The document summarizes a study that analyzed the chemical constituents, physicochemical properties, and proximate composition of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) seed oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 24 constituents making up 96.81% of the oil, including oleic acid, palmitic acid, and 9-octadecenol as major components. Physicochemical analysis found the oil had a specific gravity of 0.9050, refractive index of 1.456, and acid, iodine, saponification, and peroxide values within reported standards. Proximate analysis determined the seed contained 10.50% moisture, 39.57% protein, and 32.50%
This document summarizes a study investigating the potential for Moringa oleifera seed oil to be a new source of oleic acid-type oil for Malaysia. Key findings include:
- M. oleifera seed oil contains high levels of oleic acid (67.9%), similar to olive oil, and remains liquid at room temperature.
- Enzyme treatment, particularly with protease, improved oil extraction yields from the seeds compared to untreated controls.
- Modification of the oil using lipase increased the oleic acid content and decreased the melting point, indicating potential for food/culinary applications.
- Due to its similarities to olive oil and stability properties, M. oleifera seed oil shows promise
Oil and Fatty Acids Composition in Glasswort (Salicornia Fruticosa) SeedsIOSR Journals
Abstract: glasswort (Salicornia fruticosa) is the most widely distributed species of the perennial genus of glasswort in Egypt and it shows great biotechnological potential as a salt-water irrigated crop. Oil analysis of Salicornia fruticosa seeds was carried out in the current study. Chloroform and methanol mixture (2:1 v:v) extraction yielded maximum oil content from seeds (28.59%). The physical and chemical characteristics of Salicornia fruticosa seed oil were also analyzed. The results were as follows: the iodine value 84.5 gI/100 g oil, acid value 1.84 mgKOH/g oil and saponification value 195.6 mgKOH/g oil. The unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 78.05%, in which oleic acid accounted for 56.58 %, linoleic acid accounted for 17.40 %,and linolenic acid accounted for 3.98 %. It showed that Salicornia fruticosa seed oil was a high quality health oil. Key Words: glasswort, fatty acids composition, oleic acid, oilseeds, Salicornia fruticosa.
Extraction and Characterization of Vegetable Oil from Mango seed, Mangifera i...IOSR Journals
A study of the proximate composition of the seed of Mango, Mangifera indica was conducted. The proximate composition of the seed is Ash 2.82%, Moisture 19.80%, Ether extract 25.57%, Crude protein 6.58%, Crude Fibre 4.69% and Carbohydrate 40.50%. The result of the proximate composition led to the extraction and characterization of the physiochemical properties of vegetable oil obtainable from the seed. Solvent extraction yielded oil with physiochemical results: Melting point (20 oC), Refractive index ( 1.449), Peroxide value (1.20), Acid value (16.68mg), Iodine value(5.58), Saponification value (71.52). The results reveals that the oil extracted can be useful economically.
Fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of castor ( r...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research article that studied the fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of castor seeds obtained from Malete, Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. The key findings were that the castor seeds contained 47.8% total lipids. The iodine value was 1.061 g/g, saponification value was 327.4 g/g, moisture content was 0.3%, acid value was 14.42 mg/g, density was 880 g/cm3, and free fatty acid content was 7.21%. The unique fatty acid in castor oil is ricinoleic acid which makes up around 90% of the total fatty acids.
This document discusses a study that investigated the effect of supercritical fluid extraction fractionation on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of oils from two cantaloupe cultivars. The oils were extracted from the seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide to obtain three fractions. The major fatty acids in both cultivars were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid. Fractionation led to decreases in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids but increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids. All fractions exhibited high antioxidant activity in assays, reducing beta-carotene oxidation and quenching free radicals.
This document summarizes a study on the extraction of oil from watermelon seeds using different solvents, characterization of the extracted oil, and its application in cosmetic products. Watermelon seeds contain 35-40% oil consisting primarily of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid. The study extracted oil from the seeds using n-hexane, benzene, and a mixed solvent system via solvent extraction. Analysis found the oil had properties suitable for use in skin care products due to moisturizing effects. A moisturizer formulation utilizing 6-10% of the extracted watermelon seed oil was developed and found to have similar properties to commercial moisturizers. The extracted oil was also characterized and found to have fatty
This document discusses the fatty acid composition of melon seed oil and its potential application in synthesizing alkyd resins for use as surface coatings. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the most abundant fatty acid in melon seed oil is octadec-14,17-dienoic acid at 56.86%. Four sets of alkyd resins were synthesized using varying percentages of crude and refined melon seed oil. The properties of the alkyd resins such as drying time, hardness, gloss, color, and resistance to chemicals were evaluated and compared to commercially available soybean alkyd paints. The short oil alkyd made from crude and refined melon seed oil exhibited the best
Effect of Coconut Oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel Oil on Some Biochemical ...IOSR Journals
The coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil was administered orally at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight to white albino rats to check for some effect on biochemical parameters. Twenty (20) rats divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. One group was treated with distilled water and feed only serving as control, second group was treated with coconut water only while the third group was treated with coconut oil only and the fourth group was treated with palm kernel oil only. The treatment lasted for 7 days. Effect of the coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil on lipid profile, glucose and protein were analysed, also toxic effect was determined using biochemical enzyme markers.Treatment showed significant (p<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) decrease in enzyme activities except for ALP when treated with palm kernel oil, ALT when treated with coconut oil. Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil showed hypoglycaemic properties and also shows no toxic effect on the liver at the concentration employed.
This document summarizes a study investigating the potential for Moringa oleifera seed oil to be a new source of oleic acid-type oil for Malaysia. Key findings include:
- M. oleifera seed oil contains high levels of oleic acid (67.9%), similar to olive oil, and remains liquid at room temperature.
- Enzyme treatment, particularly with protease, improved oil extraction yields from the seeds compared to untreated controls.
- Modification of the oil using lipase increased the oleic acid content and decreased the melting point, indicating potential for food/culinary applications.
- Due to its similarities to olive oil and stability properties, M. oleifera seed oil shows promise
Oil and Fatty Acids Composition in Glasswort (Salicornia Fruticosa) SeedsIOSR Journals
Abstract: glasswort (Salicornia fruticosa) is the most widely distributed species of the perennial genus of glasswort in Egypt and it shows great biotechnological potential as a salt-water irrigated crop. Oil analysis of Salicornia fruticosa seeds was carried out in the current study. Chloroform and methanol mixture (2:1 v:v) extraction yielded maximum oil content from seeds (28.59%). The physical and chemical characteristics of Salicornia fruticosa seed oil were also analyzed. The results were as follows: the iodine value 84.5 gI/100 g oil, acid value 1.84 mgKOH/g oil and saponification value 195.6 mgKOH/g oil. The unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 78.05%, in which oleic acid accounted for 56.58 %, linoleic acid accounted for 17.40 %,and linolenic acid accounted for 3.98 %. It showed that Salicornia fruticosa seed oil was a high quality health oil. Key Words: glasswort, fatty acids composition, oleic acid, oilseeds, Salicornia fruticosa.
