The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cephalometric radiography provides valuable spatial information but has limitations. It produces a two-dimensional image from a three-dimensional object, leading to structure superimposition. Landmark identification can be ambiguous and measurements unreliable without standardized procedures. Radiation exposure is a risk but minimized by modern techniques. Overall, cephalometry remains useful when its limitations are considered.
- Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the skull and jaws when intraoral films cannot be used. This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques including panoramic, skull, mandible, maxillary sinus, and temporomandibular joint views.
- Panoramic radiographs produce a single tomographic image of the facial structures and are commonly used. Skull views like lateral cephalograms evaluate facial growth while other views examine the skull vault or sinuses.
- Mandible views include lateral obliques of the body and ramus as well as posteroanterior projections. Maxillary sinus views use modifications of the Water's view.
- Temporomandibular
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used to image the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including:
1. Plain radiography, panoramic radiography, and tomography which image bone structure but not soft tissues.
2. Arthrography and MRI allow visualization of soft tissues like the meniscus within the TMJ.
3. Computed tomography can detect disorders like internal derangement by identifying abnormal increases in soft tissue density anterior to the condyle caused by an anteriorly displaced meniscus.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
1) The document discusses various imaging modalities used in oral implantology such as periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, tomography, cone beam computed tomography, and computed tomography.
2) Key factors in selecting a radiographic technique include evaluating bone quantity and quality, relationship to vital structures, cost, and radiation exposure.
3) Advanced imaging such as cone beam computed tomography provides high resolution cross-sectional views with low radiation exposure and is useful for implant planning and assessment of vital structures.
CBCT provides 3D imaging using a cone-shaped X-ray beam. It is useful for dental and maxillofacial applications. The scan takes 5 seconds and images can be displayed in orthogonal planes, multiplanar reformats, or 3D renders. Clinical uses include implant planning, localization of anatomical structures, assessment of impacted teeth, fractures, and lesions. CBCT allows accurate evaluation of bone dimensions for safe implant placement with less radiation than conventional CT.
Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cephalometric radiography provides valuable spatial information but has limitations. It produces a two-dimensional image from a three-dimensional object, leading to structure superimposition. Landmark identification can be ambiguous and measurements unreliable without standardized procedures. Radiation exposure is a risk but minimized by modern techniques. Overall, cephalometry remains useful when its limitations are considered.
- Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the skull and jaws when intraoral films cannot be used. This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques including panoramic, skull, mandible, maxillary sinus, and temporomandibular joint views.
- Panoramic radiographs produce a single tomographic image of the facial structures and are commonly used. Skull views like lateral cephalograms evaluate facial growth while other views examine the skull vault or sinuses.
- Mandible views include lateral obliques of the body and ramus as well as posteroanterior projections. Maxillary sinus views use modifications of the Water's view.
- Temporomandibular
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used to image the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including:
1. Plain radiography, panoramic radiography, and tomography which image bone structure but not soft tissues.
2. Arthrography and MRI allow visualization of soft tissues like the meniscus within the TMJ.
3. Computed tomography can detect disorders like internal derangement by identifying abnormal increases in soft tissue density anterior to the condyle caused by an anteriorly displaced meniscus.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
1) The document discusses various imaging modalities used in oral implantology such as periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, tomography, cone beam computed tomography, and computed tomography.
2) Key factors in selecting a radiographic technique include evaluating bone quantity and quality, relationship to vital structures, cost, and radiation exposure.
3) Advanced imaging such as cone beam computed tomography provides high resolution cross-sectional views with low radiation exposure and is useful for implant planning and assessment of vital structures.
CBCT provides 3D imaging using a cone-shaped X-ray beam. It is useful for dental and maxillofacial applications. The scan takes 5 seconds and images can be displayed in orthogonal planes, multiplanar reformats, or 3D renders. Clinical uses include implant planning, localization of anatomical structures, assessment of impacted teeth, fractures, and lesions. CBCT allows accurate evaluation of bone dimensions for safe implant placement with less radiation than conventional CT.
Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of panoramic radiography. It discusses the history and development of panoramic radiography, the principles behind it including image layer and rotation center, equipment used, procedures for taking panoramic x-rays, common errors, clinical indications, advantages, and limitations. Panoramic radiography allows visualization of all teeth and supporting structures on a single film with a relatively low radiation dose.
