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This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
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Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can be spontaneous, due to trauma, or iatrogenic. It is classified as primary spontaneous which occurs without lung disease usually in young males, secondary spontaneous which occurs with underlying lung pathology, or traumatic. Types include closed which seals off, open with a bronchopleural fistula, and tension which increases pressure. Clinical features include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made with chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothoraces may resolve on their own while secondary pneumothoraces and those with symptoms require tube thoracostomy drainage. Recurrent cases require pleurodesis or surgery.
Pleural effusion
This document provides information about pleural effusions. It defines a pleural effusion as excess fluid buildup between the pleural layers outside the lungs. Normally a small amount of fluid is present and circulated, but over 25mL is considered an effusion. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their characteristics. Symptoms include chest pain and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like x-rays, and fluid analysis. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include drainage, medication, or surgery in severe cases.
Pneumothorax sagar gandhi
Dr. Sagar Gandhi discusses pneumothorax in this document. Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be primary or secondary and spontaneous or traumatic. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment depends on size and includes observation, oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, catheter drainage, or chest tube placement. The goal is to promote lung re-expansion and prevent recurrence.
Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum
1. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse, and pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum.
2. Pneumothorax can be spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic and is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung conditions. Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening form caused by trapped air that displaces mediastinal structures.
3. Chest x-ray is used to diagnose pneumothorax by identifying the visceral pleural line and lung collapse. Features of tension pneumothorax on x-ray include mediastinal shift and tracheal deviation. Pneum
Pleural effusion ppt
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
between the lining of the lungs and the thoracic cavity (i.e., the visceral
and parietal pleurae
).
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax can be spontaneous, caused by underlying lung conditions (secondary) or trauma/medical procedures (non-spontaneous). It is diagnosed through chest x-ray or ultrasound identifying air in the pleural space. Management includes needle aspiration for small pneumothoraces or chest tube insertion for larger ones. Further treatment may involve procedures like pleurodesis, abrasion, or surgery to prevent recurrence. Physiotherapy focuses on improving ventilation and clearing secretions through techniques like breathing exercises, positioning, and airway clearance.
Lung abscess
The patient is diagnosed with lung abscess based on his symptoms of productive cough, fever and chest heaviness along with abnormal chest x-ray findings. As the patient has a history of water pipe use, the lung abscess is classified as secondary and due to his COPD, it is chronic in nature. Diagnostic workup would include sputum culture, CT chest and percutaneous needle aspiration for confirmation. Treatment involves long-term IV antibiotics targeting anaerobes along with drainage and supportive care.
Pleural diseases
DETAILS OF DISEASES OF PLEURA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. PROCEDURES OF PUTTING A CHEST DRAIN AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMOTHORAX
Recommended
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can be spontaneous, due to trauma, or iatrogenic. It is classified as primary spontaneous which occurs without lung disease usually in young males, secondary spontaneous which occurs with underlying lung pathology, or traumatic. Types include closed which seals off, open with a bronchopleural fistula, and tension which increases pressure. Clinical features include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made with chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothoraces may resolve on their own while secondary pneumothoraces and those with symptoms require tube thoracostomy drainage. Recurrent cases require pleurodesis or surgery.
Pleural effusion
This document provides information about pleural effusions. It defines a pleural effusion as excess fluid buildup between the pleural layers outside the lungs. Normally a small amount of fluid is present and circulated, but over 25mL is considered an effusion. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their characteristics. Symptoms include chest pain and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like x-rays, and fluid analysis. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include drainage, medication, or surgery in severe cases.
Pneumothorax sagar gandhi
Dr. Sagar Gandhi discusses pneumothorax in this document. Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be primary or secondary and spontaneous or traumatic. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment depends on size and includes observation, oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, catheter drainage, or chest tube placement. The goal is to promote lung re-expansion and prevent recurrence.
Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum
1. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse, and pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum.
2. Pneumothorax can be spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic and is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung conditions. Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening form caused by trapped air that displaces mediastinal structures.
