Pinel basics ch03
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The document summarizes various techniques used to study neural activity in the brain. It describes how neurons function through ion gradients and action potentials. It then outlines different methods researchers use to examine the brain, including stereotaxic surgery, lesion methods, stimulation and recording techniques, pharmacological manipulation, and brain imaging tools like fMRI. Genetic engineering methods are also briefly discussed to provide insight into gene functions.
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The document discusses synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It describes the cellular organization of the brain including neurons and support cells. It then focuses on synapses, explaining that they allow chemical communication between neurons through neurotransmitters. There are two main types of synapses - electrical synapses which allow direct electrical coupling, and chemical synapses which use chemical messengers. Chemical synapses are more numerous and involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors and causing excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The properties of synaptic transmission include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue, convergence and divergence, summation, and facilitation.
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This document provides an overview of neural control of exercising muscle. It discusses:
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- How sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system relay signals between the central nervous system and muscles/organs.
- How higher brain centers and structures like the cerebellum and basal ganglia integrate sensory input and coordinate motor responses.
- Key concepts like sensory-motor integration, muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- How motor units are recruited in an orderly manner depending on force requirements.
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Here are the key types of mechanoreceptors and their properties:
- Cutaneous mechanoreceptors:
- Meissner's corpuscles - detect light touch and pressure on fingertips and lips. Found in dermal papillae.
- Merkel's discs - detect sustained light touch. Found just below the epidermis.
- Pacinian corpuscles - detect deep pressure and vibration. Found in dermis and connective tissue.
- Ruffini endings - detect skin stretch and joint movement. Found in dermis and connective tissue.
- Free nerve endings - detect pain. Found throughout the dermis and epidermis.
- Proprioceptors:
- Muscle spind
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Synaptic transmission can be affected by several factors:
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2. Synaptic delay is the minimum time required for transmission across the synapse, about 0.5 milliseconds.
3. Alkalosis increases neuronal excitability while acidosis depresses activity. Ion concentrations like calcium and magnesium also influence transmission. Hypoxia and many drugs can impact neuronal excitability and synaptic function. Anesthetics generally decrease synaptic transmission.
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This document summarizes key concepts in nerve signal processing including the discovery of neurons, types of neurons, bioelectricity, ion distribution across cell membranes, transport of solutes across neuronal membranes, resting membrane potential, action potentials, propagation of action potentials, synaptic transmission, types of synapses, neurotransmitter release and receptors, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, inhibition, reflexes, organization of neurons, convergence and divergence, reverberatory circuits, major neurotransmitter systems including acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, and GABA, and the role of second messengers.
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Neurons, action potential, synapses, neurotransmitters, divisions of the nervous system, and sense organs
The nervous system
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its major components and how it functions. It discusses how (1) the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which controls and coordinates the body's activities, and (2) the peripheral nervous system connects to and controls the rest of the body through nerves. It also describes how (3) neurons transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes, allowing the nervous system to sense the environment and direct the body's responses.
Nerve
- Nerve cells transmit electrical signals through long fibers called axons. The cell body contains organelles that produce proteins transported via axoplasmic flow to nerve endings. Myelination increases conduction velocity. Injury can cause temporary (neuropraxia) or permanent (neurotmesis) dysfunction. Regeneration involves Wallerian degeneration clearing debris, axon regrowth, and reinnervation.
Nerve physiology
This presentation contains the basic information about nerve cells and action potential. This work is done for academic purpose only so if you are using give proper reference.
Md (surg) part1 nmj 2011 student
This document summarizes key concepts in neuromuscular physiology including nerve conduction, the neuromuscular junction, and muscle contraction. It discusses the resting membrane potential, action potentials, propagation of action potentials, and factors that influence membrane potential. It also describes the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction, including acetylcholine release and receptor activation. Finally, it discusses neuromuscular blocking agents and disorders like myasthenia gravis.
Nerve Impulse Conduction & Synapses
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
Action Potential.pptx
- Excitable tissues like nerves and muscles can generate action potentials (APs) in response to stimuli. APs are sudden changes in membrane potential that allow electrical signals to propagate along axons.
- An AP occurs when the membrane potential rapidly becomes positive (depolarizes) and then returns back to the negative resting membrane potential (repolarizes). This is driven by changes in sodium and potassium ion channel permeability.
- APs allow electrical signals to be effectively transmitted through the nervous system, triggering neurotransmitter release at synaptic terminals to communicate between neurons. Factors that increase excitability facilitate AP generation while others inhibit it.
AQA Unit 5 A2 Biology
The document summarizes nervous and hormonal communication in the human body. It discusses how receptors detect stimuli and send signals via neurons in the nervous system or hormones in the bloodstream to effectors that produce a response. It describes the structure and function of neurons, synapses, and receptors in detail. It also explains muscle contraction and the control of heart rate.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, and receives and processes sensory information. The PNS transmits signals between the CNS and body. Within the nervous system are neurons, which transmit signals, and glial cells, which support neurons. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate bodily functions.
