Oil from cassia occidentalis seed was extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane solvents. The hexane solvent gave the highest yield (11.5%) followed by ethanol (10.5%), methanol (9.25%) and chloroform (5.92%). The oil extracted was tested for phytochemicals using test tube method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The result indicates the presence of carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and terpenes. The presence of these phytochemicals makes cassia occidentalis seed bioactive. The result of the elemental analysis showed that Na (0.0135±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mg (1.9965±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mn (0.0540±0.0014 mg/ 100 g), Zn (0.375±0.0042 mg/ 100 g), Cu (0.0265±0.0007 mg/ 100 g) and Cd (0.0035±0.0005mg/100 g) were present in the seed, while Cr and Pb were not detected. The basic physiochemical properties of vegetable oil (iodine, saponification, free fatty acid, acid, peroxide, specific gravity and refractive index) were also analyzed. The results revealed that iodine was 95.02, saponification 83, free fatty acid 12.8 mg/g, acid 25.9 mg/g, peroxide 6.7 mg/g, specific gravity 0.85 and refractive index 1.460 on dry weight bases. Based on this finding, cassia occidentalis seed can be used as an alternative source of vegetable oil.
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Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distribution
5.1: Probability Distribution
This presentation contains the topic as follows, probability distribution, random variable, continuous variable, discrete variable, probability mass function, expected value and variance and examples
Introduction to Design of Experiments by Teck Nam Ang (University of Malaya)Teck Nam Ang
This set of slides explains in a simple manner the purpose of experiment, various strategies of experiment, how to plan and design experiment, and the handling of experimental data.
Testing of hypothesis - large sample testParag Shah
Different type of test which are used for large sample has been included in this presentation. Steps for each test and a case study is included for concept clarity and practice.
A random variable X has a continuous uniform distribution if its probability density function f(x) is constant over the interval (α, β). The uniform distribution has a probability density function f(x) = k for α < x < β, where k is a constant, and is equal to 0 otherwise. All values from α to β are equally likely to occur, meaning the probability of X falling in any sub-interval of (α, β) is equal regardless of the interval's position within the range.
This document provides an overview of key probability concepts including:
(1) Definitions of random experiments, sample spaces, events, and probability;
(2) The addition and multiplication theorems and conditional probability;
(3) Mathematical expectation and probability distributions including the binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. Examples are provided to illustrate key terminology and formulas.
It includes Defination,Classification of powders.Special Types of Powders like effervesent,effloroscent,Eutectic mixture.Fomulation of powder with mixing technique of powder.
A survey in 2020 asked 100 peoples in 3 rounds if they thought women in the p...Nadeem Uddin
A survey in 2020 asked 100 people in 3 rounds if they thought women in the police forces should be permitted to participate in combat. The results of the survey are shown.
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distribution
5.1: Probability Distribution
This presentation contains the topic as follows, probability distribution, random variable, continuous variable, discrete variable, probability mass function, expected value and variance and examples
Introduction to Design of Experiments by Teck Nam Ang (University of Malaya)Teck Nam Ang
This set of slides explains in a simple manner the purpose of experiment, various strategies of experiment, how to plan and design experiment, and the handling of experimental data.
Testing of hypothesis - large sample testParag Shah
Different type of test which are used for large sample has been included in this presentation. Steps for each test and a case study is included for concept clarity and practice.
A random variable X has a continuous uniform distribution if its probability density function f(x) is constant over the interval (α, β). The uniform distribution has a probability density function f(x) = k for α < x < β, where k is a constant, and is equal to 0 otherwise. All values from α to β are equally likely to occur, meaning the probability of X falling in any sub-interval of (α, β) is equal regardless of the interval's position within the range.
This document provides an overview of key probability concepts including:
(1) Definitions of random experiments, sample spaces, events, and probability;
(2) The addition and multiplication theorems and conditional probability;
(3) Mathematical expectation and probability distributions including the binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. Examples are provided to illustrate key terminology and formulas.
It includes Defination,Classification of powders.Special Types of Powders like effervesent,effloroscent,Eutectic mixture.Fomulation of powder with mixing technique of powder.
A survey in 2020 asked 100 peoples in 3 rounds if they thought women in the p...Nadeem Uddin
A survey in 2020 asked 100 people in 3 rounds if they thought women in the police forces should be permitted to participate in combat. The results of the survey are shown.
1) The document discusses hypothesis testing of claims about population means and proportions. It provides examples of testing claims about means using z-tests when the population standard deviation is known and t-tests when it is unknown.
2) Example 1 uses a t-test to test the claim that the mean amount of sleep for adults is less than 7 hours, finding no significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
3) Example 2 uses a z-test to reject the common belief that the population mean body temperature is 98.6°F, finding significant evidence against the null hypothesis.
4) Example 3 uses a z-test to find no significant evidence that the mean number of days a car sits on a dealer
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
8.3: Testing a Claim About a Mean
HPLC is a type of chromatography that uses high pressure to force a liquid mobile phase through a column packed with solid particles. This allows for faster analysis times and better separation of components compared to traditional liquid chromatography. HPLC systems include a pump to deliver the mobile phase, an injector for samples, a column inside an oven, a detector, and a data processor. The interaction of sample components with the stationary and mobile phases causes separation as components move through the column at different speeds.