3. Chest x-ray is used to diagnose pneumothorax by identifying the visceral pleural line and lung collapse. Features of tension pneumothorax on x-ray include mediastinal shift and tracheal deviation. Pneum
Pleural effusion ppt
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
between the lining of the lungs and the thoracic cavity (i.e., the visceral
and parietal pleurae
).
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax can be spontaneous, caused by underlying lung conditions (secondary) or trauma/medical procedures (non-spontaneous). It is diagnosed through chest x-ray or ultrasound identifying air in the pleural space. Management includes needle aspiration for small pneumothoraces or chest tube insertion for larger ones. Further treatment may involve procedures like pleurodesis, abrasion, or surgery to prevent recurrence. Physiotherapy focuses on improving ventilation and clearing secretions through techniques like breathing exercises, positioning, and airway clearance.
Lung abscess
The patient is diagnosed with lung abscess based on his symptoms of productive cough, fever and chest heaviness along with abnormal chest x-ray findings. As the patient has a history of water pipe use, the lung abscess is classified as secondary and due to his COPD, it is chronic in nature. Diagnostic workup would include sputum culture, CT chest and percutaneous needle aspiration for confirmation. Treatment involves long-term IV antibiotics targeting anaerobes along with drainage and supportive care.
Pleural diseases
DETAILS OF DISEASES OF PLEURA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. PROCEDURES OF PUTTING A CHEST DRAIN AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMOTHORAX
Pneumothrax
The document discusses different types of pneumothorax including primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, catamenial pneumothorax, traumatic pneumothorax, and iatrogenic pneumothorax. It describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis using chest x-ray and CT scan, and management approaches for closed, open and tension pneumothorax conditions. Recurrent pneumothorax is also mentioned as common in patients with emphysematous bullae.
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion results from an imbalance between pleural fluid formation and absorption, causing fluid to accumulate in the pleural space. Fluid formation occurs through capillaries in the parietal pleura, and absorption occurs via lymphatic vessels. When the rate of formation exceeds absorption, effusion occurs. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on fluid characteristics. Diagnostic testing of pleural fluid aims to determine the cause of effusion. Radiography and ultrasound are used to identify and characterize pleural fluid.
Empyema
Bacterial pneumonia can result in parapneumonic effusions or empyema in the pleural space in about 40% of hospitalized cases. Empyema is defined as pus in the pleural space. Effusions are classified into exudative, fibropurulent, and organized stages. Common bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and various gram-negative rods. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, microbiology of pleural fluid, and biochemistry of the fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics, tube thoracostomy, possible intrapleural fibrinolytics or antibiotics, and potentially more invasive procedures like thoracoscopy or thoracotomy if the effusion becomes complicated or organized
Pleural effusion
This document discusses the etiopathogenesis and diagnostic approach to pleural effusion. It begins by describing the anatomy of the pleura, formation and absorption of pleural fluid, and factors that influence pleural fluid composition. Transudative pleural effusions are caused by increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure, while exudative effusions result from infections, malignancies, or inflammatory conditions. A diagnostic approach involves distinguishing transudates from exudates using Light's criteria and considering likely etiologies based on clinical and laboratory findings. Parapneumonic effusions may progress to empyema, which is divided into exudative, fibropurulent, and organization stages based on pathophysiology
Pneumothorax
The document discusses pneumothorax, including its definition, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural space. It can occur spontaneously due to ruptured blebs or bullae, or due to trauma. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, chest pain, and decreased breath sounds on examination. Chest x-ray and CT scan are used to diagnose and characterize pneumothorax. Management involves oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, chest tube drainage, and chemical pleurodesis to promote lung re-expansion and prevent recurrence.
Pleural effusion.pptx cme march
Pleural effusion may be defined figuratively as the juice, oozing from the leaky lingerie of the lung. However the text book definition is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to disturbances in the forces that keep the pleural fluid economy in equilibrium...
