brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
Bisecting angle vs paralleling technique /orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
Bisecting angle vs paralleling technique /orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Thorough knowledge of the indications of various extra oral techniques allows accurate and timely diagnosis of various maxillofacial pathologies. Further, we can arrive at a diagnosis with minimum number of x-rays there by reducing patient exposure to radiation.
Temporomandibular joint imaging 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
this slide briefs the correct positioning and some error in OPG and lateral cephalometric imaging. It also briefs the importance of correct positioning from the perspective of the maxillofacial surgeon.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Extra oral radiography means that the source as well as film are placed outside the mouth & an exposure is made in order to obtain the images on a recording medium. Extra oral radiography provides wider anatomic coverage on a single film.
It is a planned professional conversation that enables the patient to communicate their symptoms , feeling and fear to the clinician, so that the nature of the patient’s real and suspected illness and mental attitudes may be determined.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
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This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
4. Tomography -
imaging by sectioning, through a body, by moving an x-ray
source and the film in opposite directions during the exposure.
Panorama - An unobstructed and wide view of an
extensive area in all directions.
5.
6. Panoramic imaging is a technique for producing a single
tomographic image of the facial structures that includes both
maxillary and mandibular arch and their supporting structure.
It is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography and
is based on the principal of the reciprocal movement of an x-ray
source and an image receptor around a central point or plane
called the image layer in which the object of interest is located.
7.
8. Center of Rotation
The film and tube head are connected and rotate simultaneously around a
patient during exposure. The axis around which the film and x-ray tube
rotate is termed as center of rotation. Arches are not true arcs. Therefore,
several centers of rotation are necessary to maintain the dental arches in the
focal trough as the machine turns around the patient.
Depending on the manufacturer, the number and location of the rotational
center differ:
• Single –center rotation
• Double-center rotation
• Triple-center rotation
• Sliding center rotation
9.
10. Dr. Paatero applied the principles of curved surface tomography ,to
relate to circular tomography. Eg.The rotagraph machine
This technique used the stationary rotation center of the beam,
placed at one side of the jaws. The rotation center is then shifted
symmetrically by moving the patient. This projection technique
produced the split image.
12. The individual left and right sides of the arc formed by the
teeth and jaws closely form a part of a circle.
The center of rotation was positioned anteriorly to the
location of the third molar opposite the side being examined.
This double rotational principle was used in the Panorex
machine.
14. This system divided the arc of jaws into three areas:
A condyle to first premolar posterior segment
A canine to canine anterior segment
A contralateral opposite segment
These three curved segments have three different centers ;two are bilaterally
situated slightly postero lateral to the third molars, and the third one is situated
in the midline posterior to the incisors.
The x-ray beam can be shifted from one center to the other without any
interruption and a continuous image can be made from condyle to condyle.
Eg:orthopantomograph,panoram,panora.
16. The center of rotation changes as the film and tube head rotate
around the patient. the rotational change allows the image layer to
conform to the elliptical shape of the dental arches.
The location and number of rotational centers influence the size
and shape of the focal trough.
All the machines employ a moving rotational center that traces a
path of shape of an eclipse. so this system is also called as “Ellipso-
pantomography”
20. It is a three dimensional curved zone in which structures are
clearly demonstrated on a panoramic radiograph.
Objects in front of or behind this image layer are blurred
because of their movement relative to the center of the film
and x-ray source.
The image layer thickness, depends upon the effective
projection radius and the width of the beam.
The closer the rotation center to the teeth, narrower the focal
trough.
In most machines the focal trough is narrow in the anterior
region and wide in the posterior region.
21.
22.
23. The orthopantomograph 100 (Instrumentarium)
The Orthophos Plus (sirona)
The Orthoralix S (Gendex division Dentsply International)
ProMax (PLANMECA)
24.
25. Consists of a tube head which is similar to an intraoral x-ray
tube head.
The collimator used in the panoramic x-ray machine is a lead
plate with an opening in the shape of a narrow vertical slit
The Tube head always rotates behind the patient’s head as the
film rotates in the front of the patient.