Cephalometrics involves taking X-ray measurements of the head and skull to analyze facial structure and dental relationships. Key aspects include:
- Cephalometrics originated from measuring shadows of bony landmarks on X-ray images.
- Standardized head positions and planes like the Frankfort Horizontal are used for reproducible measurements.
- Analyses like Steiner and Downs involve measuring angles and distances between landmarks to assess skeletal and dental relationships compared to norms.
- Measurements are used for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating outcomes.
Diagnosis-orthodontic /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides information about panoramic radiography. It defines panoramic radiography as a technique that produces a single image of the facial structures including both dental arches and their supporting bones. It lists indications for panoramic radiography such as trauma evaluation, assessment of third molars, and identifying developmental anomalies. The document outlines advantages like broad coverage and low radiation dose, and disadvantages like uneven magnification and inability to show fine detail. It describes proper patient positioning and holding techniques for panoramic radiography.
Cephalometry is a standardized form of skull radiography used in orthodontics to assess the relationship between teeth, jaws, and facial skeleton. It is important for initial diagnosis, treatment planning, monitoring treatment progress, and orthognathic surgery. A cephalostat machine is used to position and stabilize the patient's head while lateral or posteroanterior radiographs are taken. Key cephalometric planes and landmarks are identified on the radiographs to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the limitations of cephalometrics and includes the following key points:
1. Cephalometrics provides a 2-dimensional representation of a 3-dimensional object, which leads to structural displacement errors.
2. Perfect symmetry is rarely observed due to anatomical variations and image displacement, limiting the ability to accurately assess craniofacial anomalies.
3. Significant errors are associated with locating anatomical landmarks due to a lack of well-defined features in radiographs. Landmark identification errors are a major source of cephalometric error.
4. While cephalometrics is a widely used tool, its use in determining treatment plans based on 2D analyses has been questioned due to inherent technical
This document discusses orthodontic record taking and photography. It notes that the basic records include study models, radiographs, and clinical photographs. While models and radiographs were traditionally emphasized, there is now more focus on clinical photographs for purposes like treatment planning, patient education, and documentation. It reviews techniques for extraoral and intraoral photography, including types of views, positioning, lighting, cameras, and accessories like retractors and mirrors. Proper technique aims to produce reproducible, diagnostic photos with good exposure and depth of field.
principles, applications, advantages, disadvantages, guidelines, uses of cone beam computed tomography in the field of orthodontics and dentistry in general
Moyer's analysis is a commonly used mixed dentition analysis technique. It uses the mesiodistal widths of the mandibular incisors to predict the combined widths of the canines and premolars using probability tables. Several studies have evaluated the accuracy of Moyer's analysis for different populations and found it often overestimates tooth sizes. New regression equations have been developed to more accurately predict tooth widths for specific ethnic groups. Alternative mixed dentition analysis methods use radiographs or formulas to estimate unerupted tooth sizes with varying degrees of accuracy depending on the population.
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described, including landmarks, planes, and measurements used in Downs, Steiner, Tweed, and Ricketts analyses to evaluate the skeletal and dental relationships of the craniofacial structures. Limitations of cephalometric analysis are also discussed.
This document discusses the increasing use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in orthodontics. It notes that CBCT provides 3D imaging and is safer and more affordable than traditional CT. The advantages of CBCT over 2D imaging include improved treatment planning, assessment of airway size, and mixed dentition guidance. The document reviews the components and technical parameters of CBCT imaging, including radiation dose considerations. It emphasizes the importance of evidence-based guidelines for CBCT use and identifies scenarios where CBCT may be clinically indicated, such as for impacted or transposed teeth or cleft lip and palate cases.
This document provides information on extraoral radiographic techniques. It discusses various extraoral views including lateral oblique, cephalometric, submentovertex, and zygomatic arch views. For each view, it describes the positioning of the patient's head, placement of the radiographic cassette and film, and path of the x-ray beam. It also discusses the components and function of screen-film systems used in extraoral radiography, including intensifying screens, screen speeds, and the advantages of Ektavision film over T-Mat film. Common cephalometric landmarks and their use in orthodontic assessment are also summarized.
Myofunctional appliances in orthodonticbilal falahi
This document discusses different types of removable functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment, including activators, bionators, and Frankel function regulators. Activators are loose-fitting appliances that guide muscle forces to correct skeletal discrepancies like retrognathic mandibles. Bionators are less bulky than activators and can be worn full-time, using tongue posture modification to guide growth. Frankel function regulators aim to re-educate muscle balance through controlled orthopedic exercises.
