Pneumothorax.pptx
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A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. It can be caused by trauma, rupture of blebs or bullae in the lungs, or underlying lung conditions. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. On examination, findings may include diminished chest movement, absent breath sounds, and hyper-resonance on percussion. Treatment involves bed rest for small pneumothorax, needle aspiration or chest tube for large ones, and potential pleurodesis or pleurectomy for recurrent cases. Physiotherapy focuses on expansion exercises to re-expand the lung and shoulder exercises to maintain mobility.
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pneumothorax
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𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
• 𝐏𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐱: Collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleura causing lung collapse.
𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
o Normal lung physiology involves the expansion and contraction of the lung during breathing.
o Air accumulation in the pleural space increases intrapleural pressure.
o Increased intrapleural pressure compresses the lung, decreasing its volume and leading to collapse
𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬
o Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: Occurs in healthy individuals due to rupture of abnormal air sacs.
o Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: Associated with underlying lung diseases like COPD, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema.
o Traumatic pneumothorax: Caused by chest injury, such as a fractured rib, gunshot wound, or blunt trauma.
o Tension pneumothorax: A life-threatening condition caused by a one-way valve mechanism allowing air entry but preventing its escape.
o Iatrogenic pneumothorax: Occurs as a complication of medical procedures like lung biopsy or central line insertion.
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• Medical icons representing: emphysema, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, endometriosis, collagen vascular disease, tuberculosis, asthma, and pneumonia.
𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
Gender, age, genetics, previous infection, smoking, deep-sea diving, drug use (inhaled), and changes in air pressure.
𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬
Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, fast breathing, fatigue, rapid heart rate. (Visualized)
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
X-ray, CT scan, ultrasound, auscultation, percussion.
𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐎𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
Observation, chest tube drainage, supplemental oxygen, chemical pleurodesis, needle aspiration, and surgery.
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
• Re-expansion pulmonary edema, treatment-related damage/infection, inability to breathe, heart failure, death. (Visualized)
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
• Stop smoking, avoid high-altitude activities, monitor lung conditions.
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Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can be spontaneous, due to trauma, or iatrogenic. It is classified as primary spontaneous which occurs without lung disease usually in young males, secondary spontaneous which occurs with underlying lung pathology, or traumatic. Types include closed which seals off, open with a bronchopleural fistula, and tension which increases pressure. Clinical features include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made with chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothoraces may resolve on their own while secondary pneumothoraces and those with symptoms require tube thoracostomy drainage. Recurrent cases require pleurodesis or surgery.
Pneumothorax-A quick Review
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space. It can be spontaneous, due to underlying lung disease or trauma, or iatrogenic due to medical procedures. The types are described as closed, open, or tension pneumothorax. Clinical features include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment depends on the type and severity, ranging from needle aspiration for minor cases to chest tube drainage or surgery for more severe or recurrent cases.
10.Pneumothorax(
The document discusses pneumothorax, describing its history, classification, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumothorax is classified as primary, secondary, traumatic, or iatrogenic. It results from a communication between the lung and pleural space, eliminating the normal negative pressure. Clinical signs depend on factors like underlying lung disease and pneumothorax size. Chest x-ray is used to diagnose, while CT scanning can estimate size. Treatment depends on classification, severity, and recurrence risk.
10.Pneumothorax
- The document discusses pneumothorax, describing its classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options.
- Key points include that tension pneumothorax can cause rapid deterioration and requires immediate treatment, while spontaneous pneumothorax is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung health.
- Treatment involves observation for small primary pneumothoraces or procedures like aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and symptoms.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
pneumothorax-141221114833-conversion-gate02.pdf
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
pneumothorax-141221114833-conversion-gate02.pdf
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space. It can be spontaneous, due to trauma, or iatrogenic. Spontaneous pneumothorax is classified as primary or secondary. Primary occurs without lung disease in young males and secondary occurs with underlying lung conditions. Types include closed, open, and tension. Clinical features, investigations like CXR and CT, and treatment approaches are described depending on the type and severity of pneumothorax. Needle aspiration, tube thoracostomy, surgery, and pleurodesis are common management steps.
pneumothorax-141221114833-conversion-gate02.pptx
This document defines pneumothorax and describes its types, clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins by defining pneumothorax as an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse. There are three main types - spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors include smoking, male sex, age, lung disease, and family history. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment aims to promote lung re-expansion through techniques like tube drainage or surgery. Complications can include recurrence, tension physiology, or respiratory failure.
CHEST TRAUMA and Thoracic outlet syndrome- AMRAN UN.pptx
Places finger on xiphoid to feel for
cardiac pulsations
Pericardiocentesis: Insert needle until pulsations
are no longer felt. Aspirate fluid.
Monitor for reaccumulation and consider
pericardial window if recurrent.
Pericardiocentesis under ultrasound guidance
Cardiac tamponade
Pericardial window:
- Left anterolateral thoracotomy through 5th
ICS
- Pericardium incised in a "C" shape from the
phrenic nerve laterally to the mediastinum
- Allows drainage of fluid and prevents
reaccumulation
- Considered definitive treatment for recurrent
Pleural diseases
A 22-year-old male presented with a 14-day history of fever and right-sided chest pain that worsened with deep breathing and coughing. On examination, he was febrile and tachycardic with dullness on percussion of the right infraaxillary area and diminished breath sounds. The document discusses various pleural diseases including pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and fibrous pleurisy. It outlines their etiologies, clinical features, investigations, and management. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax commonly affects young, thin males and smokers due to rupture of subpleural blebs. Pleural effusions can be transudative such as in heart failure or exudative including those
Pleural disease
The document discusses anatomy and physiology of the pleura. It describes the two layers of pleura - parietal and visceral layers. The parietal layer lines the chest wall and diaphragm. The visceral layer covers the lungs. Between the two layers is a potential space that normally contains a small amount of fluid. The document also discusses intrapleural pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. Pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and hemothorax are also summarized.