Extraction and Characterization of Vegetable Oil from Mango seed, Mangifera i...IOSR Journals
A study of the proximate composition of the seed of Mango, Mangifera indica was conducted. The proximate composition of the seed is Ash 2.82%, Moisture 19.80%, Ether extract 25.57%, Crude protein 6.58%, Crude Fibre 4.69% and Carbohydrate 40.50%. The result of the proximate composition led to the extraction and characterization of the physiochemical properties of vegetable oil obtainable from the seed. Solvent extraction yielded oil with physiochemical results: Melting point (20 oC), Refractive index ( 1.449), Peroxide value (1.20), Acid value (16.68mg), Iodine value(5.58), Saponification value (71.52). The results reveals that the oil extracted can be useful economically.
Fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of castor ( r...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research article that studied the fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of castor seeds obtained from Malete, Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. The key findings were that the castor seeds contained 47.8% total lipids. The iodine value was 1.061 g/g, saponification value was 327.4 g/g, moisture content was 0.3%, acid value was 14.42 mg/g, density was 880 g/cm3, and free fatty acid content was 7.21%. The unique fatty acid in castor oil is ricinoleic acid which makes up around 90% of the total fatty acids.
This document discusses a study that investigated the effect of supercritical fluid extraction fractionation on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of oils from two cantaloupe cultivars. The oils were extracted from the seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide to obtain three fractions. The major fatty acids in both cultivars were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid. Fractionation led to decreases in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids but increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids. All fractions exhibited high antioxidant activity in assays, reducing beta-carotene oxidation and quenching free radicals.
This document summarizes a study on the extraction of oil from watermelon seeds using different solvents, characterization of the extracted oil, and its application in cosmetic products. Watermelon seeds contain 35-40% oil consisting primarily of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid. The study extracted oil from the seeds using n-hexane, benzene, and a mixed solvent system via solvent extraction. Analysis found the oil had properties suitable for use in skin care products due to moisturizing effects. A moisturizer formulation utilizing 6-10% of the extracted watermelon seed oil was developed and found to have similar properties to commercial moisturizers. The extracted oil was also characterized and found to have fatty
This document discusses the fatty acid composition of melon seed oil and its potential application in synthesizing alkyd resins for use as surface coatings. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the most abundant fatty acid in melon seed oil is octadec-14,17-dienoic acid at 56.86%. Four sets of alkyd resins were synthesized using varying percentages of crude and refined melon seed oil. The properties of the alkyd resins such as drying time, hardness, gloss, color, and resistance to chemicals were evaluated and compared to commercially available soybean alkyd paints. The short oil alkyd made from crude and refined melon seed oil exhibited the best
Effect of Coconut Oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel Oil on Some Biochemical ...IOSR Journals
The coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil was administered orally at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight to white albino rats to check for some effect on biochemical parameters. Twenty (20) rats divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. One group was treated with distilled water and feed only serving as control, second group was treated with coconut water only while the third group was treated with coconut oil only and the fourth group was treated with palm kernel oil only. The treatment lasted for 7 days. Effect of the coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil on lipid profile, glucose and protein were analysed, also toxic effect was determined using biochemical enzyme markers.Treatment showed significant (p<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) decrease in enzyme activities except for ALP when treated with palm kernel oil, ALT when treated with coconut oil. Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil showed hypoglycaemic properties and also shows no toxic effect on the liver at the concentration employed.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the microbial and chemical characteristics of edible oils sold in markets in Gondar, Ethiopia. A total of 50 oil samples from 4 markets were tested. The study found high levels of microbes including bacteria and fungi in many samples, exceeding WHO standards. It also found that acid, peroxide and free fatty acid levels were elevated compared to standards, indicating poor quality. The poor microbial and chemical properties likely resulted from unsanitary handling practices and traditional processing methods. Overall, the study suggests interventions are needed to improve the safety and quality of edible oils sold in the local markets.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
IRJET- Assessing the Genuinty of Sesame Oil Available in Markets of India usi...IRJET Journal
This document assesses the genuineness of sesame oil available in Indian markets using the Bellier Turbidity Temperature Test (BTTT). BTTT is a qualitative method to test sesame oil purity based on insolubility of arachidic acid. The study analyzed refined, pure, organic and seed sesame oils from different Indian regions. All oils showed BTTT values between 20.2-21.8°C, fulfilling standards. Statistical analysis showed low variation between readings, demonstrating the test's reproducibility. The study concludes BTTT is reliable, reproducible and suitable for testing diverse sesame oil samples.
Development and method validation for determination of Deltamethrin residue i...IOSR Journals
Olive oil is the most important commodities produced in the Mediterranean region. Due to its significant economical importance, the usage of pesticides in its production is systematic, by using a wide range of plant protection products with a variety of modes of action. As a consequence, monitoring of their residue levels in these products is a necessity. In the present study a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method, with a short sample preparation step, based on acetonitrile extraction is developed and validated in olive oil, with a large scope that includes Deltamethrin as pesticide. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained with limits of quantification at 0.2 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin has recovery rate which is of about 80℅. We confirm also the efficiency of alumina, used as adsorbent in the clean up step, to remove triglycerides and to get a pure extract. The agronomic implementation of this protocol allows us to determine the influence of some parameters on the dose and the period of treatment affecting the detected quantities of Deltamethrin residues in the produced olive oil. Indeed, we prove that the treatment dose should be specific for each case considering the olive variety, the geography of the orchard, and the predicted harvest time to determine the convenient dose of treatment. In addition, the results show that the preventive treatment at the blooming phase, does not lead to the concentration of Deltamethrin residues in the oil as it happens at the lipogenesis phase.
Dr. Ajit Singh Bhatnagar has 9 years of experience in research and development, industry, and teaching in the area of food technology. He has a Ph.D. in Food Science and specializes in edible oils and fats. He has published 17 research papers and 4 review papers on topics related to extraction and processing of oils from various seeds.
Effect of flour processing on soy beverageDr Asif Ahmad
This document summarizes a study that evaluated different processing methods to reduce the undesirable beany flavor of soybeans for use in producing a soy-based beverage. In the first phase, soybeans underwent treatments including roasting, germination, autoclaving, and chemical treatment with EDTA and sodium hydroxide. Chemical treatment was most effective at reducing beany flavor. In the second phase, a beverage was prepared using chemically-treated soybean flour and evaluated over two months of storage. The beverage exhibited changes in various parameters like acidity and sugars but remained stable microbiologically during storage. Overall, chemical and sensory analysis showed the product was stable during storage.
Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) is a legume widely consumed in parts of Asia and Africa. During milling of black gram into cotyledon for use in foods, about 25% of the grain is removed as by-products. This study analyzed the nutrient composition, phenolic acid profiles, antioxidant activity, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory properties of black gram flour and its milled fractions. Protein and fat contents varied between fractions, with germ having the highest and seed coat the lowest. Seed coat had the highest fiber but lowest in cotyledon. Seed coat, plumule and aleurone layer showed better antioxidant activity than other fractions due to differences in phenolic acid quantities and types.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of treated and untreated Jatropha curcas seed meals used to formulate diets for rats. Proximate analysis showed the food intake and growth parameters like growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and food transformation index of rats were significantly better for diets made from treated seed meals compared to untreated meals. The differences were attributed to reductions in anti-nutrients like phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors achieved through various treatments. This suggests treatments that reduce anti-nutrients can improve the nutritional value of Jatropha seeds and support animal growth without negative effects.
formulation, acceptability and storage stability of appetized ginger plum lea...IJEAB
Appetized ginger plum leather was prepared by using different combinations of ginger and plum pulp with varying concentrations of appetizing mixture. The TSS of ginger and plum pulp were raised to 25oB by adding sugar and 1.0 to 2.5% appetizing mixture, followed by drying thin layers in dehydrator (55±2oC) to 12-14% moisture content. The standardization of most palatable recipe was done by evaluating sensory properties and highest score was obtained by ginger: plum (50:50) and 1.5% appetizing mixture. The appetized leather contained comparatively higher amount of ascorbic acid (13.16mg/100g), total phenols (55.89mg/100g) and antioxidant activity (72.94%). The leather was found most stable when packaged in laminated aluminium pouches during storage. The leather did not exhibit appreciable changes in titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, phenols and antioxidant activity after 6 months. Thus the appetized ginger plum leather can be stored under ambient storage after packing in aluminium laminated pouches.
The document discusses quality and safety of animal feed in India. It states that feed quality is defined by the degree of excellence and nutrients supplied. In India, the Bureau of Indian Standards regulates quality control and has committees that set standards for feed ingredients and formulations to ensure feeds are accurately described and safe. The document outlines testing methods for feeds and ingredients, including physical, chemical and biological tests to evaluate nutrients, contaminants, and mycotoxins. Maximum limits for toxins like aflatoxin in different feeds are also provided.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
1. The document analyzes the characteristics of oils from seven plant species for use in biodiesel production. It examines properties like free fatty acid content, iodine value, saponification value, cetane number, energy value and density.
2. Through transesterification reactions, fatty acid methyl esters were produced from the oils, with yields over 84% for some plant species.
3. The results validate that the oils from all seven plant species - Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Brassica juncea, Arecaceae elaels, Helianthus annus, Madhuca longifolia and Pongamia pinnata - can
Comparative Effect of Crude and Commercial Enzyme in Shea Fat ExtractionIOSR Journals
1. The document examines the comparative effect of crude and commercial enzymes in shea fat extraction. Crude pectinase was produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using solid state fermentation of corn cobs.
2. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for shea fat extraction using the crude pectinase compared to two commercial enzymes, Pectinex 5XL and Viscozyme L. The crude pectinase achieved an oil recovery of 44% at an enzyme dosage of 1.2%, while the commercial enzymes achieved 58.6% and 72% recovery at lower dosages.
3. The results indicate that crude pectinase produced locally could potentially improve she
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
The document summarizes a study on the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalis essential oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 19 constituents making up 96.4% of the oil, with the major components being alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), and delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed antibacterial effects against 6 bacterial strains, including both gram-positive and gram-negative, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. It also exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging assays, with 49.8% scavenging at 100 μg/ml concentration. Therefore
Processing waste management and food safety standardsankit gawri
Food processing wastes are those end products of various food processing industries that have not been recycled or used for other purposes.
They are the non-product flows of raw materials whose economic values are less than the cost of collection and recovery for reuse; and therefore discarded as wastes.
These wastes could be considered valuable by-products if there were appropriate technical means and if the value of the subsequent products were to exceed the cost of reprocessing.
Production of simarouba oil methyl ester using mixed base catalyst and its ch...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil using a mixed base catalyst. Simarouba glauca oil was transesterified using methanol with sodium hydroxide and disodium hydrogen phosphate as catalysts. The properties of the resulting Simarouba oil methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel were analyzed and met ASTM standards. Key properties like viscosity, density, and flash point of SOME were comparable to diesel. The mixed base catalyst achieved a 95% conversion rate under optimal reaction conditions. Overall, the study shows the viability of producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil as a sustainable alternative fuel.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Cytotoxic Activity of Ducrosia asa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hydro distillated oil of the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadi Alva. (Umbelliferae) , has been analyzed by GC/MS with two different capillary columns , HP-5MS and HP-Wax .Thirty-four compounds were identified, 94.3% of the total oils. The concentration of citronellol, chrysanthenyl acetate, decanoic acid, decanol and linalool was high in analysis of the oil with both columns. Cytotoxic activity studied on two human cancer cell lines (LS180 and MCF-7) represented moderate cytotoxic activity.
This document summarizes a review article about the benefits of rice bran. It discusses how rice bran is a byproduct of milling rice that is rich in nutrients like antioxidants. However, the lipase enzyme in rice bran reduces its quality if not stabilized. Various stabilization methods are described. The document also discusses extracting oil from rice bran using solvent extraction or other methods. Refining processes for rice bran oil are outlined. Finally, potential uses of rice bran in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods are summarized.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of...Premier Publishers
Oil from cassia occidentalis seed was extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane solvents. The hexane solvent gave the highest yield (11.5%) followed by ethanol (10.5%), methanol (9.25%) and chloroform (5.92%). The oil extracted was tested for phytochemicals using test tube method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The result indicates the presence of carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and terpenes. The presence of these phytochemicals makes cassia occidentalis seed bioactive. The result of the elemental analysis showed that Na (0.0135±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mg (1.9965±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mn (0.0540±0.0014 mg/ 100 g), Zn (0.375±0.0042 mg/ 100 g), Cu (0.0265±0.0007 mg/ 100 g) and Cd (0.0035±0.0005mg/100 g) were present in the seed, while Cr and Pb were not detected. The basic physiochemical properties of vegetable oil (iodine, saponification, free fatty acid, acid, peroxide, specific gravity and refractive index) were also analyzed. The results revealed that iodine was 95.02, saponification 83, free fatty acid 12.8 mg/g, acid 25.9 mg/g, peroxide 6.7 mg/g, specific gravity 0.85 and refractive index 1.460 on dry weight bases. Based on this finding, cassia occidentalis seed can be used as an alternative source of vegetable oil.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the microbial and chemical characteristics of edible oils sold in markets in Gondar, Ethiopia. A total of 50 oil samples from 4 markets were tested. The study found high levels of microbes including bacteria and fungi in many samples, exceeding WHO standards. It also found that acid, peroxide and free fatty acid levels were elevated compared to standards, indicating poor quality. The poor microbial and chemical properties likely resulted from unsanitary handling practices and traditional processing methods. Overall, the study suggests interventions are needed to improve the safety and quality of edible oils sold in the local markets.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
IRJET- Assessing the Genuinty of Sesame Oil Available in Markets of India usi...IRJET Journal
This document assesses the genuineness of sesame oil available in Indian markets using the Bellier Turbidity Temperature Test (BTTT). BTTT is a qualitative method to test sesame oil purity based on insolubility of arachidic acid. The study analyzed refined, pure, organic and seed sesame oils from different Indian regions. All oils showed BTTT values between 20.2-21.8°C, fulfilling standards. Statistical analysis showed low variation between readings, demonstrating the test's reproducibility. The study concludes BTTT is reliable, reproducible and suitable for testing diverse sesame oil samples.