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
12.1: One-Way ANOVA
The document defines the moment generating function (MGF) of a random variable X as the expectation of e^tx, provided the expectation exists in some neighborhood of 0. The MGF fully characterizes the distribution of X and can be used to find moments. For the uniform distribution on [0,1], the MGF is (e^t - 1)/t. For the normal distribution with mean μ and variance σ^2, the MGF is e^(tμ + 1/2t^2σ^2). The MGF of independent random variables X and Y is the product of their individual MGFs.
There are three main probability distributions: binomial, Poisson, and normal. The binomial distribution calculates the probability of a certain number of successes in a fixed number of trials when the probability of success is constant. The Poisson distribution calculates the probability of a number of random events occurring in an interval. It applies when occurrences are independent and the average number of occurrences in an interval is known. The normal distribution is the most important continuous probability distribution and describes variables that can take any value within a range.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of three or more groups. It compares the variance between groups with the variance within groups to determine if the population means are significantly different. The key assumptions of ANOVA are independence, normality, and homogeneity of variances. A one-way ANOVA involves one independent variable with multiple levels or groups, and compares the group means to the overall mean to calculate an F-ratio statistic. If the F-ratio exceeds a critical value, then the null hypothesis that the group means are equal can be rejected.
Method development and validation for the estimation of metronidazole in tabl...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of two spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of metronidazole in tablet dosage forms. The methods utilize UV spectroscopy and first derivative spectroscopy. Metronidazole showed maximum absorbance at 313nm in methanol:water for UV spectroscopy and a minimum at 298nm for derivative spectroscopy. Both methods were linear between 4-12μg/ml and were validated according to ICH guidelines. The methods were found to be accurate, precise and reproducible for the analysis of metronidazole in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.
This presentation covered the following topics:
1. Definition of Correlation and Regression
2. Meaning of Correlation and Regression
3. Types of Correlation and Regression
4. Karl Pearson's methods of correlation
5. Bivariate Grouped data method
6. Spearman's Rank correlation Method
7. Scattered diagram method
8. Interpretation of correlation coefficient
9. Lines of Regression
10. regression Equations
11. Difference between correlation and regression
12. Related examples
The document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA) which is used to compare the means of three or more groups. It explains that ANOVA avoids the problems of multiple t-tests by providing an omnibus test of differences between groups. The key steps of ANOVA are outlined, including partitioning variation between and within groups to calculate an F-ratio. A large F value indicates more difference between groups than expected by chance alone.
This document discusses hypothesis testing using a single sample. It explains that a hypothesis test involves a null hypothesis (H0) which is initially assumed to be true, and an alternative hypothesis (Ha) which is the competing claim. The test aims to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative. A test statistic is calculated from sample data and compared to a significance level (α) to determine whether to reject H0. Examples are provided to illustrate hypotheses about population means, proportions, and their tests.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) everything you need to knowStat Analytica
Most of the students may struggle with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Here in this presentation you can clear all your doubts in analysis of variance with suitable examples.
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
8.1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing
1. The document defines discrete random variables as random variables that can take on a finite or countable number of values. It provides an example of a discrete random variable being the number of heads from 4 coin tosses.
2. It introduces the probability mass function (pmf) as a function that gives the probability of a discrete random variable taking on a particular value. The pmf must be greater than or equal to 0 and sum to 1.
3. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a discrete random variable is defined as the sum of the probabilities of the random variable being less than or equal to a particular value. The CDF ranges from 0 to 1 and increases monotonically.
The document introduces the maximum likelihood method (MLM) for determining the most likely cause of an observed result from several possible causes. It provides examples of using MLM to determine the most likely father of a child from potential candidates and the most likely distribution of balls in a box based on the observed colors of balls drawn from the box. MLM involves calculating the likelihood of each potential cause producing the observed result and selecting the cause with the highest likelihood as the most probable explanation.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) The mean (μ) of birth weights is 7.5 lbs
2) The standard deviation (σ) is 1.2 lbs
3) We want to find the probability that a randomly selected birth weight is between 6.5 and 8 lbs.
4) To calculate this, we first convert the bounds to z-scores:
z1 = (6.5 - 7.5) / 1.2 = -1
z2 = (8 - 7.5) / 1.2 = 0.5
5) Then we calculate the probability between the z-scores using the normal CDF:
P(z1 < Z < z2)
This document provides an introduction to correlation and regression analysis. It defines correlation as a measure of the association between two variables and regression as using one variable to predict another. The key aspects covered are:
- Calculating correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient r to measure the strength and direction of association between variables.
- Performing simple linear regression to find the "line of best fit" to predict a dependent variable from an independent variable.
- Using a TI-83 calculator to graphically display scatter plots of data and calculate the regression equation and correlation coefficient.
