Pinel basics ch14
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The document summarizes research on language lateralization and processing in the left and right hemispheres of the brain. It discusses how damage to different areas like Broca's area and Wernicke's area can cause different language deficits. It also covers split-brain patients and research showing the hemispheres can function independently. Functional brain imaging research suggests language activation is widespread and varied rather than localized to specific areas.
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This document discusses cerebral lateralization and differences between the left and right hemispheres. It covers topics such as:
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2. It describes the corpus callosum which connects the two hemispheres and allows for information exchange, and how splitting this connection can impact language and visual processing.
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This document provides an overview of cognition and language from a cognitive psychology perspective. It discusses three main topics: thinking and reasoning, problem solving, and language. For thinking and reasoning, it describes mental images and concepts. For problem solving, it outlines the three steps of problem solving and discusses various problem solving strategies and challenges. For language, it discusses the elements of language including grammar, language development from babbling to age 5, theories of language acquisition, the influence of language on thinking, and issues around bilingualism.
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The temporal lobe is involved in several important functions:
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3. It outlines some of the major functional areas of the frontal lobe including motor control, language, decision making, memory, and social behavior.
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3. It explains mechanisms of memory formation and consolidation at the synaptic level, including the roles of proteins like CaMKII and CREB.
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- Frontotemporal dementia, which selectively attacks the frontal and temporal lobes.
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This document summarizes key aspects of thinking and language from Chapter 10 of the 8th edition of the psychology textbook by David Myers. It discusses concepts of thinking such as problem solving, decision making, and judgment formation. It also covers language structure including phonemes, morphemes, and grammar. Additionally, it examines language development in children from babbling to using longer phrases, and explores how language influences thinking and how thinking can occur through images. Animal thinking and language are also briefly discussed.
Social development
Family relationships, parenting styles, and sibling dynamics strongly influence children's social development in early childhood. Authoritative parenting fosters communication while authoritarian parenting may produce fearful children. Siblings provide opportunities to learn social skills through equal and unequal relationships. Preschoolers begin to develop independence and form first friendships, which help them learn skills like handling conflict, sharing, and behaving maturely. However, common fears and aggression during this stage often stem from children's difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality and their egocentric perspectives. Different parenting techniques balance control and warmth to varying degrees of effect.
Neurobiology of emotion
This document discusses the neurobiology of emotions. It defines emotions, moods, and affects. The core brain regions involved in emotions are the cerebral cortex, limbic system (particularly the amygdala), and brain stem. The limbic system, including structures like the hippocampus, anterior thalamus, and cingulate gyrus, form circuits important for emotional processing and expression. The amygdala plays a key role in fear and aggression. Other structures like the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and autonomic nervous system are also involved in emotions and physiological arousal. Various neurotransmitters, including monoamines, peptides, GABA, and glutamate mediate emotional processes in the brain.
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Greensview Elementary School - Relational Aggression (Anti-Bullying)
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Language
The document discusses language and the brain. It covers what language is, how it is processed in the brain through sensory and motor systems, and the localization of language functions in different brain areas like Broca's area and Wernicke's area. Studies of patients with aphasia from brain damage helped uncover that distinct types of aphasia suggest language is processed in multiple stages across different brain regions.
Brain function
The document discusses brain functions and lateralization of functions between the left and right hemispheres. It covers:
1) Early studies by Gall and phrenology localized brain functions, while Flourens argued functions were distributed. Broca and Wernicke's studies of aphasia patients localized language production and comprehension areas.
2) The left hemisphere is specialized for language in most people. Damage can cause speech problems. The right hemisphere handles visuospatial tasks, and can take over some language functions after left damage.
3) Split-brain patients, whose corpus callosum is cut, have independent hand use and respond differently to each visual field, showing lateralization of functions between hemispheres.
Language & brain by ali zulfiqar
The document discusses language and the brain. It provides information on:
- How language is acquired through Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar and located in the brain.
- The parts of the human brain involved in language processing, including the frontal lobes, temporal lobes, parietal lobes, and Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
- Different types of aphasia (language disorders) caused by damage to language areas of the brain, including Broca's, Wernicke's, conduction, and transcortical aphasias.