Development and method validation for determination of Deltamethrin residue i...IOSR Journals
Olive oil is the most important commodities produced in the Mediterranean region. Due to its significant economical importance, the usage of pesticides in its production is systematic, by using a wide range of plant protection products with a variety of modes of action. As a consequence, monitoring of their residue levels in these products is a necessity. In the present study a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method, with a short sample preparation step, based on acetonitrile extraction is developed and validated in olive oil, with a large scope that includes Deltamethrin as pesticide. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained with limits of quantification at 0.2 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin has recovery rate which is of about 80℅. We confirm also the efficiency of alumina, used as adsorbent in the clean up step, to remove triglycerides and to get a pure extract. The agronomic implementation of this protocol allows us to determine the influence of some parameters on the dose and the period of treatment affecting the detected quantities of Deltamethrin residues in the produced olive oil. Indeed, we prove that the treatment dose should be specific for each case considering the olive variety, the geography of the orchard, and the predicted harvest time to determine the convenient dose of treatment. In addition, the results show that the preventive treatment at the blooming phase, does not lead to the concentration of Deltamethrin residues in the oil as it happens at the lipogenesis phase.
Dr. Ajit Singh Bhatnagar has 9 years of experience in research and development, industry, and teaching in the area of food technology. He has a Ph.D. in Food Science and specializes in edible oils and fats. He has published 17 research papers and 4 review papers on topics related to extraction and processing of oils from various seeds.
Effect of flour processing on soy beverageDr Asif Ahmad
This document summarizes a study that evaluated different processing methods to reduce the undesirable beany flavor of soybeans for use in producing a soy-based beverage. In the first phase, soybeans underwent treatments including roasting, germination, autoclaving, and chemical treatment with EDTA and sodium hydroxide. Chemical treatment was most effective at reducing beany flavor. In the second phase, a beverage was prepared using chemically-treated soybean flour and evaluated over two months of storage. The beverage exhibited changes in various parameters like acidity and sugars but remained stable microbiologically during storage. Overall, chemical and sensory analysis showed the product was stable during storage.
Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) is a legume widely consumed in parts of Asia and Africa. During milling of black gram into cotyledon for use in foods, about 25% of the grain is removed as by-products. This study analyzed the nutrient composition, phenolic acid profiles, antioxidant activity, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory properties of black gram flour and its milled fractions. Protein and fat contents varied between fractions, with germ having the highest and seed coat the lowest. Seed coat had the highest fiber but lowest in cotyledon. Seed coat, plumule and aleurone layer showed better antioxidant activity than other fractions due to differences in phenolic acid quantities and types.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of treated and untreated Jatropha curcas seed meals used to formulate diets for rats. Proximate analysis showed the food intake and growth parameters like growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and food transformation index of rats were significantly better for diets made from treated seed meals compared to untreated meals. The differences were attributed to reductions in anti-nutrients like phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors achieved through various treatments. This suggests treatments that reduce anti-nutrients can improve the nutritional value of Jatropha seeds and support animal growth without negative effects.
formulation, acceptability and storage stability of appetized ginger plum lea...IJEAB
Appetized ginger plum leather was prepared by using different combinations of ginger and plum pulp with varying concentrations of appetizing mixture. The TSS of ginger and plum pulp were raised to 25oB by adding sugar and 1.0 to 2.5% appetizing mixture, followed by drying thin layers in dehydrator (55±2oC) to 12-14% moisture content. The standardization of most palatable recipe was done by evaluating sensory properties and highest score was obtained by ginger: plum (50:50) and 1.5% appetizing mixture. The appetized leather contained comparatively higher amount of ascorbic acid (13.16mg/100g), total phenols (55.89mg/100g) and antioxidant activity (72.94%). The leather was found most stable when packaged in laminated aluminium pouches during storage. The leather did not exhibit appreciable changes in titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, phenols and antioxidant activity after 6 months. Thus the appetized ginger plum leather can be stored under ambient storage after packing in aluminium laminated pouches.
The document discusses quality and safety of animal feed in India. It states that feed quality is defined by the degree of excellence and nutrients supplied. In India, the Bureau of Indian Standards regulates quality control and has committees that set standards for feed ingredients and formulations to ensure feeds are accurately described and safe. The document outlines testing methods for feeds and ingredients, including physical, chemical and biological tests to evaluate nutrients, contaminants, and mycotoxins. Maximum limits for toxins like aflatoxin in different feeds are also provided.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
1. The document analyzes the characteristics of oils from seven plant species for use in biodiesel production. It examines properties like free fatty acid content, iodine value, saponification value, cetane number, energy value and density.
2. Through transesterification reactions, fatty acid methyl esters were produced from the oils, with yields over 84% for some plant species.
3. The results validate that the oils from all seven plant species - Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Brassica juncea, Arecaceae elaels, Helianthus annus, Madhuca longifolia and Pongamia pinnata - can
Comparative Effect of Crude and Commercial Enzyme in Shea Fat ExtractionIOSR Journals
1. The document examines the comparative effect of crude and commercial enzymes in shea fat extraction. Crude pectinase was produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using solid state fermentation of corn cobs.
2. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for shea fat extraction using the crude pectinase compared to two commercial enzymes, Pectinex 5XL and Viscozyme L. The crude pectinase achieved an oil recovery of 44% at an enzyme dosage of 1.2%, while the commercial enzymes achieved 58.6% and 72% recovery at lower dosages.
