1. Beniseed (Sesamum indicum) was analyzed for its nutritional composition, mineral content, and physicochemical properties of its oil. It was found to be a good source of protein, fat, fiber, minerals and had favorable oil properties.
2. Rats were fed diets containing either 5% Beniseed oil or 5% groundnut oil for 8 weeks. Both groups gained weight and showed no adverse effects in blood analysis or organ pathology.
3. Histological examination of some organs found minor abnormalities like thickening of lung tissue and changes in liver cells, but nothing significant between the two diet groups. The study suggests Beniseed oil could be a potential replacement for other edible
Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain...YogeshIJTSRD
Food processing is often thought to bring about changes in nutrients content, thus decreasing its patronage. To investigate this in a Nigerian staple, unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca flours were prepared following sun drying and oven drying methods. These were compared against fresh plantain for their nutritional composition. Proximate composition and minerals contents were determined using standard AOAC methods. The results showed that the unripe plantains pulp contained 59.77 , 1.42 , 1.51 , 1.40 , 7.65 , 28.23 , 40.22 and 38.80 of moisture, ash, fat oils, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrates, dry matter and organic matter respectively. Calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, and nitrogen were determined to be 0.1534 ppm, 0.2613 ppm, 0.3034 ppm, 0.7808 ppm and 0.2240 ppm respectively. The processing methods produced flour with similar nutritional composition. However, oven drying gave the lowest moisture content in the flour, suggesting a higher capacity to prevent microbial growth and decay in the dried sample, hence prolonging storage life. Segilola, V. O | Amodu, S. O | Olatunji, C. A "Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain Flour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38725.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/38725/effect-of-different-drying-methods-on-chemical-composition-of-unripe-plantain-flour/segilola-v-o
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
Effect of dietary supplementation of Albizia Lebbeck seed oil on the fatty ac...SubmissionResearchpa
An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Albizia lebbeck seed oil (ALO) on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits.50 weaned rabbits of mixed breed and sexes, aged between 6-7 weeks with an average initial body weight of 460 ± 1.3 were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments of ten rabbits per group; each group was further divided into 5 replicates consisting of two rabbits each. Basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of rabbits according to NRC (1977). Rabbits in treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with ALO at 0 %, 0.1%, 0.2 %, 0.3 % and 0.4 % respectively. Feed and water was given ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 12 weeks.The results showed that significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and omega-6/omega -3 ratio (n-6:n-3) values obtained. Rabbits fed diet containing 0.4 % ALO had the highest PUFA value (54.17 %), followed by T4 (53.01 %), T3 (45.13 %), T2 (37.61 %) and T1 (26.93 %) respectively. Similarly (n-6:n-3) composition in T5 (3.65 %) increased in T5 fed 0.4 % ALO compared with T1 (1.38 %) fed 0% ALO.Antherogenic index were significantly (P<0.05) different among the treatments. It can be concluded that supplementation of ALO at 0.4 % highly influenced the composition of fatty acid in rabbit meat by Alagbe, J.O and Akintayo - Balogun Omolere. M 2020. Effect of dietary supplementation of Albizia Lebbeck seed oil on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 137-143. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.704 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/704 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/704
The present investigation was conducted with the aim to determine effective application of natural antimicrobial compounds mungbean sprouts and to assess the microbial quality of treated sprouts in terms of total plate count (TPC). Mungbeans were treated right from the time of germination (pre-germination mode) or its sprouts were treated for 15 min (post-germination mode) with 0.1% sodium benzoate as chemical preservative (Control II) and with various bio-preservatives viz., 7.7% clove, 9.5% cinnamon, 7.9% garlic 7.9% ginger crude extracts. The un-treated mungbean served as control (Control-I). The sprouts were packed in plastic disposable cups and stored in dark at room temperature (20±3C) conditions and low temperature (7±1C) conditions. A significant decreased rate of growth in TPC of sprouts during storage was observed under various treatments, however, the effect was lesser in post-germination mode. In pre-germination mode, at both temperature regimes, the minimum total plate count was observed in clove, while all other treatments were showing equal effectiveness. In post-germination mode all the treatments were equally effective in reducing total plate count. In conclusion, 7.7% clove crude extract showed highest effectiveness in pre-germination mode while in post-germination all crude extracts of bio-preservatives showed equal effectiveness at both storage temperatures.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain...YogeshIJTSRD
Food processing is often thought to bring about changes in nutrients content, thus decreasing its patronage. To investigate this in a Nigerian staple, unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca flours were prepared following sun drying and oven drying methods. These were compared against fresh plantain for their nutritional composition. Proximate composition and minerals contents were determined using standard AOAC methods. The results showed that the unripe plantains pulp contained 59.77 , 1.42 , 1.51 , 1.40 , 7.65 , 28.23 , 40.22 and 38.80 of moisture, ash, fat oils, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrates, dry matter and organic matter respectively. Calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, and nitrogen were determined to be 0.1534 ppm, 0.2613 ppm, 0.3034 ppm, 0.7808 ppm and 0.2240 ppm respectively. The processing methods produced flour with similar nutritional composition. However, oven drying gave the lowest moisture content in the flour, suggesting a higher capacity to prevent microbial growth and decay in the dried sample, hence prolonging storage life. Segilola, V. O | Amodu, S. O | Olatunji, C. A "Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain Flour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38725.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/38725/effect-of-different-drying-methods-on-chemical-composition-of-unripe-plantain-flour/segilola-v-o
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
Effect of dietary supplementation of Albizia Lebbeck seed oil on the fatty ac...SubmissionResearchpa
An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Albizia lebbeck seed oil (ALO) on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits.50 weaned rabbits of mixed breed and sexes, aged between 6-7 weeks with an average initial body weight of 460 ± 1.3 were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments of ten rabbits per group; each group was further divided into 5 replicates consisting of two rabbits each. Basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of rabbits according to NRC (1977). Rabbits in treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with ALO at 0 %, 0.1%, 0.2 %, 0.3 % and 0.4 % respectively. Feed and water was given ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 12 weeks.The results showed that significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and omega-6/omega -3 ratio (n-6:n-3) values obtained. Rabbits fed diet containing 0.4 % ALO had the highest PUFA value (54.17 %), followed by T4 (53.01 %), T3 (45.13 %), T2 (37.61 %) and T1 (26.93 %) respectively. Similarly (n-6:n-3) composition in T5 (3.65 %) increased in T5 fed 0.4 % ALO compared with T1 (1.38 %) fed 0% ALO.Antherogenic index were significantly (P<0.05) different among the treatments. It can be concluded that supplementation of ALO at 0.4 % highly influenced the composition of fatty acid in rabbit meat by Alagbe, J.O and Akintayo - Balogun Omolere. M 2020. Effect of dietary supplementation of Albizia Lebbeck seed oil on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 137-143. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.704 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/704 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/704
The present investigation was conducted with the aim to determine effective application of natural antimicrobial compounds mungbean sprouts and to assess the microbial quality of treated sprouts in terms of total plate count (TPC). Mungbeans were treated right from the time of germination (pre-germination mode) or its sprouts were treated for 15 min (post-germination mode) with 0.1% sodium benzoate as chemical preservative (Control II) and with various bio-preservatives viz., 7.7% clove, 9.5% cinnamon, 7.9% garlic 7.9% ginger crude extracts. The un-treated mungbean served as control (Control-I). The sprouts were packed in plastic disposable cups and stored in dark at room temperature (20±3C) conditions and low temperature (7±1C) conditions. A significant decreased rate of growth in TPC of sprouts during storage was observed under various treatments, however, the effect was lesser in post-germination mode. In pre-germination mode, at both temperature regimes, the minimum total plate count was observed in clove, while all other treatments were showing equal effectiveness. In post-germination mode all the treatments were equally effective in reducing total plate count. In conclusion, 7.7% clove crude extract showed highest effectiveness in pre-germination mode while in post-germination all crude extracts of bio-preservatives showed equal effectiveness at both storage temperatures.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Antimicrobial activities of Six Types of Wheat BranIOSRJAC