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is classified as spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. A tension pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space during inspiration but cannot escape during expiration, causing rising pressure and potential cardiovascular compromise. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothorax may resolve on its own, while secondary pneumothorax requires tube drainage. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency treated with needle decompression followed by tube insertion.
BRONCHIECTASIS
This document discusses bronchiectasis, including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that bronchiectasis involves the permanent and abnormal dilation of the medium-sized bronchi. There are three main theories for its causes: atelectasis, mucus plugging, and traction from lung fibrosis. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, breathlessness, and fever. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum culture, chest X-ray, and HRCT scan. Treatment consists of antibiotics, bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, and addressing underlying causes. Chest physiotherapy helps clear secretions through techniques like postural drainage and directed coughing.
Mediastinitis
Mediastinitis refers to infection or inflammation in the mediastinum, the area within the chest between the lungs. It can develop due to perforation of the esophagus or trachea, direct extension of infection from the neck or thorax, or following cardiac surgery involving median sternotomy. Clinical features include severe chest pain, fever, and signs of mediastinal structure compression. Diagnosis involves imaging and microbiological tests. Aggressive surgical drainage, debridement, and prolonged antibiotics are usually needed for treatment.
Lung Abscess
Lung abscess is a necrotic pulmonary infection that forms cavities containing fluid or debris. It is usually caused by microbial infection following aspiration or pneumonia. Without treatment, lung abscess was often fatal, but antibiotics have greatly improved outcomes. Most lung abscesses are now cured with prolonged antibiotic therapy targeting the usual culprits of anaerobic bacteria and occasionally aerobic pathogens. Imaging helps confirm the diagnosis and monitor response to medical management, with surgery rarely needed for uncomplicated cases.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a lung condition characterized by abnormally widened airways that make the lungs vulnerable to infection. The document discusses the types, signs and symptoms, investigations including CT scans and sputum analysis, and treatment approaches for bronchiectasis such as antibiotics, airway clearance techniques, anti-inflammatory therapies, and in some cases surgery. The goals of treatment are to improve symptoms, reduce complications and exacerbations, and decrease morbidity and mortality through managing both the condition and any underlying causes.
Pleural effusion
this lecture focus on plural effusion definition,anatomy of plural space ,causes,diagnosis, physical examination and symptoms,treatmeny
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden and progressive form of acute respiratory failure in which the alveolar capillary membrane becomes damaged and more permeable to intravascular fluid resulting in severe dyspnoea, hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space. A pneumothorax can occur when the negative pressure that normally exists in the pleural space is lost, allowing the lung to collapse. Symptoms include chest pain and dyspnea. Different types of pneumothorax are discussed, as well as causes, diagnostic tools, and treatment approaches which may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and severity in each case. Recurrent pneumothorax may warrant surgical pleurectomy or chemical pleurodesis to prevent future occurrences.
Reexpansion pulmonary edema
Reexpansion pulmonary edema is a serious complication after sudden expansion of collapsed lung.Re-expansion pulmonary edema is an uncommon complication following drainage of a pneumothorax , pleural effusion or removal of any space occupying lesion.
The incidence referred is less than 1%, and mortality can reach up to 20%.
Pneumothorax.pptx
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on pneumothorax. The presentation contains blank slides where students can provide their knowledge on topics before seeing the slides with information. Using this active learning technique over three revisions will make for an effective self-study or teaching session. The presentation covers definitions, causes, mechanisms, clinical features, diagnosis and management of pneumothorax. QR codes and links are also provided to access the full presentation on mobile devices or download additional teaching materials.
Pleural effusion
This document discusses pleural effusions, which occur when fluid accumulates in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. A small amount of fluid is normal but excess fluid can accumulate if the rate of fluid formation exceeds drainage by lymphatics. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their protein content and cell characteristics. Common causes of transudative effusions include heart failure and cirrhosis, while exudative effusions have infectious or inflammatory causes like pneumonia or cancer. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-ray, and analyzing pleural fluid obtained via thoracentesis.