3. The results indicate that crude pectinase produced locally could potentially improve she
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
The document summarizes a study on the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalis essential oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 19 constituents making up 96.4% of the oil, with the major components being alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), and delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed antibacterial effects against 6 bacterial strains, including both gram-positive and gram-negative, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. It also exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging assays, with 49.8% scavenging at 100 μg/ml concentration. Therefore
Processing waste management and food safety standardsankit gawri
Food processing wastes are those end products of various food processing industries that have not been recycled or used for other purposes.
They are the non-product flows of raw materials whose economic values are less than the cost of collection and recovery for reuse; and therefore discarded as wastes.
These wastes could be considered valuable by-products if there were appropriate technical means and if the value of the subsequent products were to exceed the cost of reprocessing.
Production of simarouba oil methyl ester using mixed base catalyst and its ch...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil using a mixed base catalyst. Simarouba glauca oil was transesterified using methanol with sodium hydroxide and disodium hydrogen phosphate as catalysts. The properties of the resulting Simarouba oil methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel were analyzed and met ASTM standards. Key properties like viscosity, density, and flash point of SOME were comparable to diesel. The mixed base catalyst achieved a 95% conversion rate under optimal reaction conditions. Overall, the study shows the viability of producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil as a sustainable alternative fuel.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Cytotoxic Activity of Ducrosia asa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hydro distillated oil of the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadi Alva. (Umbelliferae) , has been analyzed by GC/MS with two different capillary columns , HP-5MS and HP-Wax .Thirty-four compounds were identified, 94.3% of the total oils. The concentration of citronellol, chrysanthenyl acetate, decanoic acid, decanol and linalool was high in analysis of the oil with both columns. Cytotoxic activity studied on two human cancer cell lines (LS180 and MCF-7) represented moderate cytotoxic activity.
This document summarizes a review article about the benefits of rice bran. It discusses how rice bran is a byproduct of milling rice that is rich in nutrients like antioxidants. However, the lipase enzyme in rice bran reduces its quality if not stabilized. Various stabilization methods are described. The document also discusses extracting oil from rice bran using solvent extraction or other methods. Refining processes for rice bran oil are outlined. Finally, potential uses of rice bran in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods are summarized.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of...Premier Publishers
Oil from cassia occidentalis seed was extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane solvents. The hexane solvent gave the highest yield (11.5%) followed by ethanol (10.5%), methanol (9.25%) and chloroform (5.92%). The oil extracted was tested for phytochemicals using test tube method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The result indicates the presence of carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and terpenes. The presence of these phytochemicals makes cassia occidentalis seed bioactive. The result of the elemental analysis showed that Na (0.0135±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mg (1.9965±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mn (0.0540±0.0014 mg/ 100 g), Zn (0.375±0.0042 mg/ 100 g), Cu (0.0265±0.0007 mg/ 100 g) and Cd (0.0035±0.0005mg/100 g) were present in the seed, while Cr and Pb were not detected. The basic physiochemical properties of vegetable oil (iodine, saponification, free fatty acid, acid, peroxide, specific gravity and refractive index) were also analyzed. The results revealed that iodine was 95.02, saponification 83, free fatty acid 12.8 mg/g, acid 25.9 mg/g, peroxide 6.7 mg/g, specific gravity 0.85 and refractive index 1.460 on dry weight bases. Based on this finding, cassia occidentalis seed can be used as an alternative source of vegetable oil.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
Optimization, kinetic degradation and quality characterization of oil extract...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that optimized oil extraction from Nigeria Hibiscus sabdariffa (sorrel) oilseeds using response surface methodology. The study extracted oil from the seeds using solvent extraction with n-hexane. It investigated 17 experimental runs using a Box-Behnken design to determine the optimal extraction conditions of time, solvent volume, and sample weight. The study also characterized the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil and analyzed its fatty acid composition. Additionally, it examined the kinetics of degradation when heating the oil at temperatures up to 250°C. The results showed that the maximum oil yield of 18.25% could be achieved with an extraction time of 2 hours, solvent volume of 157mL, and
Optimization, kinetic degradation and quality characterization of oil extract...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study that aimed to optimize oil extraction from Nigeria Hibiscus sabdariffa (Sorrel) oilseeds using Response Surface Methodology, and characterize the physicochemical properties and kinetics of degradation of the extracted oil. The study conducted 17 experimental runs using a Box-Behnken design to determine the optimal extraction time, solvent volume, and sample weight. The maximum oil yield of 18.25% was predicted at 2 hours, 157 ml solvent, and 22 g sample weight. Analysis showed the oil was highly unsaturated with potential food and industrial uses. Kinetic studies found the degradation rate of peroxide value in the oil increased with temperature, following first order reaction kinetics.
Fatty acids composition of three different vegetable oils (soybean oil, groun...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the fatty acid composition of three vegetable oils (soybean oil, groundnut oil, and coconut oil) using high-performance liquid chromatography. The predominant fatty acids in each oil were identified as myristic acid in soybean and coconut oils, and lauric acid in groundnut oil. The oils contained varying levels of other saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid profiles provide information on the physicochemical properties and potential uses of each oil.
The document analyzes the physical and chemical properties of Silam (Perilla fructescens) seeds and oil found in Nepal. Key findings include:
1. The physical properties of Silam seeds were analyzed, such as 1000 kernel weight (4.13g), angle of repose (52.46°), and bulk density (424.48 g/cm3).
2. Chemical analysis found Silam seed contains 17.3-17.43% protein, 48.19-48.516% fat, and 0.857-0.915% ash.
3. Analysis of Silam oil showed a moisture content between 0.196-0.913%, refractive index of 1
The document analyzes the physical and chemical properties of Silam (Perilla fructescens) seeds and oil found in Nepal. Key findings include:
1. The physical properties of Silam seeds were analyzed, such as 1000 kernel weight (4.13g), angle of repose (52.46°), and bulk density (424.48 g/cm3).
2. Chemical analysis found Silam seed contains 17.3-17.43% protein, 48.19-48.516% fat, and 0.857-0.915% ash.
3. Analysis of Silam oil showed a moisture content between 0.196-0.913%, refractive index of 1
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of Amomum compactum essent...UniversitasGadjahMada
This document summarizes research on the development of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for Amomum compactum essential oil. Key points:
- Virgin coconut oil was selected as the carrier oil due to its high solubility of the essential oil compared to other oils tested.
- A D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the SNEDDS formulation, with emulsification time and transmittance as the response variables.
- The optimized formulation contained 10% Amomum compactum essential oil, 10% virgin coconut oil, 65.71% Tween 80 surfactant, and 14.29% PEG 400 co-surfactant.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the physicochemical characteristics and storage stability of crude palm oils produced traditionally and industrially in Cameroon. The study found that the traditional and industrial crude palm oils had higher levels of moisture content, free fatty acids, and peroxide values compared to a reference oil before storage. When stored at 30°C and 20°C over 3 months, the free fatty acid and peroxide values of both oils increased significantly, indicating deterioration, with the traditional oil deteriorating faster than the industrial oil. The physicochemical properties showed the oils were edible but suggested the traditional oil may not be suitable for long-term storage.
