The respiratory system - Pneumonia
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Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs caused by infection, usually bacterial but sometimes viral or fungal. Bacterial pneumonia is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It involves inflammation in the lung parenchyma beyond the terminal bronchioles. Other types include viral or atypical pneumonia caused by pathogens like influenza, and other rarer types like Pneumocystis jirovecii or Legionella pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases or antivirals depending on the pathogen involved.
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The respiratory system - Pneumonia
- 1. THE RESPPIRATORY SYSTEM PULMONARY infection infection includes
- 3. DEFINITION Pneumonia is defined as acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchioles which consist of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli.
- 6. PATHOGENESIS The normal lung is free from the bacteria because of presence of the defense mechanisms…..as follows- ›› nasopharyngeal filtering action ››mucociliary action of lower respiratory ››airways phagocytosing alveolar macrophages ›› Immunoglobulins. Failure of these mechanisms gives chance for infection. Microorganism enter into the lungs by following ways›››
- 7. MICROORGANISM ENTER Enters Through these routes› • Inhalation • Aspiration • Haematogenous spread • Direct spread
- 8. CLASSIFICATION Mainly the pneumonia classify by three main heading›››››› BACTERIAL • Lobar pneumonia • Lobular pneumonia VIRAL OR MYOPLASMA L (Primary Atypical Pneumonia) OTHER TYPES • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia • Legionella pneumonia, >Aspiration pneumonia >Hypostatic pneumonia >Lipid pneumonia
- 9. BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA›››››› Bacterial infection is the most common cause of the of the pneumonia or the consolidation of the one or both the lungs. Bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumonia Streptococ cal pneumoni a Aerobic bacteria Staphylococ cus pneumonia
- 11. PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA Most common • 90% occurs • Lancet shaped diplococcus CAUSED BY • Streptococcus pneumoniae • Majority of cases is community acquired infection.
- 12. STAPHYLOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA CAUSED BY • Staphylococcal aureus • It causes pneumonia by heamatogenous spread. Causes infection • By another focus or • Viral infection
- 14. STREPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA Beta heamolytic streptococci Causes in the children after measles and influenza Severely debilitated elderly patients and diabetics
- 15. GRAM NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA›››› Haemophil ius influenza causes it Klebsiella pneumonia is the gram negative bacteria causes Pseudomonu s, proteus also causes Escheriac hia coli causes it
- 16. PATHOGENIC PHASE Pneumonia ,particularly the lobar pneumonia is occurs in the four phases, it means the pathology describes as follows››› 1)Initial phase- stage of congestion Lasts for 1 to2 days 2)Red hepatisation its called early consolidation and its lasts for 2 to 4 days 3)grey hepattisation called late consolidation and its lasts for 4 to 8 days 4)Resolution-it begins at 8th and 9th day if the chemotherapy is not administrated and is completed in 1to 3weeks. Otherwise if the antibiotics is given resolution is induce on the 3rd day
- 17. SYMPTOMS>>> >Shaking of the chills >fever >malaise with pleuritic chest >pain >dyspnoea >cough with expectoration of mucoid,purulent,or even bloody . >cynosis (hypoxaemic patient) >Tachycardia >tachypnoea >>blood investigation shows the neutrophilic leucocytosis PHYSICALLY PHISIOLOGICAL
- 19. TREATMENT>>>>> * ANTIBIOTICS is basic treatment for the bacterial infection. * MEDICATION for the pain relef * PARACETAMOL for the fever * REST
- 20. DIFF BET LOBAR N LOBULAR PNEUMONIA * DEFINATION-Infection in the part of the lobe or lobe. * Age group More common in adults * Predisposing factors- more often in the healthy individuals *Common etiologic agents-Pneumococci, klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococci,streptococci * DEFINATION-Infection in the terminal bronchiole and adjoining alveoli. * Age groupin infant and old age * preexisting disease e.g chronic debility,terminal Illness,flu,measles. * Common etiologic agent- staphylococci,streptococci ,pseudonomus,haemophilli us influenzae LOBAR PNEUMONIA LOBULAR PNEUMONIA
- 21. # Pathologic feature-four phase- *congestion *early consolidation *late consolidation *resolution # Investigation- Neutrophillic leucocytosis, positive blood culture, x-ray consolidation # Pathologic feature- patchy consolidation with central granularity, alveolar exudation, thickened septa # Investigation-common upto blood culture, x-ray consolidation shows the mottled opacities. LOBAR LOBULAR
- 22. # Prognosis-Better responds to the treatment ,resolution common prognosis is good # Complication- less common pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess orgnisation . # Prognosis- Responds to the treatment is variable ,oragnisation may occurs, prognosis is poor Complication-Bronchiectasi may occur other lobar pneumonia. LOBAR LOBULAR
- 24. VIRAL OR ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA Viral pneumonia is characterised by patchy immflamatory changes largely confined to interstitial tissue of the lungs without any alveolar exudate. >its called atypical as atypically alveolar exudate is absent commonly present in the pneumonia. It may occur in all ages.Most of the cases are mild and transient, exceptionally it may be severe and fulminant.