Synapses ppt
Synapses allow communication between neurons. The document defines a synapse and discusses its classification, functional anatomy, and electrical events. It summarizes that a synapse transmits signals from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron through the release of neurotransmitters. The signals can be excitatory or inhibitory, influencing whether the postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential. Synaptic transmission has properties like delay, summation, fatigue, and plasticity that influence neural signaling and functions like learning and memory.
Lp 8 neurology 2008
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS receives sensory input, integrates information, and directs motor responses. Within the CNS, the brain is responsible for higher functions like thinking and memory, while the spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. The nervous system allows animals to integrate internal and external sensory information to direct activities and maintain homeostasis.
Nervous system Magazine 1
The document provides information on the nervous system, including:
1) It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and integrates sensory information and initiates responses. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that originate from the brain and spinal cord.
2) It explains how neurons transmit signals via nerve impulses through changes in their membrane potentials, including the processes of depolarization and repolarization during an action potential.
3) Synapses are the junctions between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to stimulate the next neuron and transmit signals throughout the nervous system.
Full unit 5 power point =]
Organisms respond to their environment to increase survival chances by seeking food or shelter. Plants exhibit tropisms like gravitropism where roots grow down and shoots up in response to gravity and auxin. Auxin causes differential growth in roots and shoots.
Nerve impulses are transmitted via neurons and the nervous system. At synapses, neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons. Muscle contraction is driven by a sliding filament mechanism involving actin and myosin. Homeostasis maintains internal stability through negative feedback systems that respond to deviations from set points.
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Pinel basics ch15
The document discusses psychiatric disorders and their relationship to biological factors in the brain. It covers several key points:
1) Psychiatric disorders are influenced by both biological and experiential factors, and the underlying brain dysfunctions are still being identified, though treatments indicate biological causes.
2) Conditions like schizophrenia and affective/mood disorders show clear genetic components and responses to drug treatments targeting neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, supporting a biological basis.
3) Bringing new drugs to treat these disorders to market can be a long process, raising questions about how much society relies on pharmaceutical solutions.
Pinel basics ch14
The document summarizes research on language lateralization and processing in the left and right hemispheres of the brain. It discusses how damage to different areas like Broca's area and Wernicke's area can cause different language deficits. It also covers split-brain patients and research showing the hemispheres can function independently. Functional brain imaging research suggests language activation is widespread and varied rather than localized to specific areas.
Pinel basics ch13
Health psychology focuses on how psychological factors impact physical health. Addiction involves tolerance, dependence, and continued use despite consequences. The brain's dopamine system is involved in addiction, signaling reward and craving. Chronic stress can impair immune function and increase disease risk by activating stress responses. Emotions involve the amygdala and other brain regions, and fear conditioning demonstrates the amygdala's role in processing fearful stimuli.
Pinel basics ch12
- Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Sleep has important biological functions including restoring homeostasis and physiological processes that occur in sleep cycles.
- Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus and influenced by environmental cues like light and dark cycles. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can cause issues like jet lag.
- Sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive performance and mood, with effects accumulating over time without sleep. However, studies have shown some ability of the brain to adapt to long-term sleep reductions.
Pinel basics ch11
The document summarizes key concepts about hormones and sexual development in humans:
1. Sexual development is influenced by sex hormones both developmentally and activationally, with developmental effects organizing anatomical structures and activation effects triggering reproductive behaviors in adults.
2. The gonads and adrenal cortex produce sex hormones like androgens, estrogens, and progestins that influence development. The pituitary gland regulates other glands through releasing hormones.
3. Whether sexual development follows a male or female pattern is determined by sex chromosomes and hormones like testosterone and estradiol during early development in the womb and first few months after birth.
Pinel basics ch10
The document discusses theories of hunger, eating behaviors, and body weight regulation. It describes several factors that influence eating behaviors, including physiological hunger and satiety signals, learned food preferences, social and environmental cues. The dominant theories of a body weight "set point" are challenged, as factors like eating disorders, diet trends, and modern food environments contradict evolutionary models. New perspectives emphasize positive incentives for eating driven by food pleasure rather than just energy needs.
Pinel basics ch09
The document discusses learning, memory, and amnesia by examining several case studies and research findings. It summarizes the case of patient H.M., who developed severe anterograde amnesia after temporal lobe removal. Studies on H.M. showed that the medial temporal lobes are involved in memory formation and that short-term and long-term memory are separate. The document also discusses other forms of amnesia and their neural bases, such as Korsakoff's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and post-traumatic amnesia. It examines the role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation and object recognition. Memory is thought to be stored diffusely throughout the brain in the structures involved in initial encoding
Pinel basics ch08
The document discusses brain damage and neuroplasticity. It covers various causes of brain damage including brain tumors, cerebrovascular disorders like stroke, closed-head injuries, infections, neurotoxins, and genetic factors. It then discusses specific neuropsychological diseases like epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. It also covers animal models used to study these conditions and different ways the brain can respond to damage through degeneration, regeneration, reorganization, and recovery.