Effect of Extraction Method of Chia Seeds Oil on its Content of Fatty Acids a...IRJET Journal
This study examined the extraction of oil from white and black chia seeds using three different methods: solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and screw pressing extraction. Solvent extraction yielded the highest percentage of oil at 30% for both white and black seeds. Fatty acid analysis found that arachidic acid and linoleic acid were most abundant in oil from white seeds, while linoleic acid was highest in oil from black seeds. Extracted oils from both seeds showed antioxidant effects and presence of compounds like flavonoids and terpenes.
This study analyzed the chemical composition, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from Minthostachys mollis, a plant native to Peru. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main components of the essential oil were menthone, pulegone, cis-dihydrocarvone, and carvacrol acetate. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed the essential oil had IC50 values of around 0.2 mg/mL against three human cancer cell lines. However, assays also indicated the essential oil had little antioxidant activity, suggesting its anti-proliferative effects are through a different unknown mechanism rather than antioxidant properties.
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
Studies on the Paint Forming Properties of Avocado(Persea Americana) and Afri...IJERA Editor
Avocado(Persea Americana) and African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) seed oils were investigated for their suitability as base materials for oil paint production. Soxhlet extraction of the oils from the powdered seeds using n-hexane gave 3.63% and 10.40% yields for Avocado and African Pear respectively. Proximate analysis and chemical characterization of the seed oils were carried out using standard procedures according to the American Oil Chemist Society (AOCS) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The fatty acid compositions of the oils were obtained by Gas Chromatography. It showed that oleic and stearic acids are the most abundant unsaturated and saturated fatty acids respectively in both oils. Marginal differences were observed in the iodine and peroxide values of the oils. Chemical characteristics of the oils gave iodine values of 38.35mqI2/g for Avocado oil and 32.26mqI2/g for African Pear oil, both results suggestive of non-drying oils. Similarly, peroxide values of 45meq/kg and 30meq/kg were obtained for the seed oils respectively. Some chemical properties and performance characteristics of the finished paints were determined. The drying time of the paints indicates poor drying properties. The results obtained showed that Avocado and African Pear seed oils do not have the potential for normal wall paintings but may find use in artists’ paintings.
1. The document analyzes the nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, and short-term toxicological effects of beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in albino rats.
2. The beniseed was found to contain moderate levels of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, making it a good source of nutrients. Its oil had properties suggesting potential industrial and dietary uses.
3. Rats fed a diet with 5% beniseed oil showed increased weight gain and feed consumption compared to controls, with no significant differences in organ weights or blood parameters, indicating no apparent toxic effects of short-term consumption.
1. Beniseed (Sesamum indicum) was analyzed for its nutritional composition, mineral content, and physicochemical properties of its oil. It was found to be a good source of protein, fat, fiber, minerals and had favorable oil properties.
2. Rats were fed diets containing either 5% Beniseed oil or 5% groundnut oil for 8 weeks. Both groups gained weight and showed no adverse effects in blood analysis or organ pathology.
3. Histological examination of some organs found minor abnormalities like thickening of lung tissue and changes in liver cells, but nothing significant between the two diet groups. The study suggests Beniseed oil could be a potential replacement for other edible
Presentation Slide about Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of e...Pragati Shah
Ocimum bacilicum is also known as Sweet basil. It has various types of biological activities which are proved useful for cure of ailments in human body. Here essential oil is extracted from Sweet basil leaves and its antibacterial activity is observed. The references paper used for the preparation of these slide are mentioned at the end of the slide.
The document summarizes research into extracting essential oils from Moringa oleifera seeds and flowers using solvent extraction. Moringa seeds and flowers were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as the solvent. Analysis found the seed oil contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid (up to 69.9%) and the flower oil contained 56% oleic acid. This shows the oils from both can be used for human consumption. Extraction yield was highest at around 15g of sample. The characterization of physical properties found the seed and flower oils would be suitable for various uses.
Mahua, Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) (Synonyms, Madhuca indica Gmelin; Family, Sapotaceae), is a large, shady, deciduous tree dotting much of the central Indian landscape, both wild and cultivated. The tree is valued for its flowers, fruits, seeds and timber. The buttercup fruit-seeds, generally ellipsoidally shaped (Figure 1). Madhuca longifolia fruit is valued for its seed which yield high quantity of fat (ca. 50%), commercially known as mahua butter or mowrah butter, and it has many edible and medicinal applications. The butter is of significant commercial importance in India and is used for both edible and cosmetic applications. Mowrah Butter is a yellowish-white butter with a mild odor. The butter is solid at room temperature, but melts readily on contact with the skin. Besides its edible and medicinal uses, Madhuca longifolia fats can also be utilized in the manufacture of laundry soaps and lubricants. Data about mowrah butter are very few and there are not reports in literature about detailed composition of mowrah fat. Recently, in our lab mowrah butter was subjected to detailed and comprehensive analyses to obtain informative profile about the chemical nature of mowrah butter (1). The antiradical action of mowrah butter with also compared extra virgin olive oil. The results will be important as an indication of the potentially nutraceutical and economical utility of mowrah butter as a new source of edible fats.
2. 24 Adegbe A. A. et al.: Proximate Analysis, Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Constituents
Characterization of Moringa Oleifera (Moringaceae) Seed Oil Using GC-MS Analysis
substances and is therefore valuable in the perfumery
industry for stabilizing scents; the free fatty acid content
varies from 0.5-3%.
The extract obtained from the leaves of Moringa in 80%
ethanol contains growth enhancing principles (i.e., hormones
of cytokine type). The extract can be used in the form of a
foliar spray to accelerate the growth of young plants: use of
the growth hormone spray will also cause the plants to be
firmer and more resistant to pest and disease and will
produce more and larger fruit which have a higher yield at
harvest time [8].
M. Oleifera seed oil is commercially known as “Ben Oil”
or “Behen Oil”. The oil content is ranging from 25-40%. [9],
and characterized by high amounts of oleic acid up to 75%
[10] which makes it suitable for edible purpose and due to
good oxidative stability.
This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical
constituents of n-Hexane extract of seed Oil of M.Oleifera as
well as to assess the physico-chemical properties and
proximate composition of Moringa- Oleifera.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
The seeds of M. Oleifera used in this study were harvested
from Oko-Arin area of Ilorin west of kwara State Nigeria.
They were authenticated by Prof S.M Ayodele of Botany
option (Biological Science Department) Kogi State
University Anyigba Nigeria. The seeds were air-dried and
grounded to powder using a mechanical grinder after the
removal of the seed coat (AOCS, 2001).