FlashPath - Lung - Congenital Lobar Emphysema
Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare condition where one or more lung lobes are abnormally enlarged due to partial obstruction of the bronchus supplying the lobe. It usually presents within the first 6 months of life with respiratory distress. Grossly, the affected lobe is hyperinflated and can compress other lobes. Microscopically, the alveoli are distended without destruction of walls. It must be differentiated from other congenital lung diseases and pneumothorax.
Pneomothorax & hemothorax by Farshid Mokhberi
This document discusses pneumothorax and hemothorax. It defines pneumothorax as a collection of air in the pleural space, which can be spontaneous or traumatic. Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition where air builds up pressure in the pleural space. Hemothorax is defined as a collection of blood in the pleural space. The document covers causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and treatment approaches for pneumothorax and hemothorax.
Empyema- Pus in Pleura
Pyothorax, or empyema thoracis, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity that is usually caused by bacterial pneumonia. It progresses through three stages - exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, and thoracentesis of pleural fluid. Treatment requires antibiotics, drainage of pus from the pleural space, and sometimes surgical procedures like VATS to debride the pleural space and allow for lung re-expansion. Complications can include bronchopleural fistula, spread of infection, and sepsis.
pneumothorax-141221114833-conversion-gate02.pptx
This document defines pneumothorax and describes its types, clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins by defining pneumothorax as an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse. There are three main types - spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors include smoking, male sex, age, lung disease, and family history. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment aims to promote lung re-expansion through techniques like tube drainage or surgery. Complications can include recurrence, tension physiology, or respiratory failure.
Pneumothoraxandpneumomediastinum 160830234614 (1)
The document defines pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum and classifies pneumothorax into primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, traumatic, and tension types. It describes the pathophysiology of each condition and lists potential causes. Signs and symptoms are provided for each type as well as diagnostic approaches including physical exam findings and chest x-ray findings.
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Pneumothrax
The document discusses different types of pneumothorax including primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, catamenial pneumothorax, traumatic pneumothorax, and iatrogenic pneumothorax. It describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis using chest x-ray and CT scan, and management approaches for closed, open and tension pneumothorax conditions. Recurrent pneumothorax is also mentioned as common in patients with emphysematous bullae.
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion results from an imbalance between pleural fluid formation and absorption, causing fluid to accumulate in the pleural space. Fluid formation occurs through capillaries in the parietal pleura, and absorption occurs via lymphatic vessels. When the rate of formation exceeds absorption, effusion occurs. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on fluid characteristics. Diagnostic testing of pleural fluid aims to determine the cause of effusion. Radiography and ultrasound are used to identify and characterize pleural fluid.
Empyema
Bacterial pneumonia can result in parapneumonic effusions or empyema in the pleural space in about 40% of hospitalized cases. Empyema is defined as pus in the pleural space. Effusions are classified into exudative, fibropurulent, and organized stages. Common bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and various gram-negative rods. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, microbiology of pleural fluid, and biochemistry of the fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics, tube thoracostomy, possible intrapleural fibrinolytics or antibiotics, and potentially more invasive procedures like thoracoscopy or thoracotomy if the effusion becomes complicated or organized
Pleural effusion
This document discusses the etiopathogenesis and diagnostic approach to pleural effusion. It begins by describing the anatomy of the pleura, formation and absorption of pleural fluid, and factors that influence pleural fluid composition. Transudative pleural effusions are caused by increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure, while exudative effusions result from infections, malignancies, or inflammatory conditions. A diagnostic approach involves distinguishing transudates from exudates using Light's criteria and considering likely etiologies based on clinical and laboratory findings. Parapneumonic effusions may progress to empyema, which is divided into exudative, fibropurulent, and organization stages based on pathophysiology
Pneumothorax
The document discusses pneumothorax, including its definition, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural space. It can occur spontaneously due to ruptured blebs or bullae, or due to trauma. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, chest pain, and decreased breath sounds on examination. Chest x-ray and CT scan are used to diagnose and characterize pneumothorax. Management involves oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, chest tube drainage, and chemical pleurodesis to promote lung re-expansion and prevent recurrence.