Six types of wheat bran (Emam, Pohean, Wadielneel, Argeen, Pladi and Debeira) investigated for their biological and antioxidant activities. Physiochemical properties carried for their oil. The polar and nonpolar extracts showed antioxidant activity. These results showed the importance of the wheat bran types as nutritive and medicinal plant. All plant bran types investigated for its biological activity as antifungal and antibacterial. Some types of the plant bran extracts showed antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, some types of the extracts showed antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, and Aspergillusniger. Polar and nonpolar extracts of the plant bran types prepared. The petroleum ether extracts subjected to determination by GC/ MS. It showed different major fatty acids as Linoleic acid followed by Linolelaidic acid and then Palmatic acid. The ethanolic extract of Plaid type separated by column chromatography. The isolated constituents were structurally determined using spectrophotometric analysis as IR, UV, and GC/MS. The ethanolic extract components may be esters and ketones as suggested by GC/MS and their functional groups appeared in the IR readings.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
Objectives: The present study sought to investigate the role of palm oil, in conjunction with the duration of fermentation,
on cyanide and aflatoxin (AFT) loads of processed cassava tubers (Garri). Materials and Methods: Matured
cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers were harvested from three different locations (Akunna, Mkporo‑Oji
and Durungwu) in Njaba Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were processed into Garri
according to standard schemes with required modifications and measured for cyanide content using titrimetric
methods. Samples of Garri for determination of AFT levels were stored for 30 days before the commencement
of spectrophotometric analysis. Results: Cyanide content of peeled cassava tubers was within the range of
4.07 ± 0.16‑5.20 ± 0.19 mg hydrocyanic acid (HCN) equivalent/100 g wet weight, whereas the various
processed cassava tubers was within the range of 1.44 ± 0.34‑3.95 ± 0.23 mg HCN equivalents/100 g. For the
48 h fermentation scheme, Garri treated with palm oil exhibited marginal reduction in cyanide contents by 0.96%,
3.52% and 3.69%, whereas 4 h fermentation scheme is in concurrence with palm oil treatment caused 4.42%, 7.47%
and 5.15% elimination of cyanide contents compared with corresponding untreated Garri samples (P > 0.05).
Levels of AFT of the various Garri samples ranged between 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.55 ± 0.04 ppb/100 g. There was
no significant difference (P > 0.05) in AFT levels among the various samples in relation to their corresponding
sources. Conclusion: The present study showed that the 48 h fermentation scheme for Garri production caused
significant (P < 0.05) reduction, but did not obliterate the cyanide content of cassava tubers. Conversely, the
48 h fermentation scheme promoted the elevation of AFT levels, but was relatively reduced in Garri samples
treated with palm oil.
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Proximate Composition of Cassav...Premier Publishers
Fresh sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels were collected at Orile-Ilugun; an industrial layout in Oyo State, Nigeria, where cassava is being processed to dry granules (garri). The peels were subdivided into four portions and subjected to submerged fermentation, ensiling, boiling and sun-drying treatments. These were further sundried for 3-5 days till they were crispy. Each of them was subjected to proximate analysis and chemical quantification for hydrogen cyanide. The result showed, with respect to crude protein, that ensiled (10.69%) and fermented (9.25%) cassava peels were statistically similar (p<0.05) and superior to boiled (4.92%) and sundried (4.86%). Similarly, the fermented (16.88mg/kg) and ensiled (21.62mg/kg) cassava peels reduced HCN content to permissible levels when compared to boiled (55.21mg/kg) and sun-dried (46.44mg/kg). It is therefore recommended that fermentation and/or ensiling enhance the nutritional value and usability of cassava peel as ingredient in pig’s diet.
Preservative Effects of Different Treatments and Their Flavor Acceptability i...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of a cashew apple and pineapple blend juice (25:75 v / v). Various treatments were applied, including pasteurization (92 C, 15 min), aqueous extract of ginger (2.5 and 10%) and potassium sorbate (1g/kg). The physicochemical results revealed that the addition of the aqueous extract of ginger caused an increase in the content of ascorbic acid, total sugars, proteins and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and zinc. The microbiological analysis showed lower microbial counts of the treated samples compared to the control. The different treatments could have an antimicrobial effect. The sensory analysis reveals a general acceptability for all the samples formulated. This acceptability value is higher for the sample supplemented with 10% aqueous extract of ginger. With a view to preservation without chemical preservatives while improving nutrient content, the 10% aqueous ginger extract could help extend the shelf life of fruit juice drinks.
— The present study evaluated physico-chemical and sensorial qualities of value added banana products. Unripe fruits of Cavendish variety were processed for making banana flour. Value added products like dough, chapatti and banana kheer were prepared from banana flour. Rice and basin flour were also used in chappati. Unripe banana fruit, banana flour and their products were analysed for pH, titratable acidity, moisture (%), TSS (Brix) and vitamin C. The results showed that the maximum pH (7.68) and TSS (26.30 brix) recorded from the kheer, However, Ash (0.86%) and vitamin C (18.3mg/100gm) were observed highest in chapatti prepared from banana and rice flours as compared to chappati prepared from banana flour only (12.54). Unripe banana fruits had maximum percentage of moisture (72.08%) in comparison to banana products. The minimum pH (6.79) and titratable acidity (0.02) were observed from the unripe banana fruits. While, banana flour had minimum moisture (7.49%). Minimum TSS (5.30) were recorded in chappati prepared from mixture of banana-rice flour and banana-basin flour. The results shows that processing of banana for value added products alter the physico-chemical qualities of banana.
Chemical Examination of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Amino Acid and Seed Pr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Amino acid composition as well as the seed protein solubility of (Hura crepitans) seeds was studied. The chemical scores for the determined amino acids of the seed in % showed tryptophan, leucine, methionine and isoleucine with 175.71, 175.00, 161.82 and 134.52 as the most abundant amino acids in that order while lysine and phenylalanine with 44.29 and 45.71 respectively were the most limiting amino acids. The ratio of percentage essential and non-essential amino acids in the seed was found to be 79: 21. All the values determined for amino acids were higher than the FAO/WHO standard except for lysine, cysteine and phenylalanine where lower values were obtained. Four solvents (0.1M each of NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaCl) were used to test for solubility of the seed protein and out of these, 0.1M NaOH was found to be the most effective solvent compared to the deionized distilled water. The protein was found to be more soluble in the alkaline than the acidic medium with PH4 having the lowest protein solubility of 20% while PH8 have the highest solubility of 65% after which increasing pH do not increase solubility and a relative stability established. The outcome of this work is a useful indication of how well protein isolate would perform when they are applied to food and to the extent of protein denaturation due to chemical treatment,
Proximate Analysis, Mineral Contents and Functional Properties of Moringa Ole...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Freshly harvested Moringa oleifera was authenticated and processed for its vegetable leaf protein concentrates and analysed for proximate composition, functional properties and mineral composition. The proximate analysis was evaluated using standard analytical procedures. The proximate analysis reveal the moisture content to be 9.00mg/100g, ash content 6.00mg/100g, crude fat 2.43mg/100g, crude fibre 5.43mg/100g, crude protein 39.13mg/100g and carbohydrate content is 38.21 mg/100g. The mineral content of the leaves indicated that Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Na are the most abundant. The water absorption capacity, fat absorption capacity, emulsion capacity, foaming stability revealed good functional properties.