Application of Chebyshev and Markov Inequality in Machine LearningVARUN KUMAR
This document discusses the application of Chebyshev and Markov inequalities in supervised machine learning. It introduces the mathematical descriptions of Chebyshev and Markov inequalities and how they can be used to find the probability of new data falling within or outside a threshold value. Supervised learning is also introduced as learning from predefined training data to develop a model that can then be used to classify new data. The inequalities help in making decisions by defining favorable and non-favorable regions and allowing the probability of new data to be predicted based on the variance or mean of the training data.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the chemical constituents, physicochemical properties, and proximate composition of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) seed oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 24 constituents making up 96.81% of the oil, including oleic acid, palmitic acid, and 9-octadecenol as major components. Physicochemical analysis found the oil had a specific gravity of 0.9050, refractive index of 1.456, and acid, iodine, saponification, and peroxide values within reported standards. Proximate analysis determined the seed contained 10.50% moisture, 39.57% protein, and 32.50%
1) The document discusses hypothesis testing of claims about population means and proportions. It provides examples of testing claims about means using z-tests when the population standard deviation is known and t-tests when it is unknown.
2) Example 1 uses a t-test to test the claim that the mean amount of sleep for adults is less than 7 hours, finding no significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
3) Example 2 uses a z-test to reject the common belief that the population mean body temperature is 98.6°F, finding significant evidence against the null hypothesis.
4) Example 3 uses a z-test to find no significant evidence that the mean number of days a car sits on a dealer
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
8.3: Testing a Claim About a Mean
HPLC is a type of chromatography that uses high pressure to force a liquid mobile phase through a column packed with solid particles. This allows for faster analysis times and better separation of components compared to traditional liquid chromatography. HPLC systems include a pump to deliver the mobile phase, an injector for samples, a column inside an oven, a detector, and a data processor. The interaction of sample components with the stationary and mobile phases causes separation as components move through the column at different speeds.
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
12.1: One-Way ANOVA
The document defines the moment generating function (MGF) of a random variable X as the expectation of e^tx, provided the expectation exists in some neighborhood of 0. The MGF fully characterizes the distribution of X and can be used to find moments. For the uniform distribution on [0,1], the MGF is (e^t - 1)/t. For the normal distribution with mean μ and variance σ^2, the MGF is e^(tμ + 1/2t^2σ^2). The MGF of independent random variables X and Y is the product of their individual MGFs.
There are three main probability distributions: binomial, Poisson, and normal. The binomial distribution calculates the probability of a certain number of successes in a fixed number of trials when the probability of success is constant. The Poisson distribution calculates the probability of a number of random events occurring in an interval. It applies when occurrences are independent and the average number of occurrences in an interval is known. The normal distribution is the most important continuous probability distribution and describes variables that can take any value within a range.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of three or more groups. It compares the variance between groups with the variance within groups to determine if the population means are significantly different. The key assumptions of ANOVA are independence, normality, and homogeneity of variances. A one-way ANOVA involves one independent variable with multiple levels or groups, and compares the group means to the overall mean to calculate an F-ratio statistic. If the F-ratio exceeds a critical value, then the null hypothesis that the group means are equal can be rejected.
Method development and validation for the estimation of metronidazole in tabl...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of two spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of metronidazole in tablet dosage forms. The methods utilize UV spectroscopy and first derivative spectroscopy. Metronidazole showed maximum absorbance at 313nm in methanol:water for UV spectroscopy and a minimum at 298nm for derivative spectroscopy. Both methods were linear between 4-12μg/ml and were validated according to ICH guidelines. The methods were found to be accurate, precise and reproducible for the analysis of metronidazole in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.
This presentation covered the following topics:
1. Definition of Correlation and Regression
2. Meaning of Correlation and Regression
3. Types of Correlation and Regression
4. Karl Pearson's methods of correlation
5. Bivariate Grouped data method
6. Spearman's Rank correlation Method
7. Scattered diagram method
8. Interpretation of correlation coefficient
9. Lines of Regression
10. regression Equations
11. Difference between correlation and regression
12. Related examples
The document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA) which is used to compare the means of three or more groups. It explains that ANOVA avoids the problems of multiple t-tests by providing an omnibus test of differences between groups. The key steps of ANOVA are outlined, including partitioning variation between and within groups to calculate an F-ratio. A large F value indicates more difference between groups than expected by chance alone.
This document discusses hypothesis testing using a single sample. It explains that a hypothesis test involves a null hypothesis (H0) which is initially assumed to be true, and an alternative hypothesis (Ha) which is the competing claim. The test aims to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative. A test statistic is calculated from sample data and compared to a significance level (α) to determine whether to reject H0. Examples are provided to illustrate hypotheses about population means, proportions, and their tests.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) everything you need to knowStat Analytica
Most of the students may struggle with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Here in this presentation you can clear all your doubts in analysis of variance with suitable examples.
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
8.1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing
1. The document defines discrete random variables as random variables that can take on a finite or countable number of values. It provides an example of a discrete random variable being the number of heads from 4 coin tosses.