Clinical digital photography in orthodonticsFaizan Ali
This document discusses photographic records for orthodontic treatment. It provides information on the types of photographs needed, including extra-oral and intra-oral views. Extra-oral photos should include frontal at rest, frontal smiling, right profile at rest, and oblique smiling views. Intra-oral views include frontal occlusion, bilateral buccal occlusion, and upper and lower occlusal views using mirrors. Digital photography provides advantages over film such as immediate viewing and editing. Proper equipment, techniques and minimum of 9 photos are recommended for comprehensive records.
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
This document describes the Ackerman-Proffit analysis system for orthodontic malocclusions. It evaluates malocclusions based on Angle's classification plus five additional characteristics: transverse and vertical discrepancies, crowding, asymmetry, and incisor protrusion. It also assesses the dental arch, profile, lip posture, incisor display, and presence of crossbites or open bites. Rotational deviations around transverse, antero-posterior, and vertical axes (pitch, roll, yaw) are also evaluated. Scoring is done on a scale of 0 to 5 based on severity of the malocclusion characteristics.
This case report describes CBCT findings of periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia (PCOD) in a 45-year-old woman. CBCT imaging revealed a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion extending from the right lateral incisor to the left lateral incisor. Axial and cross-sectional CBCT images showed expansion and thinning of the buccal cortex in two areas. 3D reconstructed images showed erosion of the buccal and lingual cortices. Differential diagnosis included periapical lesions and osteomyelitis, but vitality tests and imaging findings supported a diagnosis of PCOD. As PCOD is generally asymptomatic, no treatment was required beyond periodic follow
This is a presentation describing in brief regarding the physics behind MRI and it's application from dental point of view. It contains few videos as well.
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of panoramic radiography. It discusses the history and development of panoramic radiography, the principles behind it including image layer and rotation center, equipment used, procedures for taking panoramic x-rays, common errors, clinical indications, advantages, and limitations. Panoramic radiography allows visualization of all teeth and supporting structures on a single film with a relatively low radiation dose.
Cephalometrics involves taking X-ray measurements of the head and skull to analyze facial structure and dental relationships. Key aspects include:
- Cephalometrics originated from measuring shadows of bony landmarks on X-ray images.
- Standardized head positions and planes like the Frankfort Horizontal are used for reproducible measurements.
- Analyses like Steiner and Downs involve measuring angles and distances between landmarks to assess skeletal and dental relationships compared to norms.
- Measurements are used for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating outcomes.
Diagnosis-orthodontic /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides information about panoramic radiography. It defines panoramic radiography as a technique that produces a single image of the facial structures including both dental arches and their supporting bones. It lists indications for panoramic radiography such as trauma evaluation, assessment of third molars, and identifying developmental anomalies. The document outlines advantages like broad coverage and low radiation dose, and disadvantages like uneven magnification and inability to show fine detail. It describes proper patient positioning and holding techniques for panoramic radiography.
Cephalometry is a standardized form of skull radiography used in orthodontics to assess the relationship between teeth, jaws, and facial skeleton. It is important for initial diagnosis, treatment planning, monitoring treatment progress, and orthognathic surgery. A cephalostat machine is used to position and stabilize the patient's head while lateral or posteroanterior radiographs are taken. Key cephalometric planes and landmarks are identified on the radiographs to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the limitations of cephalometrics and includes the following key points:
1. Cephalometrics provides a 2-dimensional representation of a 3-dimensional object, which leads to structural displacement errors.
2. Perfect symmetry is rarely observed due to anatomical variations and image displacement, limiting the ability to accurately assess craniofacial anomalies.
3. Significant errors are associated with locating anatomical landmarks due to a lack of well-defined features in radiographs. Landmark identification errors are a major source of cephalometric error.
4. While cephalometrics is a widely used tool, its use in determining treatment plans based on 2D analyses has been questioned due to inherent technical
This document discusses orthodontic record taking and photography. It notes that the basic records include study models, radiographs, and clinical photographs. While models and radiographs were traditionally emphasized, there is now more focus on clinical photographs for purposes like treatment planning, patient education, and documentation. It reviews techniques for extraoral and intraoral photography, including types of views, positioning, lighting, cameras, and accessories like retractors and mirrors. Proper technique aims to produce reproducible, diagnostic photos with good exposure and depth of field.
principles, applications, advantages, disadvantages, guidelines, uses of cone beam computed tomography in the field of orthodontics and dentistry in general
Moyer's analysis is a commonly used mixed dentition analysis technique. It uses the mesiodistal widths of the mandibular incisors to predict the combined widths of the canines and premolars using probability tables. Several studies have evaluated the accuracy of Moyer's analysis for different populations and found it often overestimates tooth sizes. New regression equations have been developed to more accurately predict tooth widths for specific ethnic groups. Alternative mixed dentition analysis methods use radiographs or formulas to estimate unerupted tooth sizes with varying degrees of accuracy depending on the population.