The human brain presentation
The document summarizes the structure and function of the human brain. It discusses that the brain is divided into two hemispheres, with each hemisphere further divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. The frontal lobe is involved in functions like memory, emotions, reasoning and language. Broca's area in the left frontal lobe controls speech production while Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe is involved in language comprehension. The hemispheres have some functional differences, with the left typically dominating language and analytical functions and the right dominating more holistic processing.
The human brain
The human brain has three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes. Broca's area in the left frontal lobe controls speech production, while Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe controls language comprehension. Damage to these areas can result in different types of aphasia. The brain is highly complex and not fully understood, controlling functions like thinking, movement, senses, and more.
language and brain.ppt
The document discusses language processing in the brain. It describes how psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics study language acquisition, comprehension, and production as they relate to the brain. The left cerebral cortex plays a dominant role in language processing for most right-handed individuals. Dichotic listening tests and split-brain experiments provide evidence of lateralization, with the left hemisphere specialized for language and the right for other functions. Broca's and Wernicke's areas are crucial language centers, with damage resulting in distinct aphasia types characterized by nonfluent or fluent but nonsensical speech, respectively.
Cortical lobar functions and its implications in psychiatry.pptx
Explaining various psychiatric disorders and normal psychological and neurological functions as a function of various lobes of cortex
Language and the brain
The document discusses the relationship between language and the brain. It describes four key language areas in the brain: Wernicke's area, which is involved in understanding speech; Broca's area, which is involved in producing speech; the motor cortex, which controls muscle movement; and the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas. It also discusses language disorders like aphasia, which can result from damage to parts of the brain responsible for language abilities.
Psychophysiology
This document discusses several topics related to brain function and neuroscience. It begins by describing arousal and attention, noting that arousal requires the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) within the brainstem and projections to the thalamus. It then discusses emotion, noting that basic drives are centered in the limbic system while distinctly human emotions are represented in the cortex. Finally, it provides information on frontal lobe function, language, memory, and the limbic system.
Neurolinguistics MASLP
a) What happens to language and communication after brain damage of different types?
b) How did the ability to communicate and the ability to use language develop in the evolution of the species? How can we relate this development to the evolution of the brain?
c) How do children learn to communicate and use language? How can we relate their acquisition of language to the development of their brains?
d) How can we measure and visualize processes in the brain that are involved in language and communication?
e) How can we make good models of language and communication processes that will help us to explain the linguistic phenomena that we study?
f) How can we make computer simulations of language processing, language development and language loss?
g) How can we make experiments that will allow us to test our models and hypotheses about language processing?
ACQUIRED LANGUAGE DISORDERS:
• Aphasia- language loss due to brain damage, cause can be infarction, hemorrhage or head trauma
• Either comprehension or expression of language or both is effected
• Aphasiology or linguistics aphasiology is the dominant branch of neurolinguistics. Aphasia is an acquired language disorder, a focal lesion. Another cause of acquired disorders can e progressive neurological disease, such as, dementia. Language and memory are closely connected and interdependent, especially in higher cognitive functions.
DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDERS:
• Disorders that are found in children who have not experienced any specific lesion event.
• Neurolinguists compare developmental language disorders (like SLI, dyslexia) to similar acquired disorders with the view of language acquisition and plasticity (ability to be moulded) of young brains, they also study the language develooment of children with non specific developmental disorders affecting language.
LANGUAGE AND SPEECH:
• Neurolinguists study development of language and speech, their prerequisites in the evolution of species. The changes in the structure and function f the brain are compared to different species ways of living.
• Experiments are being carried out with primates that are being taught human communication systems.
Q3 L04 Parietal
The parietal lobe is involved in sense of touch, movement detection, and spatial awareness. Damage can cause syndromes like Gerstmann's where one has difficulty with left/right, writing, and math. The occipital lobe processes visual information and damage can cause visual agnosia where one cannot identify objects by sight. The temporal lobe contains auditory areas and Wernicke's area for language understanding. Damage to these areas can cause hearing or language deficits depending on the location of the damage.