Proximate and Toxicological Analyses of Detoxified Jatropha Curcas Seedsiosrjce
The need for detoxification of less utilized crops with similar nutritional composition with soybeans
as potential substitute or supplement for soybeans in conventional feeds production is obvious as price of
soybean continue to rise. Jatropha curcas is one of such crops which can serve as a potential source of dietary
energy and protein. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors restricts the utilization of the Jatropha
curcas seed in animal feed. Several researchers however have shown that this obstacle can be overcome by
detoxifying the seeds, but many of them failed to established the effects of these detoxification methods on the
nutritional content of Jatropha curcas .The main objective of this study therefore was to determine the effect of
three simple inexpensive physical methods of detoxification (soaking, roasting and fermentation) on the
proximate and toxicological compositions of Jatropha curcas seed meal. To achieve this, Jatropha curcas seeds
sample used were divided into four parts. The first three parts were subjected to the three different physical
treatments after which they were dried to constant weight and while the fourth part was dried to constant weight
and milled. These four samples were then analysed for their proximate and toxicological composition .The
results showed that fermentation deactivated the antinutrients most in the seeds and did not adversely affect the
nutritional composition of the seeds
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile
communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by
using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on
quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s
performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant
minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Antimicrobial activities of Six Types of Wheat BranIOSRJAC
Six types of wheat bran (Emam, Pohean, Wadielneel, Argeen, Pladi and Debeira) investigated for their biological and antioxidant activities. Physiochemical properties carried for their oil. The polar and nonpolar extracts showed antioxidant activity. These results showed the importance of the wheat bran types as nutritive and medicinal plant. All plant bran types investigated for its biological activity as antifungal and antibacterial. Some types of the plant bran extracts showed antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, some types of the extracts showed antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, and Aspergillusniger. Polar and nonpolar extracts of the plant bran types prepared. The petroleum ether extracts subjected to determination by GC/ MS. It showed different major fatty acids as Linoleic acid followed by Linolelaidic acid and then Palmatic acid. The ethanolic extract of Plaid type separated by column chromatography. The isolated constituents were structurally determined using spectrophotometric analysis as IR, UV, and GC/MS. The ethanolic extract components may be esters and ketones as suggested by GC/MS and their functional groups appeared in the IR readings.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
Objectives: The present study sought to investigate the role of palm oil, in conjunction with the duration of fermentation,
on cyanide and aflatoxin (AFT) loads of processed cassava tubers (Garri). Materials and Methods: Matured
cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers were harvested from three different locations (Akunna, Mkporo‑Oji
and Durungwu) in Njaba Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were processed into Garri
according to standard schemes with required modifications and measured for cyanide content using titrimetric
methods. Samples of Garri for determination of AFT levels were stored for 30 days before the commencement
of spectrophotometric analysis. Results: Cyanide content of peeled cassava tubers was within the range of
4.07 ± 0.16‑5.20 ± 0.19 mg hydrocyanic acid (HCN) equivalent/100 g wet weight, whereas the various
processed cassava tubers was within the range of 1.44 ± 0.34‑3.95 ± 0.23 mg HCN equivalents/100 g. For the
48 h fermentation scheme, Garri treated with palm oil exhibited marginal reduction in cyanide contents by 0.96%,
3.52% and 3.69%, whereas 4 h fermentation scheme is in concurrence with palm oil treatment caused 4.42%, 7.47%
and 5.15% elimination of cyanide contents compared with corresponding untreated Garri samples (P > 0.05).
Levels of AFT of the various Garri samples ranged between 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.55 ± 0.04 ppb/100 g. There was
no significant difference (P > 0.05) in AFT levels among the various samples in relation to their corresponding
sources. Conclusion: The present study showed that the 48 h fermentation scheme for Garri production caused
significant (P < 0.05) reduction, but did not obliterate the cyanide content of cassava tubers. Conversely, the
48 h fermentation scheme promoted the elevation of AFT levels, but was relatively reduced in Garri samples
treated with palm oil.
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Proximate Composition of Cassav...Premier Publishers
Fresh sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels were collected at Orile-Ilugun; an industrial layout in Oyo State, Nigeria, where cassava is being processed to dry granules (garri). The peels were subdivided into four portions and subjected to submerged fermentation, ensiling, boiling and sun-drying treatments. These were further sundried for 3-5 days till they were crispy. Each of them was subjected to proximate analysis and chemical quantification for hydrogen cyanide. The result showed, with respect to crude protein, that ensiled (10.69%) and fermented (9.25%) cassava peels were statistically similar (p<0.05) and superior to boiled (4.92%) and sundried (4.86%). Similarly, the fermented (16.88mg/kg) and ensiled (21.62mg/kg) cassava peels reduced HCN content to permissible levels when compared to boiled (55.21mg/kg) and sun-dried (46.44mg/kg). It is therefore recommended that fermentation and/or ensiling enhance the nutritional value and usability of cassava peel as ingredient in pig’s diet.
Preservative Effects of Different Treatments and Their Flavor Acceptability i...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of a cashew apple and pineapple blend juice (25:75 v / v). Various treatments were applied, including pasteurization (92 C, 15 min), aqueous extract of ginger (2.5 and 10%) and potassium sorbate (1g/kg). The physicochemical results revealed that the addition of the aqueous extract of ginger caused an increase in the content of ascorbic acid, total sugars, proteins and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and zinc. The microbiological analysis showed lower microbial counts of the treated samples compared to the control. The different treatments could have an antimicrobial effect. The sensory analysis reveals a general acceptability for all the samples formulated. This acceptability value is higher for the sample supplemented with 10% aqueous extract of ginger. With a view to preservation without chemical preservatives while improving nutrient content, the 10% aqueous ginger extract could help extend the shelf life of fruit juice drinks.
— The present study evaluated physico-chemical and sensorial qualities of value added banana products. Unripe fruits of Cavendish variety were processed for making banana flour. Value added products like dough, chapatti and banana kheer were prepared from banana flour. Rice and basin flour were also used in chappati. Unripe banana fruit, banana flour and their products were analysed for pH, titratable acidity, moisture (%), TSS (Brix) and vitamin C. The results showed that the maximum pH (7.68) and TSS (26.30 brix) recorded from the kheer, However, Ash (0.86%) and vitamin C (18.3mg/100gm) were observed highest in chapatti prepared from banana and rice flours as compared to chappati prepared from banana flour only (12.54). Unripe banana fruits had maximum percentage of moisture (72.08%) in comparison to banana products. The minimum pH (6.79) and titratable acidity (0.02) were observed from the unripe banana fruits. While, banana flour had minimum moisture (7.49%). Minimum TSS (5.30) were recorded in chappati prepared from mixture of banana-rice flour and banana-basin flour. The results shows that processing of banana for value added products alter the physico-chemical qualities of banana.