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described, including landmarks, planes, and measurements used in Downs, Steiner, Tweed, and Ricketts analyses to evaluate the skeletal and dental relationships of the craniofacial structures. Limitations of cephalometric analysis are also discussed.
This document discusses the increasing use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in orthodontics. It notes that CBCT provides 3D imaging and is safer and more affordable than traditional CT. The advantages of CBCT over 2D imaging include improved treatment planning, assessment of airway size, and mixed dentition guidance. The document reviews the components and technical parameters of CBCT imaging, including radiation dose considerations. It emphasizes the importance of evidence-based guidelines for CBCT use and identifies scenarios where CBCT may be clinically indicated, such as for impacted or transposed teeth or cleft lip and palate cases.
This document provides information on extraoral radiographic techniques. It discusses various extraoral views including lateral oblique, cephalometric, submentovertex, and zygomatic arch views. For each view, it describes the positioning of the patient's head, placement of the radiographic cassette and film, and path of the x-ray beam. It also discusses the components and function of screen-film systems used in extraoral radiography, including intensifying screens, screen speeds, and the advantages of Ektavision film over T-Mat film. Common cephalometric landmarks and their use in orthodontic assessment are also summarized.
Myofunctional appliances in orthodonticbilal falahi
This document discusses different types of removable functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment, including activators, bionators, and Frankel function regulators. Activators are loose-fitting appliances that guide muscle forces to correct skeletal discrepancies like retrognathic mandibles. Bionators are less bulky than activators and can be worn full-time, using tongue posture modification to guide growth. Frankel function regulators aim to re-educate muscle balance through controlled orthopedic exercises.
Clinical digital photography in orthodonticsFaizan Ali
This document discusses photographic records for orthodontic treatment. It provides information on the types of photographs needed, including extra-oral and intra-oral views. Extra-oral photos should include frontal at rest, frontal smiling, right profile at rest, and oblique smiling views. Intra-oral views include frontal occlusion, bilateral buccal occlusion, and upper and lower occlusal views using mirrors. Digital photography provides advantages over film such as immediate viewing and editing. Proper equipment, techniques and minimum of 9 photos are recommended for comprehensive records.
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
This document describes the Ackerman-Proffit analysis system for orthodontic malocclusions. It evaluates malocclusions based on Angle's classification plus five additional characteristics: transverse and vertical discrepancies, crowding, asymmetry, and incisor protrusion. It also assesses the dental arch, profile, lip posture, incisor display, and presence of crossbites or open bites. Rotational deviations around transverse, antero-posterior, and vertical axes (pitch, roll, yaw) are also evaluated. Scoring is done on a scale of 0 to 5 based on severity of the malocclusion characteristics.
This case report describes CBCT findings of periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia (PCOD) in a 45-year-old woman. CBCT imaging revealed a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion extending from the right lateral incisor to the left lateral incisor. Axial and cross-sectional CBCT images showed expansion and thinning of the buccal cortex in two areas. 3D reconstructed images showed erosion of the buccal and lingual cortices. Differential diagnosis included periapical lesions and osteomyelitis, but vitality tests and imaging findings supported a diagnosis of PCOD. As PCOD is generally asymptomatic, no treatment was required beyond periodic follow
This is a presentation describing in brief regarding the physics behind MRI and it's application from dental point of view. It contains few videos as well.
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam projected through the area of interest and a 2D detector to acquire multiple 2D radiographic images at different angles. These images are then used to reconstruct 3D volumetric images. CBCT has applications in dentistry for implant planning, endodontics, orthodontics and TMJ imaging due to its ability to provide high contrast images of bony structures at a lower radiation dose compared to medical CT. Some limitations include artifacts from metallic restorations, lower soft tissue contrast and isotropic resolution compared to medical CT.