Pleural effusion.pptx cme march
Pleural effusion may be defined figuratively as the juice, oozing from the leaky lingerie of the lung. However the text book definition is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to disturbances in the forces that keep the pleural fluid economy in equilibrium...
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is classified as spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. A tension pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space during inspiration but cannot escape during expiration, causing rising pressure and potential cardiovascular compromise. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothorax may resolve on its own, while secondary pneumothorax requires tube drainage. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency treated with needle decompression followed by tube insertion.
BRONCHIECTASIS
This document discusses bronchiectasis, including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that bronchiectasis involves the permanent and abnormal dilation of the medium-sized bronchi. There are three main theories for its causes: atelectasis, mucus plugging, and traction from lung fibrosis. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, breathlessness, and fever. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum culture, chest X-ray, and HRCT scan. Treatment consists of antibiotics, bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, and addressing underlying causes. Chest physiotherapy helps clear secretions through techniques like postural drainage and directed coughing.
Mediastinitis
Mediastinitis refers to infection or inflammation in the mediastinum, the area within the chest between the lungs. It can develop due to perforation of the esophagus or trachea, direct extension of infection from the neck or thorax, or following cardiac surgery involving median sternotomy. Clinical features include severe chest pain, fever, and signs of mediastinal structure compression. Diagnosis involves imaging and microbiological tests. Aggressive surgical drainage, debridement, and prolonged antibiotics are usually needed for treatment.
Lung Abscess
Lung abscess is a necrotic pulmonary infection that forms cavities containing fluid or debris. It is usually caused by microbial infection following aspiration or pneumonia. Without treatment, lung abscess was often fatal, but antibiotics have greatly improved outcomes. Most lung abscesses are now cured with prolonged antibiotic therapy targeting the usual culprits of anaerobic bacteria and occasionally aerobic pathogens. Imaging helps confirm the diagnosis and monitor response to medical management, with surgery rarely needed for uncomplicated cases.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a lung condition characterized by abnormally widened airways that make the lungs vulnerable to infection. The document discusses the types, signs and symptoms, investigations including CT scans and sputum analysis, and treatment approaches for bronchiectasis such as antibiotics, airway clearance techniques, anti-inflammatory therapies, and in some cases surgery. The goals of treatment are to improve symptoms, reduce complications and exacerbations, and decrease morbidity and mortality through managing both the condition and any underlying causes.
Pleural effusion
this lecture focus on plural effusion definition,anatomy of plural space ,causes,diagnosis, physical examination and symptoms,treatmeny
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden and progressive form of acute respiratory failure in which the alveolar capillary membrane becomes damaged and more permeable to intravascular fluid resulting in severe dyspnoea, hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space. A pneumothorax can occur when the negative pressure that normally exists in the pleural space is lost, allowing the lung to collapse. Symptoms include chest pain and dyspnea. Different types of pneumothorax are discussed, as well as causes, diagnostic tools, and treatment approaches which may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and severity in each case. Recurrent pneumothorax may warrant surgical pleurectomy or chemical pleurodesis to prevent future occurrences.
Reexpansion pulmonary edema
Reexpansion pulmonary edema is a serious complication after sudden expansion of collapsed lung.Re-expansion pulmonary edema is an uncommon complication following drainage of a pneumothorax , pleural effusion or removal of any space occupying lesion.
The incidence referred is less than 1%, and mortality can reach up to 20%.
Pneumothorax.pptx
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on pneumothorax. The presentation contains blank slides where students can provide their knowledge on topics before seeing the slides with information. Using this active learning technique over three revisions will make for an effective self-study or teaching session. The presentation covers definitions, causes, mechanisms, clinical features, diagnosis and management of pneumothorax. QR codes and links are also provided to access the full presentation on mobile devices or download additional teaching materials.