Chemical Examination of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Amino Acid and Seed Pr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Amino acid composition as well as the seed protein solubility of (Hura crepitans) seeds was studied. The chemical scores for the determined amino acids of the seed in % showed tryptophan, leucine, methionine and isoleucine with 175.71, 175.00, 161.82 and 134.52 as the most abundant amino acids in that order while lysine and phenylalanine with 44.29 and 45.71 respectively were the most limiting amino acids. The ratio of percentage essential and non-essential amino acids in the seed was found to be 79: 21. All the values determined for amino acids were higher than the FAO/WHO standard except for lysine, cysteine and phenylalanine where lower values were obtained. Four solvents (0.1M each of NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaCl) were used to test for solubility of the seed protein and out of these, 0.1M NaOH was found to be the most effective solvent compared to the deionized distilled water. The protein was found to be more soluble in the alkaline than the acidic medium with PH4 having the lowest protein solubility of 20% while PH8 have the highest solubility of 65% after which increasing pH do not increase solubility and a relative stability established. The outcome of this work is a useful indication of how well protein isolate would perform when they are applied to food and to the extent of protein denaturation due to chemical treatment,
Proximate Analysis, Mineral Contents and Functional Properties of Moringa Ole...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Freshly harvested Moringa oleifera was authenticated and processed for its vegetable leaf protein concentrates and analysed for proximate composition, functional properties and mineral composition. The proximate analysis was evaluated using standard analytical procedures. The proximate analysis reveal the moisture content to be 9.00mg/100g, ash content 6.00mg/100g, crude fat 2.43mg/100g, crude fibre 5.43mg/100g, crude protein 39.13mg/100g and carbohydrate content is 38.21 mg/100g. The mineral content of the leaves indicated that Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Na are the most abundant. The water absorption capacity, fat absorption capacity, emulsion capacity, foaming stability revealed good functional properties.
Proximate and Toxicological Analyses of Detoxified Jatropha Curcas Seedsiosrjce
The need for detoxification of less utilized crops with similar nutritional composition with soybeans
as potential substitute or supplement for soybeans in conventional feeds production is obvious as price of
soybean continue to rise. Jatropha curcas is one of such crops which can serve as a potential source of dietary
energy and protein. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors restricts the utilization of the Jatropha
curcas seed in animal feed. Several researchers however have shown that this obstacle can be overcome by
detoxifying the seeds, but many of them failed to established the effects of these detoxification methods on the
nutritional content of Jatropha curcas .The main objective of this study therefore was to determine the effect of
three simple inexpensive physical methods of detoxification (soaking, roasting and fermentation) on the
proximate and toxicological compositions of Jatropha curcas seed meal. To achieve this, Jatropha curcas seeds
sample used were divided into four parts. The first three parts were subjected to the three different physical
treatments after which they were dried to constant weight and while the fourth part was dried to constant weight
and milled. These four samples were then analysed for their proximate and toxicological composition .The
results showed that fermentation deactivated the antinutrients most in the seeds and did not adversely affect the
nutritional composition of the seeds
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile
communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by
using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on
quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s
performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant
minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .
Design and Analysis of Impregnation Chamber Used In Vacuum Pressure Impregnat...IOSR Journals
The simple explanation is that in nature and in manufacturing, things leak. Vacuum impregnation
stops leak. The ultimate goal of vacuum impregnation is to seal leak/migration paths without impacting the
functional, assembly or appearance characteristics of a part. The impregnation chamber which is used in VPI
process operates maximum up to 80 to 150 psi.it is important to analyse and design the pressure vessel that will
provide safety, durability and serviceability to the company. Accomplishing this task will require a very good
understanding of behaviour and a good knowledge of parameters that affecting the pressure vessel due to
varying loads, pressure and thickness of shell element. The most important one is that the given geometry of
pressure vessel must be analysed to assure it should meet the design standards
Applying Regression Model to Predict the Effects of Shaft and Bearing Deviati...IOSR Journals
This work presents formulation of linear regression model for the effect of shaft and bearing deviations on the clearance of the assembly of mating parts. The model validation confirmed the existence of statistical relationships between clearance and shaft and bearing deviations. Applying data collected from direct measurement of shafts and bearings produced in the workshop, R2 values of 99.7% was obtained for assembly of mating parts model ; thus, indicating that about 99.7% of the parts produced are interchangeable, thus reducing the probability of producing scraps to the barest minimum. The results obtained using critical parameters of assembly of mating parts and multiple linear regression models give good estimation and are validated with experimental values with an error much lesser than 4% error. The regression model also showed that given the shaft and bearing deviations, the expected clearance can be determined, thus, enabling the quality control personnel to significantly monitor and reduce variation in the assembly of mating parts
Assessment of Combinatorial Support Assemblies and Their Energy Matrixes in H...IOSR Journals
The bolt and nut coupling are fundamental design requirement for machines and steel structures and
their relevance and utilization are of topmost priority in the areas of their application. The paper viewed the
component parts and dimensions of this coupling from the perspective of energy content delivery, balancing and
equilibrium. This result from the fact that the supply of compression torque on the coupling converts ingrained
residual energy in the individual parts into utility energy assets for the support and sustenance of structures of
interest. The mechanics and practicality of this energy matrix theory has been investigated using congruent
scientific analysis, conventional tables, lab test data and graphics which depicts boundary behavioral
tendencies resulting from structural realignments in the face of increasing load value. The extreme limit of this
realignments, culminate in varying degrees of yield conditions particular viewed as deformation, which occurs
at the point of lowest energy availability in the coupled system.
An Exploration of HCI Design Features and Usability Techniques in GamingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This Conference paper explores the human computer interaction design features relating to gaming
industry. The HCI user design interface development and HCI Usability expectations are discussed in this
paper. HCI design features of Simple Sudoku and Contemporary HCI Expectations are also discussed. And
suggestions are given to develop the Simple Sudoku as per HCI standards and expectations.
Keywords: Brain Computer Interface, Gestures Recognition, Hand Gestures in 3D, Pattern Language
Management Tool, Real Time Strategy Games
Square Microstrip Antenna with Dual Probe for Dual Polarization in ISM BandIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the design of antenna operating in ISM band at 2.4 GHz. The designed square patch antenna is dual polarized with two rectangle shaped slot inserted on the patch. The FR4 dielectric material is used for the antenna consist of Dual probe feed with ground plane. HFSS software is used for the simulation which shows the result for isolation as 28 dB, antenna gain of 5.96 dB and bandwidth 222MHz. Keywords: Dual feed, Dual polarization, ISM Band, Probe Feed, Square MSA
A Quantified Approach for large Dataset Compression in Association MiningIOSR Journals
Abstract: With the rapid development of computer and information technology in the last several decades, an
enormous amount of data in science and engineering will continuously be generated in massive scale; data
compression is needed to reduce the cost and storage space. Compression and discovering association rules by
identifying relationships among sets of items in a transaction database is an important problem in Data Mining.
Finding frequent itemsets is computationally the most expensive step in association rule discovery and therefore
it has attracted significant research attention. However, existing compression algorithms are not appropriate in
data mining for large data sets. In this research a new approach is describe in which the original dataset is
sorted in lexicographical order and desired number of groups are formed to generate the quantification tables.
These quantification tables are used to generate the compressed dataset, which is more efficient algorithm for
mining complete frequent itemsets from compressed dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed
algorithm performs better when comparing it with the mining merge algorithm with different supports and
execution time.