This document discusses cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and its applications in dental practice. CBCT provides sub-millimeter resolution images of the maxillofacial skeleton in a fraction of the time and radiation dose of conventional CT. It allows reconstruction of 3D volumetric data into multiplanar reformatted images. Specific applications discussed include implant planning, pathology assessment, temporomandibular joint imaging, and orthodontics. Advanced display modes like curved planar reformation and volume rendering provide familiar views useful for clinical evaluation and measurement.
Dental CBCT Evidence Based Guideline 2012 European CommissionNeil Pande
This document provides guidelines for the use of CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) in dentistry based on a 2012 European Union report. It justifies CBCT use on a case-by-case basis by demonstrating benefits outweigh risks. Guidelines are provided for specific clinical scenarios like impacted teeth, orthodontics, endodontics, implants and more. It also outlines protocols to reduce patient radiation dose and ensure quality assurance, staff protection and training.
This document discusses the use of CBCT imaging in dental implant treatment planning and assessment. It provides details on how CBCT can be used to evaluate bone quantity and quality, anatomical structures, ridge morphology, and is recommended for pre-operative planning of sinus lift procedures. CBCT allows accurate measurements and 3D visualization to determine suitable implant size, position, and angulation without superimposition. This helps optimize implant placement and outcomes.
This document provides an overview of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) including its history, components, principles, and applications in dentistry. Some key points:
- CBCT was first introduced in the 1990s and provides 3D imaging with lower radiation dose than medical CT. It works by generating a cone-shaped X-ray beam and using a detector to record attenuation data, which is then reconstructed into 3D images.
- Components include an X-ray generator, image sensor, and software for image reconstruction. Images are stored in DICOM format.
- Advantages include rapid scan time, interactive display modes, and ability to view structures in multiple planes. Disadvantages include potential artifacts and inability to view
Thorough knowledge of the indications of various extra oral techniques allows accurate and timely diagnosis of various maxillofacial pathologies. Further, we can arrive at a diagnosis with minimum number of x-rays there by reducing patient exposure to radiation.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used to image the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes imaging modalities for both osseous and soft tissue structures of the TMJ. For osseous structures, it details panoramic radiography, plain film radiography, computed tomography, and cone beam computed tomography. It provides details on positioning and exposure parameters for transcranial, lateral transcranial, anterior transcranial, and open mouth views used in plain film radiography of the TMJ. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound are mentioned for imaging soft tissues of the TMJ.
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It describes extraoral and intraoral radiographic techniques including indications, positioning of the patient and film, central ray direction and exposure parameters. Extraoral techniques discussed include posteroanterior skull, submentovertex, lateral skull, and transcranial views. Intraoral techniques include panoramic radiography, occlusal radiography, bitewing radiography, periapical radiography and temporomandibular joint radiography.
This document discusses imaging modalities for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Plain film radiography and computed tomography (CT) are used to image osseous structures of the TMJ. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred method for evaluating soft tissues like the articular disc. Common findings on imaging include disc displacement, osteoarthritis, fractures, and tumors. A variety of projection views are described for plain films, while CT, CBCT, and MRI allow multi-planar imaging of both hard and soft tissues.
This document discusses imaging modalities for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins by introducing the anatomy and components of the TMJ. For osseous structures, imaging options include panoramic radiography, plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), and cone beam CT. Panoramic radiography is useful for detecting gross bony changes but does not show detail or joint positions. CT and cone beam CT provide three-dimensional bone images but not of soft tissues. For soft tissues, options are arthrography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Arthrography involves injecting contrast into the joint while MRI produces high quality images of discs and inflammation without radiation or injection. MRI is now the
This document discusses imaging modalities for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins by introducing the anatomy and components of the TMJ. For osseous structures, imaging options include panoramic radiography, plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), and cone beam CT. Panoramic radiography is useful for detecting gross bony changes but does not show detail or joint positions. CT and cone beam CT provide three-dimensional bone images but not of soft tissues. For soft tissues like the articular disc, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best option, as it clearly depicts disc position and abnormalities. The document reviews the techniques and indications for various imaging modalities of both osseous
This document discusses various radiographic techniques for imaging the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It provides details on anatomy seen with different views like transcranial, transpharyngeal, panoramic. Computed tomography and MRI allow visualization of bony and soft tissues like the articular disc in multiple planes without repositioning. Each imaging modality has advantages and limitations for evaluating TMJ conditions like fractures, arthritis, disc displacement, and tumors. Proper patient positioning and technique selection are important for accurate diagnosis.
