ( Talukas )
3. Community Development Blocks
4. Municipalities and Corporations
5. Villages and
6. Panchayats
38. Disrtict Level
Districts
Tehsils /Talukas (200-600
villages)
Community Development Blocks
(approx 100 Villages & 80,000 -
1.2 Lac Pop)
Municipalities & Corporations
Municipal Board
(10,000- 2 Lac Pop)
Corporations (> 2 lac
pop)
Town Area Committee
(5,000-10,000 Pop)
Panchayats
Villages
39. Health Services
Out patient services -Patients who don’t require hospitalization
can receive health care in a clinic. An out patient setting is
designed to be convenient and easily accessible to the patient.
Clinics – Clinics involve a department in a hospital where patients
not requiring hospitalization, receive medical care.
Institutions – Hospitals – Hospital have been the major agency
of health care system.
In broad sense the health services should be
a. Comprehensive
b. Accessible
c. Acceptable
d. Provide scope of community participation and….
e. Available at an affordable cost by country and commuity
40. Health care systems
Intended to delivery healthcare services and represented by five
major sectors different from each other by health technology
1. Public health sector
a. Primary health care
Primary health centres
Sub centres
b. Hospitals/Health centres
Community health centres
Rural hospitals
District hospitals/health centres
Specialist hospitals
Teaching hospitals
c. Health insurance schemes
Employees State Insurance
Central Govt. Health Schemes
d. Other agencies
Defense services
Railways
41. Cont…
2. Private sector
a. Private hospitals, polyclinic, nursing homes and
dispensaries
b. General practitioners and clinics
3. Indigenous system of medicine
a. Ayurveda and Siddha
b. Unani and Tibbi
c. Homeopathy
d. Unregistered practitioners
4. Voluntary health agencies
5. National health programmes
43. Introduction
In 1977, GoI launched Rural Health Scheme based on the
principle of “placing people’s health in people’s hand”
Subsequently in the international conference of Alma-
Ata(1978)the goal of “Health for all” by 2000 through
primary health care approach was set.
Keeping in view WHO “Health for all” by 2000 GoI
formulated National health policy 2002
44. Cont….
More recently GoI formulated NRHM and Indian Public Health
Standards (IPHS) in this regards
In order to provide quality care in the public health agencies of
health care delivery IPHS are being prescribed.
These standards provides basic promotive, preventive and
curative primary health care to the community and……
…….achieve and maintain an acceptable quality of care
These standards would help monitor and improve functioning
of the health care delivery system
45. Rural Health care system in India
Primary Health Centre (PHC)
A Referral unit for 4-6 Subcentres; 4-6 bedded manned with a
Medical Officer in-charge and 14 subordinate paramedical staff
no. of PHCs with specialized Health Services
Community Health Centre (CHC)
A 30 bedded Hospital/ Referral unit for 4 no. of PHCs with
specialized Health Services
Sub Centre (SC)
Most peripheral contact point of community with Primary Health
Care system; manned with one MPW(M) and MPW(F)
46. Rural Health care system in India
The health care infrastructure in rural areas has
been developed as a three tier system and is
based on the above population norms.
Health Facility
Population Norms
Plain Area
Hilly/Tribal/Difficult
Area
Sub-Centre 5000 3000
Primary Health Centre 30,000 20,000
Community Health Centre 1,20,000 80,000
47. Sub Center
The most peripheral and first contact point between the primary
health care system and the community.
The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is providing 100%
Central assistance
They are established on the basis of
One SC for every 5,000 pop in general and…
One SC for every 3,000 pop in hilly, tribal and backward areas
Each Sub-Centre is manned by one Male and one female Health
Worker.
One Lady Health Worker (LHV) is entrusted with the task of
supervision of six Sub-Centers.
48. Cont….
Sub Centre are assigned tasks relating to
interpersonal communication
…..in order to bring about behavioral
change and provide services in relation to….
Maternal and child health,
Family welfare,
Nutrition,
Immunization,
Diarrhea control and
Control of communicable diseases programmes.
The sub centre are provided with basic drugs
for minor ailments.
49.
50. Primary Health Center
PHC is the first contact point between village
community and the Medical Officer.
The PHCs were envisaged to provide an
integrated curative and preventive health care to
the rural population with emphasis on preventive
and promotive aspects of health care.
The PHCs are established and maintained by the
State Governments.
At present, a PHC is manned by a Medical Officer
supported by 14 paramedical and other staff.
51. Cont….
It acts as a referral unit for 6 SubCentres.
It has 4 - 6 beds for patients.
The activities of PHC involve curative, preventive,
primitive and Family Welfare Services.
National Health Plan (1983) proposed
reorganization of PHCs on the basis of….
One PHC for every…..30,000 pop in Rural areas
One PHC for every…..50,000 pop in Urban areas
53. Functions of PHCs
Medical care
Health programmes
MCH care and family planning
Health education and training
Referral services
Safe water supply and basic sanitation
Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
Collection and reporting of vital events
Basic laboratory services
55. Community Health Center (CHC)
These were established by upgrading the primary health centers
CHCs are being established and maintained by the State Government.
centers,each community health center should cover a population of
8000 to 1.2 lakh
It is manned by four medical specialists i.e. Surgeon,
Physician, Gynecologist and Pediatrician and….
……supported by paramedical and other staff.
It has 30 in-door beds with one OT, X-ray, Labour Room and Laboratory
facilities.
It serves as a referral centre for 4 PHCs and also provides facilities for
obstetric care and specialist consultations.
56. Functions of CHCs
Care of Routine and Emergency Cases in Surgery
Dressings, I&D, and surgery for Hernia, Hydrocele,
Appendicitis etc.
Emergencies like Intestinal Obstruction, Haemorrhage, etc.
Other management including nasal packing, tracheostomy,
foreign body removal etc.
Fracture reduction and putting splints/plaster cast.
Conducting daily OPD.
Care of Routine and Emergency Cases in Medicine
Daily OPD
Handling all the emergency and routine cases
57. Cont…
Maternal Health
Minimum 4 ANC check ups including Registration &
associated services
1st visit: Within 12 weeks—preferably as soon as
pregnancy
2nd visit: Between 14 and 26 weeks
3rd visit: Between 28 and 34 weeks
4th visit: Between 36 weeks and term
24 hr delivery services including normal and assisted
delivery and cesarean section
Managing labour using Partograph.
Minimum 48 hours of stay after delivery, 3-7 days stay
post delivery for managing Complications
58. Cont….
Newborn Care and Child Health
Essential Newborn Care and Resuscitation
Counseling on Infant and young child feeding
Routine and emergency care of sick children
Full Immunization of infants and children against VPDs
Management of Malnutrition cases.
Family Planning
Counseling, provision of Contraceptives, NSV,
Laparoscopic Sterilization Services and their follow up.
Safe Abortion Services
59. Cont….
All National Health Programmes delivered through
CHCs
School health services
Others
Blood storage facility
Essential laboratory services
Referral (transport) services
Maternal Death review (MDR)