Chest trauma nur 415-fall 2009
Chest trauma accounts for 25% of all trauma deaths and 2/3 of deaths occur after reaching the hospital. It is associated with serious pathological consequences such as hypoxia, hypovolemia, and myocardial failure. The most common chest injuries from blunt trauma are rib fractures, which can indicate serious underlying injuries. Pneumothorax, hemothorax, and flail chest are also common injuries and can be life-threatening if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Tension pneumothorax in particular is a surgical emergency that requires decompression to prevent hemodynamic collapse.
Something about PNEUMOTHORAX
This document defines and describes pneumothorax, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse. There are several types, including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Symptoms range from chest pain to difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is typically made through chest x-ray showing a pleural line and absence of lung markings. Treatment depends on the size and severity but may include oxygen therapy, chest tube insertion, or surgery.
Chest trauama
Chest injuries are the second leading cause of trauma deaths each year. The majority of chest trauma can be managed without surgery. Common causes include blunt trauma from force to the chest, penetrating trauma from projectiles entering the chest, and compression injuries. Injuries include rib fractures, flail chest, pneumothoraces, pulmonary contusions, and others. Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition where air builds up in the pleural space with no way to escape, resulting in collapsed lungs and compressed heart and blood vessels. Needle decompression is immediately needed to relieve pressure in the chest and prevent further deterioration.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space outside the lung. It describes different types of pneumothorax including primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis using chest x-ray, treatment options including chest tube insertion, and postoperative management of chest drains are covered. Surgical intervention is indicated for recurrent pneumothorax or when chest drainage fails.
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A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. It can be caused by trauma, rupture of blebs or bullae in the lungs, or underlying lung conditions. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. On examination, findings may include diminished chest movement, absent breath sounds, and hyper-resonance on percussion. Treatment involves bed rest for small pneumothorax, needle aspiration or chest tube for large ones, and potential pleurodesis or pleurectomy for recurrent cases. Physiotherapy focuses on expansion exercises to re-expand the lung and shoulder exercises to maintain mobility.
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An incentive spirometer is a device used to improve lung function and prevent complications after surgery or with respiratory conditions. It measures the volume of air inhaled and provides visual feedback to encourage deep breathing. Patients perform slow, deep breaths through the device to train inspiratory muscles. Indications for its use include surgery requiring hospitalization over one day, prolonged bed rest, and respiratory diseases. It can help reduce postoperative lung issues like pneumonia and collapse of air spaces in the lungs. Precautions are taken with infections, bleeding, or recent surgery. The device is inexpensive and easy for patients to use with guided breathing techniques.
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Hypotension and role of physiotherapy in it
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Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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nursing management of patient with Empyema ppt
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
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Pneumothorax and role of Physiotherapy in it.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
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Pneumothorax.pptx
- 1. Pneumothorax : Physiotherapy Assessment Include Goals And Treatment Ms. Shilpasree Saha BPT, MPT (Cardio Thoracic Disorders) MIAP
- 2. Pneumothorax A pneumothorax is a collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleurae inside the chest. The air accumulation can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse.
- 3. Air can enter the pleural space by two mechanisms, either by trauma causing communication through the chest wall or from the lung by rupture of the visceral pleura.
- 5. A primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) occurs automatically without a known eliciting event, while a secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) occurs after an underlying pulmonary disease. A traumatic pneumothorax can be the result of blunt or penetrating trauma.
- 6. A simple pneumothorax does not shift the mediastinal structures, as does a tension pneumothorax. Open pneumothorax is an open wound in the chest wall through which air moves in and out.
- 7. Aetiology I. Rupture of a pleural bleb in the region of apex of lung.
- 8. Computed tomography (CT) showing blebs. Chest x-ray showing pneumothorax with blebs.
- 9. II. Rupture of emphysematous bulla. III. Rupture of lung abscess or tuberculosis lesion into pleural cavity.
- 10. a The chest radiography image shows a large lucency occupying the right upper thorax with mediastinal shift and patchy opacities of the left apical area. b The coronal computed tomography image shows giant bullae occupying the right thorax and multiple opacities over the left upper lung
- 11. Other causes Penetrating rib fracture Penetrating wounds Accidental opening of pleural cavity during abdominal surgery Penetration of pleura during central venous pressure catheter insertion.
- 12. Physical findings The most common symptoms are: Chest pain Shortness of breath. The chest pain is pleuritic, sharp, severe, and radiates to the ipsilateral shoulder.
- 13. On examination, the following findings are noted: Diminished chest movement Absence of breath sound over apex of effected lung. Respiratory discomfort Increased respiratory rate Asymmetrical lung expansion Decreased tactile fremitus Hyper resonant percussion note Decreased intensity of breath sounds or absent breath sounds
- 14. In tension pneumothorax following additional findings are seen: Tachycardia of more than 134 beats per minute Hypotension Jugular venous distension Cyanosis Respiratory failure Cardiac arrest
- 15. Treatment A small pneumothorax requires few days of bed rest until it resolves. A large pneumothorax (›25 percent of pleural space is filled with air) is treated with needle aspiration or by an intercostal drain. Pleurodesis or pleurectomy may indicated for recurrent pneumothorax.
- 16. PT-Treatment Expansion breathing exercise to reexpand the lung. Shoulder ROM exercises to maintain shoulder, shoulder girdle and thoracic mobility