2. It introduces the probability mass function (pmf) as a function that gives the probability of a discrete random variable taking on a particular value. The pmf must be greater than or equal to 0 and sum to 1.
3. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a discrete random variable is defined as the sum of the probabilities of the random variable being less than or equal to a particular value. The CDF ranges from 0 to 1 and increases monotonically.
The document introduces the maximum likelihood method (MLM) for determining the most likely cause of an observed result from several possible causes. It provides examples of using MLM to determine the most likely father of a child from potential candidates and the most likely distribution of balls in a box based on the observed colors of balls drawn from the box. MLM involves calculating the likelihood of each potential cause producing the observed result and selecting the cause with the highest likelihood as the most probable explanation.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) The mean (μ) of birth weights is 7.5 lbs
2) The standard deviation (σ) is 1.2 lbs
3) We want to find the probability that a randomly selected birth weight is between 6.5 and 8 lbs.
4) To calculate this, we first convert the bounds to z-scores:
z1 = (6.5 - 7.5) / 1.2 = -1
z2 = (8 - 7.5) / 1.2 = 0.5
5) Then we calculate the probability between the z-scores using the normal CDF:
P(z1 < Z < z2)
This document provides an introduction to correlation and regression analysis. It defines correlation as a measure of the association between two variables and regression as using one variable to predict another. The key aspects covered are:
- Calculating correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient r to measure the strength and direction of association between variables.
- Performing simple linear regression to find the "line of best fit" to predict a dependent variable from an independent variable.
- Using a TI-83 calculator to graphically display scatter plots of data and calculate the regression equation and correlation coefficient.
Application of Chebyshev and Markov Inequality in Machine LearningVARUN KUMAR
This document discusses the application of Chebyshev and Markov inequalities in supervised machine learning. It introduces the mathematical descriptions of Chebyshev and Markov inequalities and how they can be used to find the probability of new data falling within or outside a threshold value. Supervised learning is also introduced as learning from predefined training data to develop a model that can then be used to classify new data. The inequalities help in making decisions by defining favorable and non-favorable regions and allowing the probability of new data to be predicted based on the variance or mean of the training data.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the chemical constituents, physicochemical properties, and proximate composition of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) seed oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 24 constituents making up 96.81% of the oil, including oleic acid, palmitic acid, and 9-octadecenol as major components. Physicochemical analysis found the oil had a specific gravity of 0.9050, refractive index of 1.456, and acid, iodine, saponification, and peroxide values within reported standards. Proximate analysis determined the seed contained 10.50% moisture, 39.57% protein, and 32.50%
Studies on the Paint Forming Properties of Avocado(Persea Americana) and Afri...IJERA Editor
Avocado(Persea Americana) and African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) seed oils were investigated for their suitability as base materials for oil paint production. Soxhlet extraction of the oils from the powdered seeds using n-hexane gave 3.63% and 10.40% yields for Avocado and African Pear respectively. Proximate analysis and chemical characterization of the seed oils were carried out using standard procedures according to the American Oil Chemist Society (AOCS) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The fatty acid compositions of the oils were obtained by Gas Chromatography. It showed that oleic and stearic acids are the most abundant unsaturated and saturated fatty acids respectively in both oils. Marginal differences were observed in the iodine and peroxide values of the oils. Chemical characteristics of the oils gave iodine values of 38.35mqI2/g for Avocado oil and 32.26mqI2/g for African Pear oil, both results suggestive of non-drying oils. Similarly, peroxide values of 45meq/kg and 30meq/kg were obtained for the seed oils respectively. Some chemical properties and performance characteristics of the finished paints were determined. The drying time of the paints indicates poor drying properties. The results obtained showed that Avocado and African Pear seed oils do not have the potential for normal wall paintings but may find use in artists’ paintings.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
1. The document analyzes the nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, and short-term toxicological effects of beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in albino rats.
2. The beniseed was found to contain moderate levels of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, making it a good source of nutrients. Its oil had properties suggesting potential industrial and dietary uses.
3. Rats fed a diet with 5% beniseed oil showed increased weight gain and feed consumption compared to controls, with no significant differences in organ weights or blood parameters, indicating no apparent toxic effects of short-term consumption.
1. Beniseed (Sesamum indicum) was analyzed for its nutritional composition, mineral content, and physicochemical properties of its oil. It was found to be a good source of protein, fat, fiber, minerals and had favorable oil properties.
2. Rats were fed diets containing either 5% Beniseed oil or 5% groundnut oil for 8 weeks. Both groups gained weight and showed no adverse effects in blood analysis or organ pathology.