Pinel basics ch07
The document discusses neural development from fertilization through childhood. It describes the major phases of development including induction of the neural plate, proliferation, migration, aggregation, axon growth and synapse formation. It also discusses the impact of experience and deprivation on development through cases like Genie, and explores disorders like autism and Williams syndrome.
Pinel basics ch06
The document discusses the sensorimotor system and how it allows humans to perform voluntary movements and actions. It covers several key points:
1) The sensorimotor system is hierarchically organized, with the association cortex at the highest level and muscles at the lowest level. Signals flow between levels over multiple parallel paths.
2) Two major areas of the sensorimotor association cortex are the posterior parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The posterior parietal cortex integrates sensory information and outputs to the motor cortex.
3) Damage to the posterior parietal area can cause apraxia or contralateral neglect. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex evaluates stimuli and initiates
Pinel basics ch04
This document summarizes key aspects of human vision and visual processing. It discusses how light enters the eye and is transduced by photoreceptors into neural signals. It describes the retinal pathways and processing in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex. Key topics covered include receptive field properties, color vision theories, and cortical organization principles like retinotopic mapping and columns.
Pinel basics ch02
The document summarizes the anatomy and organization of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and senses the external environment. Within the CNS, the brain is divided into five divisions and contains structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The document also discusses the different cell types, including neurons and glial cells, that make up the nervous system.
Pinel basics ch01
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biopsychology from an introductory textbook chapter. It discusses the following:
1) Biopsychology integrates knowledge from neuroscience to study the biological basis of behavior. It examines the interactions between genes, brain activity, and experience.
2) Human evolution and comparative approaches provide insights into behavior by studying similarities and differences across species.
3) Fundamental genetics concepts from Mendel's experiments demonstrate how traits are inherited and expressed.
4) Research incorporates both human and nonhuman subjects to gain a more comprehensive understanding of brain-behavior relationships.
Chapter 13 Lecture Disco 4e
The document provides an overview of several topics related to psychological disorders, including:
1) It describes diagnostic categories in the DSM-IV-TR manual such as impulse-control disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse disorders.
2) It discusses the prevalence of psychological disorders and treatment-seeking behavior. Many people experience symptoms but do not seek treatment.
3) It outlines several types of anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias. It also describes posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and mood disorders.
Chapter 14 Lecture Disco 4e
There are two main types of therapy: psychotherapy which uses psychological techniques to treat mental health issues, and biomedical therapy which uses medications and medical interventions. Psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud is based on understanding repressed unconscious conflicts through techniques like free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of transference in therapy. Modern therapies are generally shorter-term and more goal-oriented than traditional psychoanalysis. Behavioral therapy uses principles of conditioning to change maladaptive behaviors, while cognitive-behavioral therapy integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques. Psychotherapy has been shown to be more effective than no treatment, and the specific type of therapy is generally less important than the therapeutic relationship.
Chapter 12 Lecture Disco 4e
The document discusses stress, health, and coping. It defines stress and identifies common stressors like life changes, daily hassles, and catastrophes. It describes the biopsychosocial model of health and explains how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence health. Stress can indirectly impact health through unhealthy behaviors and directly impact the body through changes in functions. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's three stage response to stress. Stress influences the immune system and chronic stress tends to suppress immunity. Psychological and social factors like perceived control, social support, and coping strategies also impact how stress affects health.
Chapter 11 Lecture Disco 4e
Social psychology is the study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. Key concepts include person perception, attribution, attitudes, stereotypes, conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors. Studies have shown that people conform to group pressures even when the group is clearly wrong, and will obey authority figures instructing them to harm others.
Chapter 9 Lecture Disco 4e
Chapter 9 discusses lifespan development from a psychological perspective. It focuses on how biological, social, cognitive, and personality development change over time from infancy to late adulthood. Key issues discussed include nature vs nurture influences, continuity vs stage theories of development, and critical periods of development. Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Erikson's psychosocial stages are also summarized.
Chapter 10 Lecture Disco 4e
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality including psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, social cognitive theory, and trait theories. It discusses key concepts from each approach such as the id, ego, and superego from Freudian psychoanalysis. It also evaluates the approaches in terms of empirical evidence, testability, and other factors. Common personality assessment techniques like projective tests and self-report inventories are briefly described.
Chapter 8 Lecture Disco 4e
The document discusses several theories of motivation including drive theory, incentive theory, and humanistic theories. It describes how drives are related to homeostasis and brain states. Specific drives like hunger are discussed along with factors influencing weight regulation, obesity, and eating disorders. Theories of emotion are presented including the James-Lange theory, two-factor theory, and cognitive-mediational theory. Sexual motivation, orientation, behaviors, and disorders are also summarized.
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