Keywords: Apriori Algorithm, mining merge Algorithm, quantification table
Callus Induction and Plantlet Regeneration in Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) M...IOSR Journals
An efficient protocol was devised for rapid callus induction and plantlet regeneration from the leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus. For callus induction, auxins such as 2, 4-D, IAA, NAA alone and in combination with cytokinin BAP were used. The most effective medium for callus induction and shoot regeneration was M S medium fortified with 8mg/l BAP and 2mg/l NAA, on which multiple shoots were obtained after 15 days of callus induction. All the in vitro raised shoots with length of 3-5 cm were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA. The best rooting response was observed on half strength M S liquid medium supplemented with 3mg/l IBA. The established plantlets obtained were subjected to hardening and acclimatisation by transferring to polycups containing sterile soil for 3-4 weeks and then to the field, where
85% survived to maturity
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chara Parpam in Ccl4 Induced RatsIOSR Journals
Siddha system of medicine provides most frequently and to the extent possible and promising therapy for the relief of signs and symptoms of liver disorder over the generations. Their high therapeutic quality and lack of toxicity are exceptional. The present experimental work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Chara Parpam by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Two doses of Chara Parpam (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats. Protection of hepatocytes was evaluated by estimate the level of ALT, AST, ALP, serum bilirubin, total protein, serum albumin, sodium and potassium during the exposure of CCL4 on wistar albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different doses of Chara Parpam against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4. Liver histology was performed 24 hours after the administration of trial drug Chara Parpam. The result indicated that the concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP, released by hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the presence of Chara Parpam. The cytoprotective effects of the Chara Parpam are dose-dependent. Through this work, we demonstrate for the first time the direct protection of liver cells by administration of Chara Parpam confirming its hepatoprotective properties.
High Performance Temperature Insensitive Current Mode Rectifier without DiodeIOSR Journals
A new current mode precision rectifier is presented. This circuit provides precision rectification for
wide range of input signal with low temperature sensitivity. It can work as full wave rectifier as well as half
wave rectifier with controllability on action. It can amplify rectified current signal by a bias voltage. Direction
of the output current signal can also be controlled by changing the polarity of the bias voltage. It can operate up
to tens of Giga Hertz. The rectifier circuit with above features does not use any diode but only two CMOS
CCCDTA. Power consumption of the circuit is 601.05μW. The performance of the circuit is verified by PSPICE
simulations
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Generalised Statistical Convergence For Double SequencesIOSR Journals
Recently, the concept of 𝛽-statistical Convergence was introduced considering a sequence of infinite
matrices 𝛽 = (𝑏𝑛𝑘 𝑖 ). Later, it was used to define and study 𝛽-statistical limit point, 𝛽-statistical cluster point,
𝑠𝑡𝛽 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 inferior and 𝑠𝑡𝛽 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 superior. In this paper we analogously define and study 2𝛽-statistical
limit, 2𝛽-statistical cluster point, 𝑠𝑡2𝛽 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 inferior and 𝑠𝑡2𝛽 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 superior for double sequences.
Native AM fungal colonization in three Hibiscus species under NaCl induced Sa...IOSR Journals
The pot experiments were conducted to study influence of sodium chloride salinity on Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungal consortium (NAMC) with respect to three Hibiscus species viz., H. cannabinus, H. sabdariffa and H. tiliaceus (Fam. Malvaceae). All three plant species exhibited appreciable colonization and showed excellent salt tolerance potential at 300 mM NaCl treatment. Results obtained revealed that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungal (AM) species spore recovery (SR) was in the range of 50-100% in treated plants. AM species studied in present paper were viz., Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Sclerocystis coremoides (H. cannabinus); Acaulospora myriocarpa, Acaulospora spp. (H. sabdariffa) and Acaulospora foveata, Acaulospora spp., C. etunicatum, Glomus botryoides, G. caledonicum & G. formosanum (H. tiliaceus).
CFD Analysis Of Multi-Phase Flow And Its MeasurementsIOSR Journals
Multiphase flow occurs when more than one material is present in a flow field and the materials are
present in different physical states of matter or are present in the same physical state of matter but with distinct
chemical properties. The materials present in multiphase flow are often identified as belonging to the primary
or secondary phases. The primary phase is characterized as the phase that is continuous about, or enveloping
of, the secondary phase. The secondary phase is thought to be the material that is distributed throughout the
primary phase. Each phase present in multiphase flow may be either laminar or turbulent, which leads to a
variety of potential flow regimes for multiple phases in the same channel. Project is based on two-phase flow
and its measurement (water + air/vapor). This is frequently encountered in thermal and nuclear power plants,
R&A/C and cryogenic applications, chemical industries and biotechnology etc., the arrangement of a vertical
tube with two water inlets and three air inlets. By varying air and water flow rates following things are
demonstrated and calculated:
Flow regime identification through visualization
Pressure drop measurement
The analysis carried out by the flow of air + water mixture using by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
technique
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of...Premier Publishers
Oil from cassia occidentalis seed was extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane solvents. The hexane solvent gave the highest yield (11.5%) followed by ethanol (10.5%), methanol (9.25%) and chloroform (5.92%). The oil extracted was tested for phytochemicals using test tube method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The result indicates the presence of carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and terpenes. The presence of these phytochemicals makes cassia occidentalis seed bioactive. The result of the elemental analysis showed that Na (0.0135±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mg (1.9965±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mn (0.0540±0.0014 mg/ 100 g), Zn (0.375±0.0042 mg/ 100 g), Cu (0.0265±0.0007 mg/ 100 g) and Cd (0.0035±0.0005mg/100 g) were present in the seed, while Cr and Pb were not detected. The basic physiochemical properties of vegetable oil (iodine, saponification, free fatty acid, acid, peroxide, specific gravity and refractive index) were also analyzed. The results revealed that iodine was 95.02, saponification 83, free fatty acid 12.8 mg/g, acid 25.9 mg/g, peroxide 6.7 mg/g, specific gravity 0.85 and refractive index 1.460 on dry weight bases. Based on this finding, cassia occidentalis seed can be used as an alternative source of vegetable oil.
YELLOW OLEANDER (THEVETIA PERUVIANA) SEEDS FOR HUMAN FOOD IN KENYApaperpublications3
Abstract:The Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana), is a potential oil seed and a good alternative source of nutrition for food and animal feeds. The seeds of Yellow oleander from four geographical regions (Busia, Bondo, Thika (JKUAT) and Mombasa districts) in Kenya were subjected to a nutritional value study. The oil and the defatted seed cake were analyzed for food values (fatty acids, proteins, minerals, fibre, and carbohydrates). Fatty acid characterization of the oil was done by GC. Minerals analysis was performed using AAS and flame photometer. The crude protein content of the defatted cake was determined by semi-micro Kjeldahl method. Carbohydrates values were determined by difference. Data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results showed that the nutritional values of these seeds were similar to those of other common oil seeds and did not depend on the climatic regions.
Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment of Unbranded Groundnut Oil Mar...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This work was conducted to assess the microbial profile and quality attributes of unbranded
groundnut oil sold at Keffi. A total of 25 samples of unbranded groundnut oil were collected from different
locations and subjected to microbial and quality assessment. The total viable bacteria count ranged from 2.1–
7.2 × 105 cfu/ml, while the total faecal coliform count ranged from 2.2–6.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The
Salmonella/Shigella count ranged from 1.4–4.2 × 105
cfu/ml and the fungal count ranged from 3.6 – 8.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The microbial isolates obtained were Mucor spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp.,
Penicillium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., E. coli and
Salmonella spp. Anti-biogram of the bacterial isolates revealed a varying level of resistance/susceptibility to the
antibiotics tested. The result of mineral contents analysis showed that all samples had high detectable levels of
Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb. These results indicated values that exceeded the maximum limits set by regulatory
agencies, thereby making these oils unsafe for consumption. It can therefore be concluded that it is imperative
for the manufacturers of these products to adopt good manufacturing practices and ensure proper quality
assurance of their products.
Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment of Unbranded Groundnut Oil Mar...journal ijrtem
This work was conducted to assess the microbial profile and quality attributes of unbranded
groundnut oil sold at Keffi. A total of 25 samples of unbranded groundnut oil were collected from different
locations and subjected to microbial and quality assessment. The total viable bacteria count ranged from 2.1–
7.2 × 105 cfu/ml, while the total faecal coliform count ranged from 2.2–6.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The
Salmonella/Shigella count ranged from 1.4–4.2 × 105
cfu/ml and the fungal count ranged from 3.6 – 8.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The microbial isolates obtained were Mucor spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp.,
Penicillium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., E. coli and
Salmonella spp. Anti-biogram of the bacterial isolates revealed a varying level of resistance/susceptibility to the
antibiotics tested. The result of mineral contents analysis showed that all samples had high detectable levels of
Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb. These results indicated values that exceeded the maximum limits set by regulatory
agencies, thereby making these oils unsafe for consumption. It can therefore be concluded that it is imperative
for the manufacturers of these products to adopt good manufacturing practices and ensure proper quality
assurance of their products.
Studies on the Paint Forming Properties of Avocado(Persea Americana) and Afri...IJERA Editor
Avocado(Persea Americana) and African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) seed oils were investigated for their suitability as base materials for oil paint production. Soxhlet extraction of the oils from the powdered seeds using n-hexane gave 3.63% and 10.40% yields for Avocado and African Pear respectively. Proximate analysis and chemical characterization of the seed oils were carried out using standard procedures according to the American Oil Chemist Society (AOCS) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The fatty acid compositions of the oils were obtained by Gas Chromatography. It showed that oleic and stearic acids are the most abundant unsaturated and saturated fatty acids respectively in both oils. Marginal differences were observed in the iodine and peroxide values of the oils. Chemical characteristics of the oils gave iodine values of 38.35mqI2/g for Avocado oil and 32.26mqI2/g for African Pear oil, both results suggestive of non-drying oils. Similarly, peroxide values of 45meq/kg and 30meq/kg were obtained for the seed oils respectively. Some chemical properties and performance characteristics of the finished paints were determined. The drying time of the paints indicates poor drying properties. The results obtained showed that Avocado and African Pear seed oils do not have the potential for normal wall paintings but may find use in artists’ paintings.
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
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D0441318
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 4, Issue 4 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 13-18
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Chemical analysis and short-term toxicological evaluation of Beniseed
(Sesanum indicum) oil in albino rats
Ibironke A. Ajayi, Rofiat Kilani and Aghanu N. Vivian
Industrial unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract: The proximate and physicochemical analyses of Beniseed (Sesamum indicum) were carried out. The
seed contains 4.12% moisture, 31.59% crude protein, 32.60% crude fat, 10.85% crude fibre, 5.27% ash and
26.41% carbohydrate. The physicochemical characteristics of the golden yellow oil are as follows: acid value
(4.49 ± 0.10 mgKOH/g), iodine value (85.75 ± 0.92 g/100g oil), saponification value (71.95±0.20 mgKOH/g),
peroxide value (2.65 ± 0.21) and refractive index (1.40 ± 0.01). The seed was also found to be good sources of
minerals; calcium (9190 ± 55.68mg/kg), potassium (4713.33 ± 35.12mg/kg) and magnesium (3508.33 ±
2.89mg/kg). 5% of Beniseed oil was incorporated into the formulation of albino rat feed. This feed served as
the test diet while 5% of groundnut oil replaced Beniseed oil in the control diet. There were increments in the
proximate composition of the compounded feed. The experiment which lasted for eight weeks showed that the
albino rats appeared to suffer no toxicological effect and weekly monitoring showed good physical appearance.
The rats in the test group consumed more feed and recorded significant body weight gain when compared to
their counter parts in the control group. Blood indices were analyzed for in the test and control rats and the
results obtained revealed no adverse effect. There was no significant difference between the histopathology of
the rat tissues harvested from the two groups. Beniseed appeared to be promising as a replacement for the more
conventional edible oils already employed in cooking and other industrial applications.
Key words: Beniseed, nutritional composition, physicochemical characteristics, albino rats, diet.
I. Introduction
Plant biodiversity represents the primary source for food, feed, shelter, medicines and many other
products and means that make life on earth possible and enjoyable (UNEP, 1995). The number of plant species
used by humans around the world is only one third of the number of species which generations of diverse
cultures around the world have drawn upon to develop crops that would meet specific needs. These
underutilized crops (referred to also by other terms such as minor, neglected, underexploited, underdeveloped
crops) have been included in world-wide plans of action and are being often presented as „new crops‟
(Vietmeyer, 1990) for the fact that commercial companies and researchers are only recently working on them.
In reality, local populations over generations have used these species. Yet the loss of local knowledge and thus
the increasing ignorance of new generations on the traditional uses of these crops also contribute to portray such
a misleading image. A crop can be completely new to an area simply because it has been introduced there
recently from a distant country as in the case of the kiwi fruit which is unknown outside China or New Zealand
till recently (Ferguson, 1999). Seed oils are important sources of nutritional oils and they are of industrial and
pharmaceutical importance. The characteristics of oils from different sources depend mainly on their
compositions and no oil from a single source can be suitable for all purposes. The study of these constituents is
important for their effective uses.
Beniseed, grown mostly in tropical countries, can be used wholly or can be crushed for oil and meal.
In the United States, the whole seed is used primarily as a topping for bakery products, principally in
competition with poppy seed, and as a filling in pastries and candy (Maliki, 1999). Some low-grade sesame
seed is also used for birdseed. The traditional use of Beniseed (also known as Ekuku in Yoruba and Igorigo in
Igbira) dates back to about 4000 years ago in Babylon and Assyria where it was used to produce sesame cake,
wine, brandy etc (Adebowale et al., 2007). There is need to carry out more research on both the defatted seed
and the oil. This study focuses on the nutritional and chemical composition of Beniseed and its oil in
continuance of the search for the replacement of conventional edible oils with lesser known edible seed oils.
II. Materials And Methods
Sample collection and preparation
Beniseed used for this study was purchased from a local market, in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria in May,
2012. The seeds were sorted, cleaned, dehulled and then fairly ground using mortar and pestle in preparation for
seed oil extraction.
2. Chemical analysis and short-term toxicological evaluation of Beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in
www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Seed oil extraction
Beniseed oil was extracted using hexane as a solvent in a cold extraction method. The solvent was
distilled off the mixture after which the oil was recovered and kept for further analysis and feed compoundment.
Proximate analysis of Beniseed
Moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates and crude fibre were determined in Beniseed as
outlined in AOAC (AOAC, 1990).
Mineral composition of Beniseed
Beniseed was digested by wet digestion method using a mixture of nitric, sulphuric and hydrochloric
acids. Nutritionally significant metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer,
Model 2380, USA) as outlined by AOAC (1996).