3. Histological examination of some organs found minor abnormalities like thickening of lung tissue and changes in liver cells, but nothing significant between the two diet groups. The study suggests Beniseed oil could be a potential replacement for other edible
Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil (EO)...IIJSRJournal
Pathogenic bacteria recently turned to be increasingly resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics, thus it becomes an essential need to find another active component that participates in controlling pathogens harms. Thymus capitatus is an endemic aromatic medical plant wildly distributed in the Libyan Green Mountain; therefore, T. capitatus extracted essential oil was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. T. capitatus was chemically analyzed to determine the antimicrobial active components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric techniques (GC/MS). The plant represented twenty-one chemical compounds including Alpha-thujenes, Gamma-terpinen, Carvacrol, Thymol, Trans-caryophyllene, Aroma dendrene, Alpha-humulene, Ledene, Gamma cadinene, Delta-cadinene, (-)-spathulenol, Caryophullene oxid, Alpha cadinol, Iso aromadrene epoxide, Cis-alpha bisabolene, Vulgarol B, 2-ethyl-4-methyl anisole, Hexanoic acid, oct-3-en-zylester, Phenol l, 2, 3, 5, 6 tetramethyl and Anisole. The antimicrobial activity of T. capitatus aromatic essential oil (EO) was analyzed on several types of pathogens using serial aromatic oil dilutions including (50%, 25%, 13%, 6% and 3%). The results showed 50% oil dilution is the most effective concentration for all tested pathogens including Escherichia coli 7839 ATCC; Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 ATCC; Staphylococcus aureus 12973 ATCC and Enterococcus faecalis 12697 ATCC with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 28 mm. The same oil concentration (50%) showed antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection including S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis, E. coli; and K pneumonia with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 26 mm. Our study may contribute to initial knowledge and would help to discover substances with potential therapeutic uses.
This study analyzed the chemical composition, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from Minthostachys mollis, a plant native to Peru. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main components of the essential oil were menthone, pulegone, cis-dihydrocarvone, and carvacrol acetate. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed the essential oil had IC50 values of around 0.2 mg/mL against three human cancer cell lines. However, assays also indicated the essential oil had little antioxidant activity, suggesting its anti-proliferative effects are through a different unknown mechanism rather than antioxidant properties.
This document summarizes a study investigating the potential for Moringa oleifera seed oil to be a new source of oleic acid-type oil for Malaysia. Key findings include:
- M. oleifera seed oil contains high levels of oleic acid (67.9%), similar to olive oil, and remains liquid at room temperature.
- Enzyme treatment, particularly with protease, improved oil extraction yields from the seeds compared to untreated controls.
- Modification of the oil using lipase increased the oleic acid content and decreased the melting point, indicating potential for food/culinary applications.
- Due to its similarities to olive oil and stability properties, M. oleifera seed oil shows promise
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
The document analyzes the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) extracts from different plant parts. Testing found saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols in stem, root, and flower extracts with the highest flavonoid concentration in flowers. Quantitative analysis found the highest extract percentages in water and methanol were stems at 21% and 18%, roots at 22% and 17.8%, and flowers at 19% and 16% respectively. The study aims to validate traditional medicinal uses of T. officinale and isolate bioactive compounds for potential drug development.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the phytochemical and mineral composition of white sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed oil. Oil was extracted from white sesame seeds using Soxhlet extraction. Qualitative phytochemical analysis found the oil contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, anthraquinone and phenols. Quantitative analysis determined concentrations of various phytochemicals. Mineral analysis found the oil contains zinc, copper, iron, manganese and no lead. These results indicate white sesame seed oil is a source of nutrients and phytochemicals that can provide pharmacological benefits.
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Short term toxicological evaluation of anacardium occidentale oil in albino ratsAlexander Decker
1. The document analyzes the nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, and short-term toxicological effects of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) nut oil in albino rats.
2. Analysis found the nut to be high in protein and fat. Cashew nut oil contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid and linoleic acid that can benefit cardiovascular health.
3. Rats fed a diet with 5% cashew nut oil replacement for 8 weeks showed no adverse effects on weight gain, blood parameters, organ weights or histopathology, suggesting the oil may be suitable for edible purposes.
Chemical Composition And Acridicid Properties Of The Moroccan Tanacetum Annuu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Investigation of anthelmintic, anti inflammatory activity of leaves extract o...Gulzar Alam
ABSTRACT
From ancient time Acacia catechu Willd. (AC) is used as a potent medicinal. Preliminary phytochemical tests were conducted with the crude extract obtained
from the leaves of AC reveals the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavones, and phenolic. Anthelmintic activity
of petroleum ether, ethanolic and ethanol:water (1:1) extracts of leaves of AC was evaluated by adult Indian earthworm, (Pheretima posthuma). The
anthelmintic activity of extract was compared with standard albendazole. Ethanol:water (1:1) extract was found to possess potent anthelmintic activity and
petroleum ether extract was found to be least active, while ethanol:water (1:1) extract playing an intermediate role. The anti-inflammatory activity of leaves
extracts at the doses of 300mg/kg body weight was investigated in albino rats of wiester strain using carrageenan induced rat paw oedema. The ethanol extract
of leaves showed significant anti- inflammatory activity (45%) when compared with the standard (54%). Further studies are suggested to isolate the active
principles which are responsible for the anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory activity.