2.2. Oil Extraction Procedure
The n-hexane extract was obtained by complete extraction
using soxhlet extractor. 10g of the powdered seeds sample
was put into a porous thimble and placed in a soxhlet
extractor, using 210 ml of n-Hexane (with boiling point of
about 40-60°C.) as extracting solvent for six (6) hours
repeatedly until the required quantity was obtained. The oil
was obtained after evaporation using a water bath at 70°C to
remove the excess solvent from the extracted oil. The oil was
kept in the refrigerator without further treatment until needed
for further analysis.
2.3. Proximate Analysis
Proximate analysis was carried out according to the
procedure of Association of Official Analytical Chemist
(AOAC, 1990) to determine the moisture content, crude fiber,
protein, crude fat, and carbohydrate components of the seed
oil.
2.4. Percentage (%) Yield
The oil was recovered by complete evaporation of the
solvent on a heating mantle, the recovered oil was transferred
to a beaker and the beaker was then placed over water bath
for complete evaporation of the solvent for about two hours.
The volume of the oil was recovered and expressed as oil
content %.
2.5. Physico-Chemical Properties Determination
The Physico-Chemical properties: Saponification value,
peroxide number, iodine value, acid value, free fatty acid
content, refractive index, oil yield and specific gravity were
determined according to standard analytical methods
recommended by (AOAC 2006).
2.6. GC and GC-MS Analysis
The GC and GC-MS analysis of the seed oil of M.Oleifera
was performed using a multi dimensional gas
chromatography coupled with gas chromatography-mass
spectrophotometer. (Shimadzu Japan) equipped with
non-polar and polar double capillary columns
(25.0m×0.25µm i.d., 0.25µm df). High purity helium was
used as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 0.99ml/min.
1 µl sample was injected (split ratio 100:1) into GC and
GCMS using AOC-2Oi; auto injector for analysis. The initial
temperature was set at 60°C, heated at a rate of 3°C/min to
280°C and held isothermally for 6minutes. Ion source
temperature was set to 200°C while the interface was set at
250°C, solvent cut time was 3 minutes. Electron impact (EI)
ionization mode was 70ev and the linear velocity of the
column was 36.8cm/sec.
The identification of the various components was based on
comparison of their mass spectra with those of Nist Library
mass Spectra data base and mass spectra from Literature.
3. Result and Discussion
Data in table 1 represent the physio-chemical properties of
M. Oleifera seed oil.
The oil extracted from M. Oleifera seed has an agreeable
odour and the color is cream-yellow, the percentage oil yield
is 38%. This percentage yield was higher’ than that reported
by [11], where the seed oil yield of M. Oleifera was 34.50.
The 38% yield of M. Oleifera was consistent with that of
Literature [9]. The specific gravity of M. Oleifera seed oil
was 0.9050 and this value is in agreement with the
FAO/WHO (2009) [15] international standard for edible oil.
The refractive index 1.4559 was in agreement with the
FAO/WHO (2009) [15] international standard for edible oil.
The physical properties of the oil extracted from M. Oleifera
seed were in conformity with the FAO/WHO (2009) [15]
standard. On the other hand, the chemical properties of the
oil are shown also in table 1. An acid value of 6.73 mg/
KOHg-1
, this value is higher than the acid value specified for
edible oil by FAO/WHO (2009) [15] but this value was
almost in agreement with Literature (5.0386 mg KOH/g)
reported by [12].
3. American Journal of Chemistry 2016, 6(2): 23-28 25
Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of M. Oleifera seed oil
Physiochemical properties Moringa Oleifera seed oil FAO/WHO Standard
Physical Properties
Organoleptic
Yield (%) 38 38-40
Odour Agreeable
Colour Cream Yellow
Appearance at room temperature Transparent liquid
Specific gravity 0.9050 0.9-1.16
Refractive index 1.4559 1.4677-1.4705
Chemical Properties
Acid value (mg/KOH/g) 6.73 4
Iodine value 100/g 68.65 80-106
Saponification value (mg of KOH/g of oil) 180.92 181.4±2.60
Free fatty acid (%) 4.21 5.78-7.28
Peroxide value (meqkg-1
) 2.60 10
Iodine value is the measure of the degree of the
unsaturation of the oil. Higher Iodine value indicates higher
unsaturation of fats and oils. The iodine value of the oil M.
Oleifera is 68.65. This is in agreement with the FAO/WHO
(2009) [15] standard for edible oil, which means that most of
our fatty acids are saturated. Peroxide value was 2.6 which is
by far lower than the FAO/WHO (2009) [15] standard and
lower than that reported by [11]. A low peroxide value as
seen in our study increases the suitability of the oil for a long
storage due to low level of oxidative and lipolytic activities.
The Saponification value of the oil is 180.92, this value
shows consistency with FAO/WHO (2009) [15] standard.
On the other hand, the free fatty acid of M. Oleifera seed oil
is 4.21 mgKOHg-1
which is within the range of the
FAO/WHO (2009) [15] standard. High free fatty acid cause
soap formation during alcoholysis process from it’s by
products.
Table 2. Proximate Analysis of M.Oleifera Seed Oil
Characteristics Obtained Values
Moisture 10.50±0.71
Ash 5.00±0.00
Crude fiber 5.00±0.00
Crude protein 39.57±3.23
Fat 32.50±7.78
Carbohydrate 7.44±10.30
Each data is mean of three replicates ± standard deviation (S.D)
Result of the proximate composition of M.Oleifera seed
oil is shown in table 2. The moisture content is 10.50%, ash
content, 5.00%, crude fiber 5.00%, crude protein 39.57%, fat
content 32.50% and carbohydrate (by difference) 7.44%.
The observed low moisture content in M.Oleifera seed in
this study serve as an indication that the activities of the
micro-organisms would be reduced and thereby increases the
shelf life of M.Oleifera sample. The observed moisture
content value of 10.50% is higher than the value (9.40%)
reported by [21]. The ash content is 5.00% which is higher
than the value (3.87%) reported by [21] but in agreement
with the value (5.00%) reported by [22]. Ash is an
incombustible residue left after complete combustion of any
substance.
The crude fiber content of 5.00% obtained in our sample
was higher than 2.87% reported by [21] but lower than
20.00% reported by [22] from Ebonyi, Crude Fiber content
has been established to help in bowel movement. Adequate
intake of dietary fiber can lower cholesterol level, risk of
coronary heart diseases, constipation, hypertension, diabetes,
colon and breast cancer [23, 24]. Crude protein and fat
content are 39.57% and 32.50% respectively. The crude
protein content is higher than 35.97% and 9.98% reported by
[21, 22] while the observed fat content in this study is lower
than 38.62% and 40.00% reported by [21, 22]. As reported
by Pearson (1976), plant food that provide more than 12% of
its calorific value from protein, is considered good source of
protein. Therefore, M. Oleifera is a good source of protein.