Higher cortical functions final
This document summarizes higher cortical functions including language, calculations, spatial awareness, memory, executive function, music and creativity. It discusses the cerebral cortex and different types of association cortices. It then examines various neurological functions like sensory processing, attention, motor programming, language, memory, agnosias, apraxia, aphasia and alexia. Key areas discussed include the visual and auditory systems, object recognition networks, spatial attention, praxis, types of agnosia and aphasia, and the neuroanatomy underlying different language functions.
Higher functions of the nervous system
The document discusses higher mental functions of the brain. It describes how different cortical areas have specialized functions, with primary areas directly processing sensory and motor information, and association areas integrating information from multiple regions. Three important association areas are identified: the prefrontal area involved in planning, the parieto-occipital area in spatial processing, and the limbic area concerned with emotion and motivation. Language functions are lateralized, with Broca's and Wernicke's areas discussed. Memory formation and retrieval are also described.
qeeg Neuroshow
The QEEG is a non-invasive brain imaging procedure that measures brain wave activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. Brain waves are recorded both at rest and during tasks to analyze characteristics like frequency, amplitude, and distribution. These characteristics are then compared to a normal database to evaluate metrics like relative power, asymmetry, coherence, and phase which provide information about brain performance and efficiency. The QEEG can be used to assess conditions like traumatic brain injury, learning disabilities, and neurological or psychological disorders.
Language and brain
Neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics study the neurological and psychological bases of language. Localization attempts to locate language in the brain and suggests it is an independent faculty rather than part of general thought. Lateralization shows language functions become specialized in each hemisphere, with split-brain patients demonstrating this. The left hemisphere controls language and is dominant for most individuals. Key brain areas involved in language processing include Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the frontal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere respectively.
Language and the brai nmay08 wrap up
The document discusses the biological and cognitive basis of language from several perspectives:
1) It describes the main structures of the brain involved in language processing, including Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and how they are connected via the arcuate fasciculus.
2) It explores hemispheric dominance and lateralization, noting that language functions are typically lateralized to the left hemisphere in right-handed individuals.
3) Several assumptions are presented regarding factors that influence handedness and cognitive abilities, such as gender differences and the role of sexual hormones in brain development.
4) The concept of a critical period for language learning is examined, with evidence that younger children have more ability
Temporal lobe
1. The temporal lobe is involved in auditory and visual processing, memory formation, and emotional regulation.
2. Damage to different areas can cause deficits like hearing loss, visual field cuts, language problems, or memory impairment depending on the location within the temporal lobe.
3. Bitemporal damage can result in a syndrome like Kluver-Bucy, characterized by emotional changes, hypersexuality, and reacting to all stimuli without recognition.
Neurolinguistics and brain types
Neurolinguistics
Shari R. Baum and Sheila E. Blumstein:
Elisabeth Ahlsén:
Brain
Right brain – left brain
Lobes of the brain
Parts of Brain
Language and Brain
Broca’s area
Wernicke's area
Human brain understanding the complex structure
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, along with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem as well as the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and guarded by, the skull bones of the head.
The cerebrum is the largest of the human brain. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of grey matter, covering the core of the white matter. Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes – the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Within each lobe, cortical areas are associated with specific functions, such as the sensory, motor and association regions. Although the left and right hemispheres are broadly similar in shape and performance, some functions are related to one side, like language within the left and visual-spatial ability on the right. The hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum.
The brainstem consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by pairs of tracts. Underneath the cerebral cortex are several important structures, including the thalamus, the epithalamus, the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the subthalamus; the limbic structures, including the amygdala as well as the hippocampus; the claustrum, various nuclei of the basal ganglia; the basal forebrain structures, and the three circumventricular organs. The cells of the brain include neurons and supportive glial cells. There are more than 86 billion neurons within the brain. Brain activity is possible by the interconnections of neurons and their release of neurotransmitters in response to nerve impulses. Neurons connect to form neural pathways, neural circuits, and elaborate network systems. The whole circuitry is driven by the method of neurotransmission.
The study of the anatomy of the brain is neuroanatomy, while the study of its function is neuroscience. Numerous techniques are used to study the brain. Medical imaging technologies like functional neuroimaging, and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings are important in studying the brain. The medical history of people with a brain injury has provided insight into the function of each part of the brain.