This document discusses various diagnostic imaging techniques for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including transcranial, transpharyngeal, transorbital, and reverse Towne's views. It provides details on positioning the patient, directing the central ray, and exposure parameters for each view. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are also summarized as they allow visualization of bony structures and soft tissues like the disc. The advantages and disadvantages of CT and MRI are compared. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders that can be evaluated with these imaging techniques are listed at the end.
Panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the maxillary and mandibular arches. It uses the principle of reciprocal movement of an X-ray source and image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer. Multiple centers of rotation are used to maintain the dental arches within the focal trough. Panoramic radiography provides a broad anatomical view with less radiation than full-mouth intraoral films but has less resolution and potential for superimposition artifacts. It is useful for trauma evaluation, orthodontic treatment planning, and detection of lesions or developmental anomalies too large for intraoral films.
This document discusses imaging modalities for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins with an overview of TMJ anatomy and components. It then reviews various imaging techniques for evaluating both osseous and soft tissue structures of the TMJ, including plain radiography, panoramic radiography, computed tomography (CT), cone-beam CT (CBCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, arthrography, and radionuclide imaging. For each technique, it describes the methodology, what structures can be visualized, advantages, and limitations. It also provides examples of normal and abnormal TMJ imaging findings like condylar fractures, degenerative changes, disc displacement, hyperplasia, and hypop
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used in dentistry and periodontology. It describes intraoral radiography techniques like paralleling, bisecting angle and bitewing radiography. It also discusses panoramic radiography, cone beam computed tomography and uses of different radiographs. Key points covered are patient positioning, advantages and limitations of techniques.
This presentation covers routinely used intraoral & extraoral plain radiographs used in assessment of maxillofacial trauma patients with extended coverage on occlusal radiographs. This PPT is echanced with addition of images for all radiographs
This document discusses various intraoral radiographic techniques including bitewing, occlusal, and periapical projections. It provides details on film size and placement, angulation of the central x-ray beam, and uses of each technique. Bitewing projections show crowns and bone between teeth and are used to detect interproximal caries. Occlusal projections cover a larger area and are used to locate impacted teeth or lesions. The document also discusses localization techniques like tube shift and parallax to determine an object's three-dimensional position.
This document provides an overview of cephalometric radiography. It defines cephalometrics as the measurement of the head from radiographic images. It describes the basic components and techniques of traditional cephalometric radiography using film, as well as newer digital equipment. The document outlines the main radiographic projections used, including the true lateral cephalometric and outlines some of the key anatomical points that are traced and measured in a cephalometric analysis.
1. The document describes the anatomy and imaging techniques of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
2. It details the components of the TMJ including the articular disc, condyle, and fossa.
3. Various radiographic and advanced imaging modalities for evaluating the TMJ are discussed such as panoramic radiography, tomography, CT, MRI, and arthrography.
4. Each imaging technique has advantages and limitations for assessing abnormalities, injuries, and diseases affecting the TMJ structures.
The document discusses various types of extraoral radiographs including lateral jaw projections, posteroanterior views, cephalometric radiographs, Water's views, reverse Towne projections, and submentovertex projections. It describes the purposes, techniques, patient positioning, and anatomical structures visualized for each type of extraoral radiograph. Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the jaws, skull, sinuses, and temporomandibular joints as well as to detect fractures, lesions, and developmental abnormalities.
This document summarizes various imaging techniques for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It discusses both hard and soft tissue imaging modalities, including plain film radiography techniques like tomography, computed tomography (CT), cone beam CT, as well as soft tissue techniques like MRI, arthrography, and ultrasound. The selection of imaging technique depends on the clinical problem and whether hard or soft tissues need to be visualized. Each modality has advantages and limitations for evaluating abnormalities of the TMJ bones and joints.
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Temporomandibular joint imaging 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1.
DEPARTMENT OF ORAL MEDICINE DIAGNOSISDEPARTMENT OF ORAL MEDICINE DIAGNOSIS
ANDAND
RADIOLOGYRADIOLOGY
TEJAS KHAIRE IV/ITEJAS KHAIRE IV/I
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INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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3. The Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the jaw joint.
As the term temporomandibular indicates, this joint
includes the temporal bone and mandible. The glenoid
fossa and articular eminence of the temporal bone, the
condyle of mandible, and the articular disk between
bones make up TMJ area. This area can be very difficult to
examine radiographically because of multiple adjacent
bony structures.