Keywords: Acacia catechu Willd., Leaves extracts, Phytochemical tests, Anthelmintic & Anti-inflammatory activity,
Similar to Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed (20)
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2. Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
Williams et al. 059
caloric content which is more than twice as high as other
food stuff, they act as lubricant during mixing of ingredient
and a media for heat transfer, and a carrier for fat vitamins.
Also, they are source of essential fatty acid (Charley, 1982;
Augustin et al., 2015).
Fats and oils are normally found in plant or its seed, or
nuts, animal or marine organisms and also formed by
industrial and laboratory extraction. Seeds have a nutritive
and calorific value, which makes them necessary in the
diets. They are also good source of edible oils and fats
(Odoemelam, 2005).
In Nigeria, the major source of edible oils is peanut
(Arachis hypogaea), oil palm (Elaesis guineensis) and
soya bean (glycine max). These oils are used mainly for
cooking, production of soaps, lubricant, margarine and
cosmetics (Ong et al., 1995). With the increased demand
which has led to importation of cooking oils, there is need
to source for local oil bearing seeds which can be used in
production of oils, both for consumption and industrial
applications. There is also an increasing trend towards
production of alkyl ester as basic oleic chemicals; this alkyl
ester can be obtained from palm oils (Ong et al., 1995).
The production of palm oil is labour and capital intensive,
hence, there is need to source for other local raw material
that will not require large amount of labour and capital.
This study aimed at investigating phytochemical
screening, elemental analysis and physicochemical
properties of the oil from cassia occidentalis (coffee senna)
seed.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Sample collection and identification
The sample was obtained along river yadzaram in
shuware Mubi North Adamawa State and was identified by
the department of biological science Adamawa State
University Mubi.
Sample Preparation
The sample was shade dried and was grinded using
mortar and pestle. The fined powdered sample was stored
in a clean and dried sampled container (air tight) for the
analysis.
Extraction of oil using extractor
The oil from the powdered seed was extracted using
ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane solvent
according to the method described by Victor and Chidi
(2009). The principle of extractor operation involves a
repeated extraction of the crude product of natural origin
by hot solvent (ethanol and hexane) as described by
Prashant (2011) and Govindhan et al. (2017).
Phytochemical screening
The phytochemical screening of the oil from cassia
occidentalis was according to the standard method
described by Prashant et al., (2011).
Physiochemical parameters
The hexane solvent was used for the determination of
physiochemical parameters such as acid value, free fatty
acid, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide and
specific gravity as described by Association of Analytical
chemist [AOAC] (1990 and 2000).
Determination of elemental analysis
The oil was weighed in to crucible and placed in muffle
furnace at room temperature and was gradually raised to
550oC for three hours to complete the ash. The ash is then
dissolved in 10% HCL filtered and diluted to required
volume in standard flask with deionized water. The
elements in the solution were determined using Atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) [AOAC 2005].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of percentage yield, phytochemical screening,
and elemental composition and physiochemical
parameters of oil from cassia occidentalis seed are
presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
Table 1: Percentage yield of oil from cassia
occidentalis seed using solvents
Solvent % yield (on dry weight bases)
Ethanol 10.5
Methanol 9.25
Chloroform 5.92
Hexane 11.15
Table 2: Phytochemical constituents of oil from cassia
occidentalis seed
Phytochemicals
Test tube
method
test HPLC
machine
Steroids - -
Glycoside - -
Protein + +
Carbohydrate + +
Alkaloids + +
Terpenes + +
Saponins + +
Flavonoid + +
Tannins - +
Phenols - +
Key: - = not detected and + = detected
HPLC = High performance liquid chromatography
3. Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
Int. J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants 060
Table 3: Elemental composition of oil from cassia
occidentalis seed
Element Concentration(mg/100g)
Sodium (Na) 0.0135 ± 0.0005
Magnesium (Mg) 1.9965 ± 0.0005
Manganese (Mn) 0.054 ± 0.0014
Zinc (Zn) 0.375 ± 0.0042
Copper (Cu) 0.0265 ± 0.0007
Cadmium (Cd) 0.0035 ± 0.0005
Lead (Pb) ND
Chromium (Cr) ND
ND = not detected, All the data are mean replicates and
standard deviation
Table 4: Physiochemical parameters of oil from cassia
occidentalis seed
Parameters value
Acid 25.9 mg/g
Iodine 95.02
Saponification v 183
Peroxide (ppt) 6.7 mg/g
Free fatty acid 12.82 mg/g
Refractive index 1.460
Specific gravity 0.85
Table 5: Comparison of cassia occidentalis oil with Codex standard for chemical and physical characteristics of
crude vegetable oils
Parameter Cassia seed
oil
Arachis
Oil
Babussu
oil
Coconut
Oil
Cotton
Seed oil
Sesame
Seed oil
Soya
Bean oil
Mustard
seed oil
Palm
Oil
Sunflower
Seed oil
Relative
Density -
0.912-
0.920
0.914-
0.917
0.908-
0.921
0.918-
0.926
0.915-
0.924
0.919-
0.925
0.910-
0.921
0.891-
0.899
0.918-
0.923
Refractive
index
1.460 1.460-
1.465
1.448-
1.451
1.448-
1.450
1.458-
1.466
1.465-
1.469
1.466-
1.470
1.461-
1.469
1.454-
1.456
1.461-
1.468
Iodine
Value
95.02 86-107 10-18 6.3-
10.6
100-
123
104-
120
124-
139
92-
125
50.0-
55.0
118-
141
Saponification
Value
183 187-
196
245-
265
248-
265
189-
198
186-
195
189-
195
168-
184
190-209 188-
194
FFA (as percentage oleic acid) fats and oil 0-5%
Peroxide value
Other fats and oil Up to 10milliequavalents active oxygen/kg oil
Virgin oil and cold pressed fats and oil Up to 10milliequavalents active oxygen/kg oil
FAO/WHO. 2011.