11e posterior association cortex
The document discusses several key areas of the brain involved in sensory processing and integration. It describes how the somatosensory cortex integrates tactile and proprioceptive information, and how the posterior parietal cortex projects to motor areas. It also discusses pathways to visual, auditory and association areas, and how unimodal inputs converge on multimodal areas, allowing for comprehension, cognition and consciousness.
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Pinel basics ch12
- Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Sleep has important biological functions including restoring homeostasis and physiological processes that occur in sleep cycles.
- Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus and influenced by environmental cues like light and dark cycles. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can cause issues like jet lag.
- Sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive performance and mood, with effects accumulating over time without sleep. However, studies have shown some ability of the brain to adapt to long-term sleep reductions.
Pinel basics ch11
The document summarizes key concepts about hormones and sexual development in humans:
1. Sexual development is influenced by sex hormones both developmentally and activationally, with developmental effects organizing anatomical structures and activation effects triggering reproductive behaviors in adults.
2. The gonads and adrenal cortex produce sex hormones like androgens, estrogens, and progestins that influence development. The pituitary gland regulates other glands through releasing hormones.
3. Whether sexual development follows a male or female pattern is determined by sex chromosomes and hormones like testosterone and estradiol during early development in the womb and first few months after birth.
Pinel basics ch10
The document discusses theories of hunger, eating behaviors, and body weight regulation. It describes several factors that influence eating behaviors, including physiological hunger and satiety signals, learned food preferences, social and environmental cues. The dominant theories of a body weight "set point" are challenged, as factors like eating disorders, diet trends, and modern food environments contradict evolutionary models. New perspectives emphasize positive incentives for eating driven by food pleasure rather than just energy needs.
Pinel basics ch09
The document discusses learning, memory, and amnesia by examining several case studies and research findings. It summarizes the case of patient H.M., who developed severe anterograde amnesia after temporal lobe removal. Studies on H.M. showed that the medial temporal lobes are involved in memory formation and that short-term and long-term memory are separate. The document also discusses other forms of amnesia and their neural bases, such as Korsakoff's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and post-traumatic amnesia. It examines the role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation and object recognition. Memory is thought to be stored diffusely throughout the brain in the structures involved in initial encoding
Pinel basics ch08
The document discusses brain damage and neuroplasticity. It covers various causes of brain damage including brain tumors, cerebrovascular disorders like stroke, closed-head injuries, infections, neurotoxins, and genetic factors. It then discusses specific neuropsychological diseases like epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. It also covers animal models used to study these conditions and different ways the brain can respond to damage through degeneration, regeneration, reorganization, and recovery.
Pinel basics ch07
The document discusses neural development from fertilization through childhood. It describes the major phases of development including induction of the neural plate, proliferation, migration, aggregation, axon growth and synapse formation. It also discusses the impact of experience and deprivation on development through cases like Genie, and explores disorders like autism and Williams syndrome.
Pinel basics ch06
The document discusses the sensorimotor system and how it allows humans to perform voluntary movements and actions. It covers several key points:
1) The sensorimotor system is hierarchically organized, with the association cortex at the highest level and muscles at the lowest level. Signals flow between levels over multiple parallel paths.
2) Two major areas of the sensorimotor association cortex are the posterior parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The posterior parietal cortex integrates sensory information and outputs to the motor cortex.
3) Damage to the posterior parietal area can cause apraxia or contralateral neglect. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex evaluates stimuli and initiates
Pinel basics ch04
This document summarizes key aspects of human vision and visual processing. It discusses how light enters the eye and is transduced by photoreceptors into neural signals. It describes the retinal pathways and processing in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex. Key topics covered include receptive field properties, color vision theories, and cortical organization principles like retinotopic mapping and columns.
Pinel basics ch03
The document summarizes various techniques used to study neural activity in the brain. It describes how neurons function through ion gradients and action potentials. It then outlines different methods researchers use to examine the brain, including stereotaxic surgery, lesion methods, stimulation and recording techniques, pharmacological manipulation, and brain imaging tools like fMRI. Genetic engineering methods are also briefly discussed to provide insight into gene functions.
Pinel basics ch02
The document summarizes the anatomy and organization of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and senses the external environment. Within the CNS, the brain is divided into five divisions and contains structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The document also discusses the different cell types, including neurons and glial cells, that make up the nervous system.