Specialized imaging techniques must be used for TMJ
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4. The transcranial provides a sagittal view of lateral
aspects of the condyle and temporal component.
It is used to evaluate the superior surface of condyle and
articular eminence.
INDICATIONS
For identifying gross osseous changes on lateral aspect
Displaced Condylar fractures
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Outline of articular disc
Translatory movement of condyle in relation to glenoid fossa.
FILM PLACEMENT
The cassette is placed flat against the patient’s ear and centered over
the TM joint of interest, against the facial skin parallel to the sagittal plane.
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7. HEAD POSITION
The patients head is adjusted so that the sagittal plane is vertical.
The ala tragus line is parallel to the floor.
This view is taken with the patients mouth in different positions Open mouth and closed mouth
.
BEAM ALIGNMENT
The point of entry is different according to the technique used.
A. Post auricular or Lindblom technique
Point of entry of central ray is 0.5 inch behind and 2 inch above the auditory meatus.
The beam is directed downward(+25degrees) and forward(20 degrees) and is centered on the
TMJ being examined
B. Grewcock approach
The central ray enters through a point 2 inch above the external auditory meatus.
C. Gill’s approach
The central ray enters through a point ½” inch anterior and 2” above external auditory meatus.
In all three techniques the central ray is directed caudally at an angle of +20 to +25 degree
Exposure parameters
Kvp-70
mA-07
Seconds-1.5
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8. It provides a sagittal view of medial pole of condyle and usually taken in open
mouth positon
FILM PLACEMENT
The cassette is placed flat against the patient’s ear and centered to a point
0.5i nch anterior to external auditory meatus, over the TM joint of interest,
against the facial skin parallel to the sagittal plane.
HEAD POSITION
The patients head is adjusted so that the sagittal plane is vertical and parallel
to the film, with the TM joint of interest adjacent to the film.
The film is centered to a point ½” anterior to the external auditory meatus
The occlusal plane should be parallel to the transverse axis of the film so
that the soft parts of nasopharynx are in one line with TMJ.
P
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10.
The patient is instructed to slowly inhale through nose during exposure,
so as to ensure filling of nasopharynx with air during exposure
The patient should open his mouth so that the condyles move away
from the base of skull and the mandibular notch of opposite side is
enlarged .
BEAM ALIGNMENT.
Point of entry of central ray is directed from opposite side cranially ,
at an angle of -5 to -10 degrees posteriorly
It is directed through the mandibular notch, that is a window between
the coronoid, condyle and the zygomatic arch, to the side below the
base of skull to the TM joint of interest
EXPOSURE PARAMETERS
Kvp-70
mA-07
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11. It provides anterior view of TMJ, perpendicular to transcranial and
transpharyngeal projections.
FILM PLACEMENT
The film is positioned behind the patients head at an angle of 45degree to sagittal
plane.
HEAD POSITION
The patients head is positioned so that the sagittal plane is vertical. The
canthomeatul line should be 10 degree to the horizontal, with the head tipped
downwards.
The mouth should be wide open.
BEAM ALIGNMENT
The tube head is placed in front of patients face
The central ray is directed to the joint of interest, at an angle of +20degree, to
strike the cassette at right angles.
P
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13. The point of entry may be taken at:
1. Pupil of same eye, asking the patient to look
straight ahead
2. Medial canthus of same eye.
3. Medial canthus of opposite eye
EXPOSURE PARAMETERS
Kvp-70
mA-07
Seconds-0.8
Here the entire mediolateral dimension of the
articular eminence, condylar head, and condylar
neck is visible, which makes this view particularly
useful for visualizing condylar neck fractures.
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14.
This view is primarily meant for viewing
The condylar neck and head
High fractures of the TMJ
Quality of articular surfaces
Condylar hypoplasia or hypertrophy.
FILM PLACEMENT
The cassette is placed perpendicular to the floor in a cassette
holding device.The long-axis of cassette is placed vertically.
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15. HEAD POSITION
The patients head is tilted downwards so that the
canthomeatul line forms a 25 to 30 degree angle with
cassette.
The film is adjusted so that the lips are centered to the
film.
Only patients forehead and tip of nose should touch the
film
The patient here is asked to keep his/her mouth wideopen.
BEAM ALIGNMENT
It is directed through the mid-sagittal plane at the level of
mandible and perpendicular to the film.