DISCUSSION
The oil obtained using different solvent showed a
remarkable difference in their yield. Ethanol, methanol,
chloroform and hexane solvents yield 10.50%, 9.25%,
5.92% and 11.15% respectively (Table 1). The yield
ranged from 5.92% - 11.15%. The minimum yield was
obtained using chloroform solvent, while the maximum
was obtained using hexane. The result showed that
hexane is a better solvent to be use in extracting oil from
the seed compared to the other solvents used.
The phytochemical constituents of oil from occidentalis
seed were shown in Table 2. Protein, carbohydrate,
alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and flavonoid from the oil
were detected by test tube test method and HPLC
machine, while steroids and glycoside were not detected
by either of the methods. However, tannins phenols were
detected by HPLC machine only.
The knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of the oil
is desirable, not only for the discovery of therapeutic
agents but also because such information may be of value
in disclosing new source of such economic materials as
tannins, flavonoids, saponins, essential oil precursors for
the synthesis of complex chemical substances (Mariod
and Matthäus,2008; Kathirvel and Sujatha, 2012).
The presence of these metabolites suggests great
potential of the oil as a source of useful phytomedicines.
For instance, the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids
might be responsible for its use as anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial and antidiarrheal activity of cassia
occidentalis oil. Alkaloids are known for decreasing blood
pressure and balancing the nervous system in case of
mental illness (Prashant et al., 2011). The presence of
tannins could also show that it is an astringent, helps in
wound healing and anti-parasitic. The presence of
terpenes suggests its possible use as anti-tumor and anti-
viral agent as some terpenes are known to be cytotoxic to
tumor cells. Some of the eudesmane (sesquiterpenes) has
been reported to exhibit antibacterial properties possess
anti-malaria property, hence the oil may be a good source
of anti-malaria (Tona et al., 2001). However, long-term
administration of Senna occidentalis seeds to animals can
be toxic (Górniak, 2015; Gotardo,2017; Panigrahi, 2018)
Also, the use of cassia occidentlis oil as genital stimulant
may be attributed to the presence of alkaloids. Oils
containing saponins and phenols are believed to have
antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti- inflammatory, anti-viral and
anti-diarrheal this is the reason why cassia occidentalis oil
can be used as medicine (Sharma et al., 2000; Sadique et
al., 1987). The seeds are brewed in to a coffee-like
beverage for asthma. High content of protein and
4. Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
Williams et al. 061
carbohydrate might be for the purpose of consuming as
bournvita in coffee. The results obtained in this study
suggest that the identified phytochemical compounds may
be the bioactive constituents responsible for the efficacy of
the oil. The presence of some of these compounds has
been confirmed to have anti-microbial activity (Adebayo
and Sophomore, 1978). Hence it could be inferred that the
extract from the seed can be a material for the industrial
manufacture of drugs useful in the chemotherapy of some
microbial infections (Samy and Ignacimuthu, 2000; Yadav,
2010).
Tannins and phenols were not detected using common
test tube method which collaborate the report of Yadav et
al. (2011). This may be so because tannins and phenol
present in minute amount and cannot be sensed by
common test tube method. However, they were detected
when high performance liquid Chromatography was used.
Table 3 shows the elemental composition of oil from cassia
occidentalis seed.
The result revealed that the oil contain Na (0.0135 ±
0.0005 mg/100g), Mg (1.9965 ± 0.0005mg /100g), Mn
(0.054 ± 0.0014mg/100g), Zn (0.375 ± 0.0042mg/100g),
Cu (0.0265 ± 0.0007mg/100g) and Cd (0.0035 ±
0.0005mg/g).
The result indicate that Mg (0.054 ± 0.0014mg/100g), was
the predominant element in the sample. Mg is an important
mineral element in connection with circulatory disease
such as ischemic heart disease (Sheeba, 2009). High Mg
concentration is expected since Mg is a component of
leave chlorophyll in plants.
Cu is an essential trace element in human body and exist
as an integral part of Cu protein cerulosmin, which is
concerned with the release of iron from the cell to the
plasma and is involved in energy metabolism (Sheebe,
2009). The Cu content in the sample was 0.0265±
0.0007mg/100g.