Pinel basics ch01
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biopsychology from an introductory textbook chapter. It discusses the following:
1) Biopsychology integrates knowledge from neuroscience to study the biological basis of behavior. It examines the interactions between genes, brain activity, and experience.
2) Human evolution and comparative approaches provide insights into behavior by studying similarities and differences across species.
3) Fundamental genetics concepts from Mendel's experiments demonstrate how traits are inherited and expressed.
4) Research incorporates both human and nonhuman subjects to gain a more comprehensive understanding of brain-behavior relationships.
Chapter 13 Lecture Disco 4e
The document provides an overview of several topics related to psychological disorders, including:
1) It describes diagnostic categories in the DSM-IV-TR manual such as impulse-control disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse disorders.
2) It discusses the prevalence of psychological disorders and treatment-seeking behavior. Many people experience symptoms but do not seek treatment.
3) It outlines several types of anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias. It also describes posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and mood disorders.
Chapter 14 Lecture Disco 4e
There are two main types of therapy: psychotherapy which uses psychological techniques to treat mental health issues, and biomedical therapy which uses medications and medical interventions. Psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud is based on understanding repressed unconscious conflicts through techniques like free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of transference in therapy. Modern therapies are generally shorter-term and more goal-oriented than traditional psychoanalysis. Behavioral therapy uses principles of conditioning to change maladaptive behaviors, while cognitive-behavioral therapy integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques. Psychotherapy has been shown to be more effective than no treatment, and the specific type of therapy is generally less important than the therapeutic relationship.
Chapter 12 Lecture Disco 4e
The document discusses stress, health, and coping. It defines stress and identifies common stressors like life changes, daily hassles, and catastrophes. It describes the biopsychosocial model of health and explains how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence health. Stress can indirectly impact health through unhealthy behaviors and directly impact the body through changes in functions. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's three stage response to stress. Stress influences the immune system and chronic stress tends to suppress immunity. Psychological and social factors like perceived control, social support, and coping strategies also impact how stress affects health.
Chapter 11 Lecture Disco 4e
Social psychology is the study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. Key concepts include person perception, attribution, attitudes, stereotypes, conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors. Studies have shown that people conform to group pressures even when the group is clearly wrong, and will obey authority figures instructing them to harm others.
Chapter 9 Lecture Disco 4e
Chapter 9 discusses lifespan development from a psychological perspective. It focuses on how biological, social, cognitive, and personality development change over time from infancy to late adulthood. Key issues discussed include nature vs nurture influences, continuity vs stage theories of development, and critical periods of development. Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Erikson's psychosocial stages are also summarized.
Chapter 10 Lecture Disco 4e
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality including psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, social cognitive theory, and trait theories. It discusses key concepts from each approach such as the id, ego, and superego from Freudian psychoanalysis. It also evaluates the approaches in terms of empirical evidence, testability, and other factors. Common personality assessment techniques like projective tests and self-report inventories are briefly described.
Chapter 8 Lecture Disco 4e
The document discusses several theories of motivation including drive theory, incentive theory, and humanistic theories. It describes how drives are related to homeostasis and brain states. Specific drives like hunger are discussed along with factors influencing weight regulation, obesity, and eating disorders. Theories of emotion are presented including the James-Lange theory, two-factor theory, and cognitive-mediational theory. Sexual motivation, orientation, behaviors, and disorders are also summarized.
Chapter 7 Lecture Disco 4e
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to thinking, language, and intelligence:
1) It discusses different types of concepts, problem solving strategies, insight, intuition, and mental sets.
2) It also covers language and its relationship to thinking, communication in animals, and theories of intelligence including multiple intelligences.
3) The document examines intelligence testing and factors like heredity, environment, and racial/cultural differences that can influence IQ scores.
Chapter 6 Lecture Disco 4e
The document summarizes the multi-stage model of memory, including sensory memory, short-term/working memory, and long-term memory. It discusses the functions, capacities, and durations of each memory stage. Encoding and retrieval processes are described for transferring information between memory stores. Factors that influence memory, such as encoding specificity, interference, and forgetting, are also summarized.
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#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
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June Patch Tuesday
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
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