26. Head positioner: consists of chin rest, notched Bite-block,
forehead rest and lateral head supports
Exposure factors are determined by the manufacturer who
suggests the (Kvp and Milliamperage).
The Kvp and milliamperage settings are adjustable and can be
varied to accommodate patients of different sizes
The Exposure time is fixed and can‟t be changed
27. A part from producing standard panoramic images each machine
also has the capability for adding a Cephalometric attachment to
allow exposure for frontal and lateral images of the TMJs and
standard view of skull.
The computer controlled multimodality machines in which the
direction and speed of movement of the tube head and film are
highly variable.
These machines allows to be programmed to make tomographic
views like maxillary sinuses and cross sectional views of maxilla
and mandible.
28.
29.
30. Screen film –it is sensitive to light emitted from intensifying
screens.
Screen films sensitive to green light-Kodak T-Mat G and
Ortho G films.
Screen film sensitive to blue light- Kodak X-Omat RP and
Ektamat G films.
Two sizes:
5x12 inch
6x12inch
31. It increases the intensity of radiation on the film.
The film is placed between two intensifying screens in a
cassette holder.
two types
Calcium tungstate-emits blue light (faster)
Rare earth screens-emits green light
32. It holds the Extraoral film and intensifying film.
It may be-
rigid or flexible
curved or straight
It must be light –tight to protect the film from exposure.
One intensifying screen is placed on each side of film and
held in place when the cassette is closed.
33. These transmits an electric signal to the controlling computer,which
displays the image on computer screen.
Both the digital modalities allow the user to perform post
processing modifications on the image including linear contrast and
density adjustments, black/white reversal, magnification, edge
enhancement and color rendering.
Software used – DICOM(Digital Imaging and Communication in
Medicine)
34.
35. kVp-76 mVoltage Tube current Time Dose of the
patient
kVp-75 mA-15 15 seconds 0.103 mr +/-0.008
kVp-80 mA-15 15 seconds 0.116 mr +/-0.008
36. In case of full moth examination with 14 intraoral films
exposure is,
kVp-60 mA-07-10 1.0-1.5
seconds/film
Total
0.712 mr +/-0.052
37.
38. Prepare the patient
Remove all removable appliances, metallic, hairclips,
necklaces, chains , earrings. Tongue and lip rings should
also be removed, if at all possible
Explain the procedure to the patient
Make the patient wear a lead apron without a thyroid collar.
Prepare the machine
Disinfect the machine
Place a new bite stick in the machine
39.
40. -Patient must be as straight as possible.
– The patient’s neck should be extended.
– Anterior teeth should be in the notch on the bite stick.
-The midsagittal plane should be perpendicular to the floor and
aligned with the vertical center of the chin rest.
-Frankfort plane should be parallel to the floor, thus obtaining the
correct position for the occlusal plane.
– Tragus of the ear must be aligned with the plastic guides.
-center the lower border of the mandible on the chin rest and is
equidistant from each side.
41.
42. As a substitute for full mouth intraoral periapical radiographs
Evaluation of trauma
Evaluation of tooth development in mixed dentition for children
Orthodontic treatment
Developmental anomalies
Third molars
Large lesions like cyst, tumors.
Detection of fractures
Generalized disease
Inability to tolerate intraoral films
Assessment for surgical procedure
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49. Panoramic film are not as Defined or sharp as the images seen
on intraoral films. Can’t use where require
Fine anatomical details
Small carious lesions
Fine structures of the marginal periodontium
Periapical diseases
For equal magnification
50.
51. Advantages
Well-tolerated by patients
Minimal time to expose when compared to intraoral
radiographs
Broad anatomical coverage
Relatively low patient dose
For object localization in conjunction with occlusal
radiography.
52.
53. Resolution is not as good as intraoral films.
This results in loss of detail
Superimposition of real/double images
Only objects in focal trough are seen clearly
Distortion of image
– Overlapped teeth
– Magnification
– Objects of interest outside of focal trough are distorted
and blurred.
54.
55.
56.