Another microelement essential for human nutrient is Mn;
it acts as activator of many enzymes (MCDonald et al.,
1995). Cassia occidental oil sample has Mn content of
0.054 ± 0.0014mg/100g.
Zn is involved in normal immune system. The Zn content
in the sample was 0.375 ± 0.0042mg/100g, comparable
with most values reported by Rastogi et al., (2001).
Na content (0.0135 ± 0.0005mg/100g) in the sample was
low which suggested the possibility of incorporating it into
diets of obese patients (Rimoldi 2000). The concentration
was lower than Mg content, which agreed with the result
reported by Eujoba (2012) for plant seed oil.
Cd content (0.0035 ± 0.0005mg/100g) was observed in the
sample. High concentration of Cd causes kidney, liver,
heart and eye problem (Timothy, 2019).
Cr in trivalent state is an essential trace element that
potentiates insulin action and those influences
carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism (Kim et al.,
2012). Cr was not detected in the oil sample.
Pb causes reproductive dysfunction which decreased
sperm quality and altered sperm morphology and low
androgen levels (Kim et al., 2012). However, Pb was not
detected in the oil sample.
The oil obtained are liquid at room temperature (250C)
which means the oil is unsaturated and it may be
composed of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
(AOAC, 2000; Yadava and Satnami 2011). To know some
of the important industrial application and also ascertain
the quality for domestic use of the oil, parameters such as
saponification, acid, free fatty acid, iodine, specific gravity
and refractive index (Table 4) were investigated.
The saponification value of the oil was 183. The lower the
saponification value the larger the molecular weight of fatty
acid in the glycerides. The value 183 falls within the range
given by codex standard (Table 5).
The value of iodine in the oil was 25.9 in the natural state
is known as the iodine number. It is an index to the degree
of unsaturation of the oil. Oil with high iodine number is
known as drying oil. Drying oils used in paint and varnish
industry have relatively high iodine value (about 190).
Semidrying oils, such as soya bean oils, have intermediate
iodine values (about 130). Nondrying oils, such as olive oil,
used for soap making and in food products, have relatively
low iodine values (about 80). This means oil extracted from
cassia occidentalis seed is not a drying oil.
The free fatty acid (uncombined acid with glycerin) of the
oil was also determined (Table 4) by neutralizing the oil
with an alkali (KOH) which indicates the amount of soap
stuck in the oil. This also expressed its commercial value
that is the amount that will be loss if it is to be used for
cooking when refining (Ayodele, 2004). The result
obtained (12.9 mg/g) was lower compared to the one
obtained in some vegetable oil (Table 5), it might be so
because the seed used was matured, properly dried and
well stored for analysis.
Often time’s people do not think of refraction index of
vegetable oil. May be that is why there is not as much
information on the index of refraction of vegetable oil as
there are in other substances. Refraction is the change of
direction of light rays as it travels through one substance
to another. This occurs when the light travels at different
speed through materials with different densities. The
speed of light in a vacuum is 299, 792, 458m/s, which is
represented by a letter c. The equation for speed of light in
a material equals speed of light in a vacuum divided by the
index of refraction (v = c/n). The index of refraction is a
constant that can be used as a ratio in the relationship
between the angle of incident and the angle of refraction
5. Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
Int. J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants 062
known as Snell’s law. The refractive index of the oil was
1.460 which matches that of arachis oil (Table 5).
The amount of peroxides of fats and oil indicate the degree
of primary oxidation and therefore it’s likely to become
rancid. A lower number of peroxide indicates a good
quality of oil and preservation status. Unsaturated free
fatty acid reacts with oxygen and form peroxides, which
determine a series of chain reactions that generate the
production of smelling volatile substances. Those
reactions are accelerated by high temperature, light and
oxygen exposure (Yadava and Satnami, 2011).
CONCLUSION
The results revealed the presence of medicinally active
constituents in the oil of cassia occidentalis seed studied.
The phytochemical compounds identified in the oil have
earlier been proved to be bioactive. Some of these
compounds have been confirmed by previous researchers
to have medicinal as well as physiological activity and
therefore could be said to be responsible for the efficacy
of the oil in treatment of different diseases. The oil extract
could be seen as a potential source of useful drugs.
This study revealed that cassia occidentalis oil is one of
sources of vegetable oil. The result of some of the
important test (phytochemical and physiochemical) for
vegetable oil revealed that the oil was nondrying with
iodine value 95.02 which was below semidrying, as soya
bean oil and half intermediate iodine values (about 130)
and slightly above nondrying oil, have relatively low iodine
values (about 80) such as olive oil, used for soap making
and in food products. From the point of view of the
parameters analyzed, Cassia occidentalis oil fulfills the
partial qualities of edible oil, good for soap production,
lubricant and for the production of biodiesel.
The elemental analysis has further shown the appreciable
amount of minerals contained in the oil. This can be used
as a source of mineral in diet and also as part of drugs in
pharmaceutical industries.
The continued traditional medicinal use of this oil is
therefore encouraged while it is suggested that further
research should be carried out to isolate, purified and
possibly characterize the active constituents responsible
for the activity of this oil.
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