Pleural effusion
This document discusses pleural effusions, which occur when fluid accumulates in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. A small amount of fluid is normal but excess fluid can accumulate if the rate of fluid formation exceeds drainage by lymphatics. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their protein content and cell characteristics. Common causes of transudative effusions include heart failure and cirrhosis, while exudative effusions have infectious or inflammatory causes like pneumonia or cancer. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-ray, and analyzing pleural fluid obtained via thoracentesis.
FlashPath - Lung - Congenital Lobar Emphysema
Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare condition where one or more lung lobes are abnormally enlarged due to partial obstruction of the bronchus supplying the lobe. It usually presents within the first 6 months of life with respiratory distress. Grossly, the affected lobe is hyperinflated and can compress other lobes. Microscopically, the alveoli are distended without destruction of walls. It must be differentiated from other congenital lung diseases and pneumothorax.
Pneomothorax & hemothorax by Farshid Mokhberi
This document discusses pneumothorax and hemothorax. It defines pneumothorax as a collection of air in the pleural space, which can be spontaneous or traumatic. Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition where air builds up pressure in the pleural space. Hemothorax is defined as a collection of blood in the pleural space. The document covers causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and treatment approaches for pneumothorax and hemothorax.
Empyema- Pus in Pleura
Pyothorax, or empyema thoracis, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity that is usually caused by bacterial pneumonia. It progresses through three stages - exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, and thoracentesis of pleural fluid. Treatment requires antibiotics, drainage of pus from the pleural space, and sometimes surgical procedures like VATS to debride the pleural space and allow for lung re-expansion. Complications can include bronchopleural fistula, spread of infection, and sepsis.
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This document defines pneumothorax and describes its types, clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins by defining pneumothorax as an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse. There are three main types - spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors include smoking, male sex, age, lung disease, and family history. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment aims to promote lung re-expansion through techniques like tube drainage or surgery. Complications can include recurrence, tension physiology, or respiratory failure.
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pneumothorax
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𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
• 𝐏𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐱: Collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleura causing lung collapse.
𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
o Normal lung physiology involves the expansion and contraction of the lung during breathing.
o Air accumulation in the pleural space increases intrapleural pressure.
o Increased intrapleural pressure compresses the lung, decreasing its volume and leading to collapse
𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬
o Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: Occurs in healthy individuals due to rupture of abnormal air sacs.
o Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: Associated with underlying lung diseases like COPD, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema.
o Traumatic pneumothorax: Caused by chest injury, such as a fractured rib, gunshot wound, or blunt trauma.
o Tension pneumothorax: A life-threatening condition caused by a one-way valve mechanism allowing air entry but preventing its escape.
o Iatrogenic pneumothorax: Occurs as a complication of medical procedures like lung biopsy or central line insertion.
o Catamenial pneumothorax: Rare, occurring in women with endometriosis, where endometrial tissue bleeds into the pleural space
𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬
• Medical icons representing: emphysema, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, endometriosis, collagen vascular disease, tuberculosis, asthma, and pneumonia.
𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
Gender, age, genetics, previous infection, smoking, deep-sea diving, drug use (inhaled), and changes in air pressure.
𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬
Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, fast breathing, fatigue, rapid heart rate. (Visualized)
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
X-ray, CT scan, ultrasound, auscultation, percussion.
𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐎𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
Observation, chest tube drainage, supplemental oxygen, chemical pleurodesis, needle aspiration, and surgery.
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
• Re-expansion pulmonary edema, treatment-related damage/infection, inability to breathe, heart failure, death. (Visualized)
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
• Stop smoking, avoid high-altitude activities, monitor lung conditions.