57. Mastoid process
styloid process
External auditory meatus
mandibular fossa
Articular eminence
Lateral pterygoid plate
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Maxillary tuberosity
Infraorbital foramen
Orbit
Incisive canal and foramen
Anterior nasal spine
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Hard palate
Maxillary sinus and its floor
Zygomatic process of maxilla
Zygoma
Hamulus
Dentition
61. Cervical vertebrae
Body, condyle and ramus of the contralateral side of
the mandible
Palate
Chin rest
(R)or(L) markers of the machine
Neck chains
Napkin chains
Earrings, tongue rings
Shoulder straps of protective apron
64. This a radiopaque
artifact seen on a
OPG film.
It is produced when a
radiodense object is
penetrated twice by
the x-ray
beam,(jewelry,
anatomy) located, on
the opposite side of
the patient.
Ghost image is formed when object is
between the source and the center of
rotation.
It resembles its real counterpart and has
same morphology.
It is always larger than the real counterpart
the horizontal component is severely
magnified whereas the horizontal
component is not as severely magnified.
65.
66. Anatomical
Hyoid bone
Cervical spine
Inferior border of mandible
Nonanatomical
Earrings
Tongue ring
Neck chain
Chin rest
Shoulder straps of protected apron
(R)or(L)markers of machine
69. Real images may be double images
Double images are formed in zone in central region
Common double images include
– hard palate
– soft palate
– hyoid bone
70.
71. Shadow of vertebral column, usually from patient not
standing straight
Common errors
75. A. POSITIONING OF THE LIPS AND TEETH
If the lips are not closed on the bite block, a dark radiolucent
shadow obscure the anterior teeth.
If the tongue is not in contact with palate, a dark radiolucent
shadow obscures the apices of the maxillary teeth.
77. 1. UPWARD
if the patient’s chin is positioned too high or tipped up
The hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity appears
superimposed over the roots of the maxillary teeth
Loss of density in the middle of the radiograph, usually
characterized by an hour glass shape.
Maxillary incisors appears blurred and magnified.
Reverse smile line(flattening of occlusal plane)
78. Ala tragus line >5 degree downward, the patient’s chin is too
low or is tipped down.
Mandibular incisors appear blurred.
Shadow of the hyoid bone superimposed on the anterior
aspect of mandible.
An exaggerated smile line is seen
(severe curvature of occlusal plane).
79.
80. ANTERIOR TO THE FOCAL TROUGH.
Patient’s head is positioned too anterior.
If the anteriors are not positioned in the groove of bite
block,the teeth appeared blurred.
If the teeth positioned too anterior on the bite block, appears
‘skinny’ and out of focus(blurred and narrow).
Spine is superimposed on the ramus areas.
Premolars are severely overlapped.
81.
82.
83. Patient’s head is positioned too far back.
If the anterior teeth are positioned too far back on the
bite block, the anterior teeth appears fat(blurred and
wide)
Excessive ghosting of mandible and spine.
86. 1.pt’s head is tilted to one side-
If the pt’s head is not centered, the ramus and the posterior teeth
appears unequally magnified.
The side tilted towards the x-ray tube is enlarged.
Condyle and neck appears larger, mandibular angle is higher on
same side near the tube.
2.pt’head twisted to one side-
Causing the mandible to fall outside the image layer,(one side is in
front of while the other side is behind the image layer).
Teeth of one side wide and overlapped and of other side narrow.
ramus and condyle wider than other side.
93. Sudden jerky movement in the direction of beam
shows area portrayed twice.
Sudden jerk in opposite direction to beam shows part
of the object missing in the image.
97. Patient’s shoulder touching to cassette-vertical dark
and light bands appear on film.
Cassette placed too high-lower border of mandible is
cut off.
Cassette placed too low-details of maxilla is cut off.
Cassette placed backwards –horizontal broad line
through the middle of the radiograph.
100. Panoramic radiology, Alian G.Farman edi. 2
White and Pharoah, edi.6
Dental radiography, Joen haring, Laura
Howerton.edi.3
Diagnostic imaging of the jaws, Langlais
and Langland. Edi. 1925