Physicochemical characteristics of Beniseed oil
Physicochemical properties of Beniseed and groundnut oils (acid value, iodine value, saponification
value, peroxide value, free fatty acid (as oleic acid) and refractive index at 29o
C using Abbe refractometer) were
determined as outlined by AOAC (1996).
Experimental animals
Six weeks old albino rats (n=14), weighing between 50-80g were used for this experiment. They were
obtained from the Animal house of the Veterinary Department, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The animals were
divided into 2 groups (A and B) of seven rats per group and were fed for a period of 8 weeks before sacrifice.
They were allowed to acclimatize for two weeks before the commencement of the experiment. The amount of
feed consumed was recorded daily. Weekly weights of the rat were also recorded through out the 8 weeks
feeding period. The animals were handled according to the guidelines of the Ethical Committee on the Use and
Care of Experimental Animals Unit of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Feed compoundment
Feed was formulated to meet the entire nutrient requirement for young rats. The feed was prepared
according to the method employed by Toyomizu et al. (2003) with slight modification. Basic ingredients used
in compounding the experimental rat feed were: maize (40%), soy bean (18.21%), groundnut cake (9.45%),
Beniseed oil (5%), bone (3.30%), salt (0.79%), palm kernel (0.7%), wheat (0.7%), corn bran (0.7%) and
limestone (2.26%). The control feed had 5% of groundnut oil as a total replacement for the 5% of Beniseed oil
in the experimental feed. These ingredients were thoroughly mixed with the aid of a mixing machine, pelletized
and dried.
Blood sample and tissue collection
Blood sample was collected via ocular puncture into sample bottles containing EDTA and
haematological studies were carried out. The animals were sacrificed through cervical dislocation and dissected
to expose the internal organs. The tissues collected were kidney, heart, spleen, lungs, small intestine, brain and
liver. These organs were weighed immediately after collection and cut into two; one-part was preserved in 10%
formalin for pathological studies. Photomicrograph slide of the organs were prepared and observed (Ajayi et
al., 2007).
Haematology analysis
White blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) were determined using Neubaurer haemocytometer.
Packed cell volume (PCV) was determined by microhaematocrit centrifuge. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
(MCH) and Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined according to the method of
Jain (1986).
Statistical Analysis
Means were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and complemented with Student‟s
t-test. Differences with values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant (Mahajan, 1997).
III. Results And Discussion
The proximate composition of Beniseed together with those of the control and test feeds compounded
with groundnut and Beniseed oils are shown on Table 1. The moisture content of Beniseed, control and test
feeds were 4.12 ± 0.12%, 13.11 ± 0.02% and 13.33 ± 0.04% respectively. This will result in low microbial
activities in the seed which is an indication of good shelf life. The protein content of Beniseed (31.59 ± 0.13%)
3. Chemical analysis and short-term toxicological evaluation of Beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in
www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
is close to those of soybean, cowpea, peanut, melon, pumpkin and gourd seeds (23.1 - 33.0%) as reported by
Olaofe et al. (1994). The control and test feeds also contained 21.74 ± 0.13% and 21.52 ± 0.13% crude protein
respectively. The crude fat content of Beniseed (32.60 ± 0.15%) is moderately high. It is closely related to
36.7% that has been reported for cashew nut by Aremu et al. (2006). Fat is important in diet because it
promotes the absorption of fat soluble vitamins (Bogert et al., 1995) and is a high energy nutrient. Therefore,
Beniseed could serve as a good source of dietary fats and oil because of its high oil content. The crude fibre
content of Beniseed (10.85 ± 0.07%) is an indication that it can contribute to the roughage of diet. Crude fibre
helps to maintain intestinal distention for a normal peristaltic movement of the gastrointestinal tract. Diets low
in fibre is undesirable as it could cause constipation and also be associated with diseases of the colon (Okon,
1983). Diet (feeds) having an appreciable amount of fibre is therefore desirable. Ash content of Beniseed (5.27
± 0.16%) is an account of the inorganic materials present in the seed and also an index for the quality of feeding
materials used for poultry and cattle feeding. The carbohydrate content of Beniseed (26.41 ± 0.14%), control
and test feeds (51.76 ± 0.13s% and 52.41 ± 0.11% respectively) are comparable to values for legumes.
Beniseed seems to be a rich source of necessary nutrients and energy; it might be capable of supplying the daily
nutritional and energy requirements of the body.
The physicochemical properties of Beniseed oil used in this study are shown on Table 2. The peroxide
value of Beniseed oil was 2.65 ± 0.21meq/kg. This is an indication that the oil was not rancid and is thus stable
(Ajayi et al., 2002). This peroxide value compares well with some other cultivars of Sesamum indicum
(Alyemeni et al., 2011). The iodine value of 85.75 ± 0.92g/100g that was obtained for Beniseed oil places it as
a non drying oil. This iodine value is lower than what Ali et al., (2008) reported for varieties of Momordica
charantia seed oils. It is higher than the value reported by Onyeike and Acheru (2002) for groundnut oil. The
saponification value of Beniseed oil was 71.95 ± 0.20 mgKOH/g; it is lower when compared to the value
reported for Beniseed oil (189.54 ± 0.3) by Njoku et al. (2010). The saponification values of some vegetable
oils ranges between 188 - 255 mgKOH/g (Aremu et al., 2006) thus making them useful in soap making.
Beniseed oil might not be suitable for soap making. The acid value of Beniseed oil (4.49 ± 0.10 mgKOH/g)
compares well with that of Jatropha curcas (Adebowale and Adedire, 2006). The specific gravity of Beniseed
oil was found to be 0.91 ± 0.01.
Beniseed is rich in calcium (9190.00 ± 55.68 mg/kg), potassium (4713.33 ± 35.12 mg/kg) and
magnesium (3508.33 ± 2.89 mg/kg). It also contains sodium and iron in lower concentration (311.33 ±
13.01mg/kg and 223.33 ± 3.51mg/kg respectively). Potassium is an essential nutrient and has an important role
is the synthesis of amino acids and proteins while calcium is needed for bone formation and it plays a vital role
in photosynthesis (Aremu et al., 2006).
Tables 4 and 5 show the average body weight changes and feed consumed per week of rats in both
control and experimental groups. Positive weight changes were recorded for the rats in each group within the
period of this study. In group A (the control group), the weight increased from 63.41 ± 12.57g to 201.63 ±
18.34g while in group B (the experimental group), it increased from 74.44 ± 6.30g to 219.69 ± 29.90g. The
observed increase in body weight of rats is an indication that 5% inclusion of both Beniseed and groundnut oils
in the rat feed was nutritious and supported the rats‟ growth. For the feed intake, there was a positive increase in
each group, the average feed intake per week increased from 123.97 ± 97g to 188.81 ± 18.37g and from 130.07g
± 11.40g to 179.41 ± 7.12g for the control and experimental groups respectively.
Organ weight of experimental and control rats harvested after eight weeks of the study are shown in
Table 6. The following organs were weighed; liver, kidney, brain, intestine, spleen, heart and lungs. There
were no significant differences in organs weights between the two groups.
Haematological parameters provide vital information regarding the status of bone marrow activity and
intravascular effect such as haemolysis. Table 7 shows the result of haematological analysis of blood of rats
fed with 5% inclusion of Beniseed oil. The parameters in both groups are comparable but with slight
differences in white blood cell and platelets showing that Beniseed oil had no adverse effect on the blood of
experimental rats.