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TOPIC OF PNEUMOTHOREX.pptx
A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung caused by air leaking into the space between the lung and chest wall. Symptoms include sharp chest pain worsened by breathing, shortness of breath, bluish skin, fatigue, rapid breathing and heartbeat, and coughing. Pneumothorax can be caused by chest injuries, lung diseases, ruptured air blisters in the lungs, or mechanical ventilation. Smoking, genetics, previous pneumothorax, and underlying lung conditions increase the risk. Diagnosis is typically made using chest X-ray or CT scan. Treatment involves needle aspiration or chest tube insertion to remove excess air and re-expand the lung.
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema that are characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The main causes of COPD are tobacco smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and air pollution. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests, and chest imaging. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, medications to relieve symptoms and prevent exacerbations, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing complications.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space outside the lung. It describes different types of pneumothorax including primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis using chest x-ray, treatment options including chest tube insertion, and postoperative management of chest drains are covered. Surgical intervention is indicated for recurrent pneumothorax or when chest drainage fails.
10.Pneumothorax
- The document discusses pneumothorax, describing its classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options.
- Key points include that tension pneumothorax can cause rapid deterioration and requires immediate treatment, while spontaneous pneumothorax is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung health.
- Treatment involves observation for small primary pneumothoraces or procedures like aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and symptoms.
10.Pneumothorax(
The document discusses pneumothorax, describing its history, classification, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumothorax is classified as primary, secondary, traumatic, or iatrogenic. It results from a communication between the lung and pleural space, eliminating the normal negative pressure. Clinical signs depend on factors like underlying lung disease and pneumothorax size. Chest x-ray is used to diagnose, while CT scanning can estimate size. Treatment depends on classification, severity, and recurrence risk.
3 pneumothorax
The document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a brief history and definitions. It then covers the classification, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis using imaging like chest X-rays and CT scans, and various treatment options including observation, aspiration, chest tube drainage and systems. Pneumothorax can be primary spontaneous, secondary, or iatrogenic and is typically diagnosed and monitored using chest imaging. Treatment depends on factors like size, symptoms and underlying lung condition, ranging from observation to tube drainage.
mechanical ventilation in restrictive lung disease.pptx
1. The document discusses mechanical ventilation in restrictive pulmonary diseases. It outlines causes of restrictive diseases including lung parenchyma disorders, pleural disorders, and extra-pulmonary disorders.
2. Lung parenchyma disorders discussed in detail include interstitial lung diseases like sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, occupational lung diseases, and atelectatic disorders like ARDS.
3. The key characteristics of restrictive diseases are decreased vital capacity, total lung capacity, and gas exchange. Ventilator settings for restrictive diseases aim to use low tidal volumes and pressures to prevent further lung injury.
Pneumothorax and Physiotherapy management .pptx
A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. It can be caused by trauma, rupture of blebs or bullae in the lungs, or underlying lung conditions. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. On examination, findings may include diminished chest movement, absent breath sounds, and hyper-resonance on percussion. Treatment involves bed rest for small pneumothorax, needle aspiration or chest tube for large ones, and potential pleurodesis or pleurectomy for recurrent cases. Physiotherapy focuses on expansion exercises to re-expand the lung and shoulder exercises to maintain mobility.
Pneumothorax.pptx
A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. It can be caused by trauma, rupture of blebs or bullae in the lungs, or underlying lung conditions. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. On examination, findings may include diminished chest movement, absent breath sounds, and hyper-resonance on percussion. Treatment involves bed rest for small pneumothorax, needle aspiration or chest tube for large ones, and potential pleurodesis or pleurectomy for recurrent cases. Physiotherapy focuses on expansion exercises to re-expand the lung and shoulder exercises to maintain mobility.
Pleural disease
This document provides information on pleural diseases from the Department of Pulmonary Medicine. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pleura, and then summarizes different pleural conditions including pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and empyema. For each condition, it outlines the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. The document uses headings to separate each section and provides detailed information on evaluating and managing common pleural diseases.
lung abscess
The document discusses lung abscess, including its definition, classification, microbiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. A lung abscess is a microbial infection that causes necrosis of lung tissue, forming a cavity. It is usually caused by aspiration of oral anaerobic bacteria. Symptoms include cough, sputum production and fever. Diagnosis involves imaging showing a cavity with an air-fluid level. Treatment involves long-term antibiotics targeting the causative bacteria. Surgery is rarely needed except for failure of medical management or an underlying condition.