- 26. CAUSES OF THE VIRAL PNEUMONIA By respiratory syncytial virus influenza virus parainfluenza virus adenovirus rhinovirus coxsackievirus
- 27. ABOUT INFECTION- ** Infection through these organism are quite common. ** Most of the time the infection remains in the upper respiratory track and presenting as the common cold. The circumstances of these infection favouring condition are malnutrition, chronic debilitating disease,alcholism.
- 28. PATHOLOGIC CHANGES- Here the lungs are **heavy,congested,subcrepitant. **Fluid is frothy and bloody Inflammator y reaction Interstiti al inflammt ion Alevolar changes Reactive changes Necrotis ing Bronchi olities
- 29. COMPLICATIONS- Major complication is Superimposed bacterial infection and its complications . In severe case the damage is permanent otherwise it cure completely.
- 30. SYMPTOMS- *FEVER *HEADACH *MUSCLE ACHES ***Dry hacking and non productive cough with retrosternal burning *radiograph shows the patchy or the diffuse consolidation.
- 31. TREATMENT- Antibiotics are not used in the viral pneumonia, anti viral medicine are used in only if the pneumonia is influenza pneumonia or it cause by the herpes family. ANTIVIRAL MEDICATION MAY BE USED. TREATMENT may also involves- *corticosteroid medicines *increased fluids *oxygen *use of humidified air viral infection is in the either in the children and older people.
- 32. OTHER TYPE OF PNEUMONIA- *Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia #symptoms- *dyspnoea *tachycardia *cynosis *non productive cough If it is untreated it will cause death in two weeks. Chest radiograph shows the diffuse alveolar and interstitial infiltrate.
- 33. LEGIONELLA PNEUMONIA --Legionella pneumonia is an epidemic illness cause by gram negative bacilli, It is thrives in aquatic environment . --It was first recognised following investigation into high mortality among those attending American Legion Convention in Philadelphia in July 1976. --It was spread through the contaminated water and air.
- 35. CLINICAL FEATURES:- * Malaise * Headache * Muscle ach * High fever * Chills * Cough * Tachypnoea * Abdominal pain * Watery diarrhea * Proteinurea * Mild hepatic dysfuction
- 36. ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA Aspiration pneumonia is result from the inhaled the different thing into the lungs. These different things includes food , gastric contents , foreign body and infected material from oral cavity. CLINICAL FEATURES:- Unconsciousness drunkenness neurological disorders affecting swallowing, drowning, neurotic oropharyngeal tumors, in premature infants, etc. Some patients die immediately from asphyxial fistula.
- 38. HYPOSTATIC PNEUMONIA:- ** Hypostatic pneumonia is the collection of the oedema fluid and secretion in the dependent parts of the lungs in severely debilitated bed-ridden patient. ** The accumulated fluid in the basal zone And posterior part of lungs gets infected by bacteria from the upper respiratory tract and sets in bacterial pneumonia. * Hypostatic pneumonia is a common terminal event in the old, feeble, comatose patient.
- 39. LIPID PNEUMONIA:- Another type of the non infective pneumonia is lipid pneumonia. It have two types :-1)exogenous pneumonia and 2)endogenous pneumonia EXOGENOUS PNEUMONIA Causes due to the aspiration of the oily materials. Example- nasal drops, regurgitation oil ENDOGENOUS PNEUMONIA It is more common Caused due to the obstruction in the airway. Example- bronchoogenic cancer,tuber culosis,bronchiectasis.