EXPOSURE PARAMETERS
Kvp-65
mA-10
Seconds 2-3
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17. Xeroradiography provide a finer and clearer image of TMJ
because of wide latitude and edge enhancement inherent
characteristic of this modality. Greater bony detail and
additional information, particularly in areas of overlap.
A serious drawback of this technique is unavoidable higher
dose of radiation at skin surface which is 2.4 to 16.2 times
higher than with conventional techniques.
Therefore it is not a practical method for routine TMJ
examination.
D
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18.
The purpose of submentovertex view is to identify the position of
condyles, demonstrate the base of skull, evaluate fractures of zygomatic
arch.
FILM PLACEMENT
The cassette is placed perpendicular to the floor in a cassette holding
device. The long axis of the cassette is placed vertically.
HEAD POSITION
The patient’s head and neck are tipped back as far as possible; the vertex
(top) of the skull touches the cassette .Both the midsagittal and Frankfort
plane are positioned perpendicular to floor .The head is centered on
cassette.
BEAM ALIGNMENT
The central ray is directed through the centre of head and
perpendicular to the cassette.
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20. Panoramic radiography used to be considered a good imaging
method for evaluating TMJ since information about the teeth and
other parts of the jaws were also shown on the image. However,
the relationship between the condyle and glenoid fossa cannot be
evaluated in the panoramic film because the fossa cannot be seen
with superimposition of the base of the skull and zygomatic arch.
The morphology of the condyle becomes wider than the anatomic
structure of the condyle Panoramic radiography has also been
used in evaluating condyle fractures .
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22. .
The soft tissue imaging can be imaged with magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) or arthrography
ARTHROGRAPHY
The technique of TMJ arthrography was introduced in the 1940s but it was
not extensively used until the late 1970s
There are two technical methods for arthrography of TMJ. In single-
contrast arthrography, radiopaque material is injected into either the
lower or upper joint space, or into both compartments .In double-contrast
arthrography, a small amount of air is injected into the joint space after the
injection of contrast materials .
A comparative study reported that there was no statistically significant
difference in the diagnostic accuracy between these two techniques
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23. Several studies have shown that arthrography is an accurate imaging
method for evaluating anterior disc displacement.
The accuracy for diagnosing the position of the disc ranged from 84%
to 100%. Perforation and adhesion of the disc can also be shown by this
technique .These studies have given important evidence for diagnosis
and identification of TMJ internal derangement Arthrography is based on
plain film and tomography .
A recent study reported that using the arthrography technique might
improve the accuracy of diagnosing perforations and adhesions of the disc
in magnetic resonance imaging of TMJ (Toyama et al. 2000).
There are some advantages of this technique. Arthrography is a method
that depends upon more technical training and experience in the
observation of images.
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24. MRI uses a magnetic field and radio frequency pulses rather than ionizing
radiation to produce multiple digital image slices
MRI with surface coil was Introduced applied to TMJ imaging in the 1980s
Several studies have compared MRI of TMJ with arthrography and CT).
The accuracy of MRI in evaluating osseous changes in TMJ was 60%
to100% and the accuracy in evaluating disc displacement was 73% to
95% . Studies showed that MRI was the best method of imaging both the
hard and soft tissues of the TMJ.
Several studies have confirmed that disc displacement In MRI showed
close associations with clicking, pain and other dysfunction symptoms of
TMJ . MRI was considered as a golden standard to evaluate the disc
position
The results of some reports have shown that MRI is not only an accurate
method to detect the disc position but also a potential technique to
evaluate the pathological changes of the masticatory muscles in TMD.
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25. Tomography of TMJ is generated through the synchronous movement of the x-
ray tube and film cassette through an imaginary fulcrum located in the center
of the desired imaging plane. Linear tomography and complex tomography are
involved
Osseous changes : Arthrography is a good method for depicting the osseous
changes with arthrosis in TMJ
In studies of TMJ specimens obtained at autopsy, tomography has been
shown to represent the anatomic structures better than transcranial
radiography
Condyle position. For evaluation of condyle position in glenoid fossa of TMJ,
tomography has been reported to be more reliable than plain film and
panoramic radiography in a study comparing the three methods.
Tomography has been used for evaluating the condyle position and joint
space. Clinically, condyle position is still an important aspect in orthognathic
surgery and orthodontic studies .The major disadvantage of tomography is
the lack of visualization of the soft tissue of TMJ, a problem shared with
plain film radiography.
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