One of the lungs of the test rats had widespread proliferative thickening of the alveolar interstitium
(Fig. 1) and there was a mild single-cell necrosis, widespread slight Kupffer cell hyperplasia and moderate
dissociation of the hepatic cords which may be due to autolysis of the tissue in a liver of the rats fed with 5% of
Beniseed oil (Fig. 2). Sections of flatworms (right aspect of photomicrograph) were noticed in the intestinal
lumen of a test rat as well as numerous eosinophils in the lamina propria of the villi. Numerous goblet cells
were also seen in the mucosa (Fig. 3). There was no visible lesion in the heart of all the test rats.
IV. Conclusion
The moderately high oil yield of Beniseed is promising; it suggests that it could be possible to obtain
commercial quantities of Beniseed oil for industrial, pharmaceutical and nutritional purposes. The oil exhibited
good physicochemical properties that could be useful for various applications. It is a non drying oil; it might
4. Chemical analysis and short-term toxicological evaluation of Beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in
www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
therefore be suitable for certain industrial formulations and dietary products. Beniseed has also been found to
be a good source of crude protein and mineral elements. Some organs of the test rats showed some lesions but
they still compared well with those of the control rats. The heart of the test rats showed no lesions. Result of
blood haematology and tissue pathology from both groups registered no serious variations. Beniseed oil might
find usefulness as edible oil in replacement of known vegetable oils.
Acknowlegdement
The Department of Chemistry in Faculty of Science and Veterinary Pathology in Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, both of University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria is hereby acknowledged for making their facilities
available.
References
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toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seeds oil. Food Chemistry. 101: 999-1004.
[5]. Ali, M.A., Sayeed, M.A., Reza, M.S., Yeasmin, M.S. and Khan, A.M. (2008). Characteristics of seed oils and nutritional
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(Sesamum indicum L.) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5 (2): 270-274.
[7]. Aremu, M.O., Olanisakin, A., Bako, D.A. and Madu, P.C., (2006). Compositional studies and physiochemical characteristics of
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Table 1: Result of proximate composition of Beniseed and compounded feeds
Parameter (%) Beniseed Group A Group B
Moisture content 4.12 ± 0.12 13.11 ± 0.02 13.33 ± 0.04
Crude protein 31.59 ± 0.13 21.74 ± 0.13 21.52 ± 0.13
Crude fibre 10.85 ± 0.07 8.77 ± 0.03 8.50 ± 0.02
Crude fat 32.60 ± 0.15 4.62 ± 0.04 3.44 ± 0.04
Ash content 5.27 ± 0.16 8.77 ± 0.21 9.29 ± 0.06
Carbohydrate content 26.41 ± 0.14 51.76 ± 0.13 52.41 ± 0.11
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD for 3 replicates
Table 2: Physicochemical characteristics of Beniseed oil
Parameter Beniseed oil
Iodine value (mg/100g) 85.75 ± 0.92
Peroxide value (mg/g oil) 2.65 ± 0.21
Saponification value (mgKOH/g) 71.95 ± 0.20
Acid value (mgKOH/g) 4.49 ± 0.10
Specific gravity 0.91 ± 0.01
Refractive index at RT 1.40 ± 0.01
Colour Golden yellow
5. Chemical analysis and short-term toxicological evaluation of Beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in
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Values are expressed as Mean ± SD for 3 replicates
Table 3: Result of metal composition of Beniseed
Metal Concentration (mg/kg)
Calcium 9190.00 ± 55.68
Magnesium 3508.33 ± 2.89
Potassium 4713.33 ± 35.12
Sodium 311.33 ± 13.01
Manganese 11.00 ± 0.00
Iron 223.33 ± 3.51
Copper 6.11 ± 0.20
Zinc 43.80 ± 0.12
Table 4: Average weight increase of rats (g)
Group A Group B
0 63.41 ±12.57 74.44 ±6.30
1 89.59 ± 14.11 100.63 ± 7.85
2 111.11 ± 16.82 124.41 ± 11.33
3 134.32 ± 16.78 145.33 ± 18.09
4 157.63 ± 20.98 173.65 ± 24.74
5 169.87 ± 23.67 193.42 ± 28.39
6 191.03 ± 23.56 207.68 ± 30.41
7 203.51 ± 19.67 223.72 ± 34.69
8 201.63 ± 18.34 219.69 ± 29.90
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD 3 replicates
Table 5: Average feed consumed by rats per week (g)
Week Group A Group B
1 123.97 ± 97 130.07 ± 11.40
2 167.86 ± 21.26 157.37 ± 18.48
3 150.13 ± 13.21 174.04 ± 8.55
4 166.90 ± 15.92 176.80 ± 12.79
5 187.66 ± 16.61 164.53 ± 14.60
6 194.03 ± 15.44 184.47 ± 12.41
7 195.79 ± 16.34 183.11 ± 6.84
8 188.81 ± 18.37 179.41 ± 7.12
Total 1375.15 ± 25.09 1349.80 ± 8.14
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD for 3 replicates
Table 6: Weight of tissues (g)
Tissue Group A Group B
Liver 6.07 ± 0.39 7.16 ± 0.47
Kidney 1.44 ± 0.19 1.34 ± 0.21
Brain 1.59 ± 0.11 1.46 ± 0.23
Intestine 1.81 ± 0.11 2.06 ± 0.47
Spleen 0.67 ± 0.11 0.68 ± 0.14
Heart 0.66 ± 0.05 0.67 ± 0.11
Lung 1.64 ± 0.19 1.56 ± 0.24
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD
Table 7: Results of Haematological analysis
Parameter Group A Group B
PCV 49.00 ± 2.77 51.40 ± 1.82
Hb 15.46 ± 0.78 15.66 ± 1.22
RBC 8.31 ± 0.57 8.60 ± 0.48
WBC 4471.43 ± 1230.80 6280.00 ± 1172.92
MCV 59.03 ± 1.37 59.83 ± 2.02
MCHC (%) 31.57 ± 0.89 30.47 ± 2.21
MCH 18.04 ± 0.90 18.24 ± 1.59
Lymphocyte (%) 68.71 ± 10.48 63.20 ± 17.88
Neutrophyl (%) 27.43 ± 8.98 34.20 ± 18.01
Eosinophyl (%) 1.71 ± 1.38 1.20 ± 0.44
Monocyte (%) 1.86 ± 1.57 1.20 ± 0.44
6. Chemical analysis and short-term toxicological evaluation of Beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in
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Absolute
Lymphocyte
2759.86 ± 631.50 3891.00 ± 919..06
Absolute
Neutrophyl
1310.86 ± 860.79 2227.40 ± 1342.42
Absolute
Eosinophyl
91.64 ± 56.25 57.10 ± 19.56
Absolute
Monocyte
81.64 ± 17.64 75.10 ± 29.22
Platelets 68571.43 ± 21157.00 102200 ± 27626.07
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD for 3 replicates
Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of lung of an experimental rat fed with 5% of Beniseed oil in the diet showing
widespread proliferative thickening of the alveolar interstitium (H&E X 400).
Fig. 2. Photomicrograph of an experimental rat liver fed with 5% incorporation of Beniseed oil at a showing
moderate dissociation of the hepatic cords which may be due to autolysis of the liver. (H&E X 400)
Fig. 3. Photomicrograph of a rat intestine in the experimental group (fed with 5% Beniseed oil in the diets)
showing sections of flatworms (right aspect of photomicrograph) in the intestinal lumen; there are numerous
eosinophilis in the lamina propria of the villi and numerous goblet cells in the mucosa. (H&E X 400)