Carbohydrate content is 7.44% which is lower compared to
the value 18.00 reported by [22].
The chemical components of the fixed oil M. Oleifera seed
oil was analyzed using multi-dimensional gas
chromatography coupled with gas-chromatography-mass
spectrophotometer (GC-MS). Twenty four (24) components
amounting to 96.81% were identified in the seed oil. The
identified components, their retention indexes and
percentage composition of each component are given in the
table above. The major constituents found in the fixed oil of
M. Oleifera seed oil are: Oleic acid (22.51%), Palmitic acid
(10.64%), Stearic acid (6.07%), 9-octadecenal (12.76%) and
Phenyl but-3-1-yne (5.79%). Other noticeable constituents
found in the oil were o-Ethyltoulene (4.64%),
m-Propyltoulene (3.56%), 4-methylindin (2.35%),
2-phenyl-2-pentane (2.47%), p-mentha -1, 3, 8-triene (2.36%)
and arachidic acid (2.21%). It is worth mentioning that the
4. 26 Adegbe A. A. et al.: Proximate Analysis, Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Constituents
Characterization of Moringa Oleifera (Moringaceae) Seed Oil Using GC-MS Analysis
main compounds characterizing the fixed oil of M. Oleifera
are qualitatively and quantitatively different. The fixed oil of
M. Oleifera is rich in fatty acid (44.93%) followed by
hydrocarbons (32.95%), others are aldehyde (12.76%),
esters (3.55%) and Oxygenated hydrocarbons. (2.62%).
The following fatty acids were identified from the GC-MS
analysis: Oleic acid (22.51%) was the major component of
the fixed oil. Oleic acid is a mono-saturated omega-9-fatty
acid with many health’s benefits and is safe in present
practices for use and concentrations in cosmetics [17]. Oleic
acid prevents ulcerative colitis [25], protects cell from free
radical damage [26], reduces blood pressure [27] and
increases fat burning [28].
Palmitic acid is a saturated long chain fatty acid with
sixteen carbon backbone. It is one of the most abundant and
wide spread natural saturated acids present in plants like
palm oil, palm kernel oil, M. Oleifera seed oil, in animals and
animal-derived foodstuffs like cheese, milk, meat and
microorganisms [28]. It is among the fatty acid that is used as
concentration in cosmetics [29].
Arachidic acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with
20-carbon backbone found naturally as a minor component
of peanut oil, also found in M. Oleifera seed oil. Its IUPAC
name is icosanoic acid C20H40O2. It is used in the industry as
component of adhesive, sealant, lubricants, as lubricant
additive or in agricultural products.
Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid having 18-carbon chain
was formed in M. Oleifera seed oil. It has an IUPAC name of
octadecanoic acid, stearic acid is mainly used in the
production of detergent, soaps and cosmetics such as
shampoos and sharing cream products. Soap is not made
directly from stearic acid but indirectly by Saponification of
triglycerides consisting of stearic acid esters. Surfactants,
cosmetics and personal hygiene products are in fact
prospects of stearic acid [18].
Myristic acid was also found as one of the constituents of
M. Oleifera seed oil. It is a saturated fourteen (14) carbon
fatty acid found naturally in palm oil, coconut oil and butter
fat. Myristic acid is used as a flavoring agent in food [29]
also used as emulsifiers, emollient and lubricants in variety
of cosmetics, creams, cake, soaps & pastes [30, 31]. It is an
important fatty acid which the body uses to stabilize many
different proteins, including protein in the immune system.
Erucic acid also known as (Z)-docos-13-enoic acid
(IUPAC) was also present in M. Oleifera seed oil. It is a
monounsaturated omega-9-fatty acid with twenty-two
carbon atoms. It is a major constituent of certain oils, such as
rapeseed oil. This oil is linked to cardiac muscle damage.
Table 3. GCMS Chemical Constituents of M. Oleifera seed oil
SN Constituents RI MF MW SI% to T.C % Composition
1 2,3-Epoxycarane 961 C10H16O 252 82 2.26
2 o-Ethyl toluene 1006 C9H12 120 95 4.69
3 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 1020 C9H12 120 94 2.83
4 p-menthha-1,3,8-triene 1029 C10H14 134 87 2.36
5 o-Cymene 1042 C10H14 134 93 1.78
6 4-phenylbut-3-ene-1-yne 1098 C10H8 128 79 5.79
7 m-Propyltoulene 1106 C10H14 134 92 3.56
8 n-undecane 1115 C11H24 156 92 3.81
9 Cumene-p-ethyl 1141 C11H16 148 85 0.67
10 4-methylindan 1160 C10H12 132 91 2.35
11 2-phenyl-2-pentene 1176 C11H14 146 91 2.47
12 1,6-Methanol[10] annulene 1189 C11H10 142 90 0.90
13 1-ethylindane 1207 C11H14 146 72 1.07
14 n-tridecane 1313 C13H28 184 95 0.67
15 Myristic acid 1769 C14H28O2 228 93 0.49
16 Palmitic acid 1968 C16H32O2 256 94 10.64
17 9-octadecenol 2007 C18H34O 266 87 12.76
18 Methyl-11-octadecenoate 2085 C19H30O2 29y6 93 1.90
19 Stearic acid 2167 C18H36O2 284 94 6.07
20 Oleic acid 2175 C18H34O2 282 95 22.51
21 Arachidic acid 2366 C20H40O2 312 91 2.21
22 α-Monopalmitin 2482 C19H30O4 330 86 1.65
23 Docosanoic acid 2564 C22H42O2 340 81 1.03
24 Erucic acid 2574 C22H42O2 338 94 1.98
Note: SN = Serial Number, MF = Molecular Formula, MW = Molecular Weight, RI = refraction Index, SI% = Similarity Index, TC = Target Compound.
5. American Journal of Chemistry 2016, 6(2): 23-28 27
Docosanoic acid (Behenic acid) is a major component of
Ben oil which is extracted from the seed of M. Oleifera tree
[19] and found in the seeds of M. Oleifera sample of this
present study. It is used to give hair conditioners and
moisturizers their smoothing properties. Also uses as
antifoam in the manufacturing of detergents [20].
4. Conclusions
This oil could be utilized successfully as a source of edible
oil for human consumption. The physio-chemical parameters
of the oil are comparable to those of other edible oil,
therefore flour from M.Oleifera seeds could be employed in
the fortification of other food materials. The result also
showed that the properties of M.Oleifera oil in Nigeria could
be employed for edible and cosmetics application. The seed
oil exhibited good physio-chemical properties and could be
useful for industrial applications.
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