Pneumothorax
Respiratory Disorders
Disease Condition Pneumothorax, Causes, Sign and Symptoms, Pathophysiology, Types, Assessment and Dignostic Test, Management
By HIREN GEHLOTH For Nursing Students Medical Surgical Nursing
LAUGH A LOT IT CLEARS THE LUNGS
TEACHING IS ONE PROFESSION THAT CREATE ALL OTHER PROFESSION
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- 1. By: M. Suleiman Aljajeh 1 2014-2015
- 2. 1. Definition 2. Types 3. Clinical features 4. Risk factors 5. Diagnosis 6. Treatment 7. Complications 2
- 3. “Pneumothorax : is an abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space separating the lung from the chest wall which may interfere with normal breathing, causing the lungs to collapse.” 3
- 4. 1. Spontaneous pneumothorax: Primary: It occurs in young healthy individuals without underlying lung disease. It is due to rupture of apical sub- pleural bleb. Secondary: occurs in the presence of pre- existing lung pathology. Ex : Cystic lung disease ,COPD, LUNG CANCER &T.B 4
- 5. 2. Traumatic pneumothorax: Open: Chest wall is damaged by any wound - -outside air enters pleural space and causes lungs to collapse. Closed: here chest wall is punctured or air leaks from a ruptured bronchus Iatrogenic : Ex. Postoperative Mechanical ventilation ,Thoracocentesis & Central venous cannulation . 5
- 6. 3. Tension pneumothorax: It is life threatening condition…The pleural pressure is more than the atmospheric pressure. Radiological manifestations of large pneumothorax : Mediastinal shift, Flattening of the hemidiaphragm & Lung collapse. Associated with clinical manifestations of circulatory collapse (tachycardia, hypotension & sweating). It is more common with Positive pressure ventilation & Traumatic pneumothorax. 6 ER
- 7. 7
- 8. The pleural cavity pressure is < the atmospheric pressure The pleural cavity pressure is = the atmospheric pressure The pleural cavity pressure is > the atmospheric pressure 8
- 9. Predominant symptom is acute pleuritic chest pain Dyspnoea results form pulmonary compression On physical examination: Breath sounds may be diminished on the affected side Percussion of the chest may be perceived as hyperresonant. Physical signs include Tachypnoea Increased resonance Absent breath sounds Hypoxemia Cyanosis Hypercapnia 9
- 10. 10
- 11. 11
- 12. Sex : men are far more likely to have a pneumothorax than are women. Smoking. Age.The type of pneumothorax caused by ruptured air blisters is most likely to occur in people between 20 and 40 years old, especially if the person is a very tall and underweight man. Genetics. Lung disease. Having an underlying lung disease — especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — makes a collapsed lung more likely. Mechanical ventilation. A history of pneumothorax. 12
- 13. The characteristics of pneumothorax Pleural line No lung markings in pneumothorax 13
- 14. A further use of CT is in the identification of underlying lung lesions 14
- 15. Goals : To promote lung expansion. To eliminate the pathogenesis. To decrease pneumothorax recurrence. Treatment options : Simple aspiration Intercostal tube drainage Guidewire tube thoracostomy Surgical treatment 15
- 16. 16
- 17. 17
- 18. 18
- 19. Complications of pneumothorax Recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax Tension pneumothorax Hydropneumothorax Encysted pneumothorax Failure of expansion of the collapsed lung Re-expansion pulmonary edema Broncho-pleural fistula Pneumomediastinum 19
- 20. 20
- 21. 21 1. Kumar and Clark Clinical Medicine 2. USMLE Step 2 CK 3. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
- 22. 22
- 23. 23