Periapical, bitewing, and occlusal radiographs provide different views for assessing teeth and surrounding structures. Periapical views show crowns, roots, and bone while bitewings show interproximal areas and the alveolar crest. Occlusals display large segments of dental arches. Each view has advantages like accuracy but also disadvantages like patient discomfort. Proper technique like receptor placement and central ray angulation are needed to minimize distortion. Managing pediatric patients and those prone to gagging requires relaxation, explanation, and distraction techniques.

2. RADIOGRAPHS
Periapical Bitewing
Occlusal

3.  Periapical views are used to record the
crowns, roots, and surrounding bone.
 Root canal treatment.
 Assessment of root formation n completion.
 Assessment of root morphology.
 Assessment of relationship of roots to various vital
structures.
 Implant site assessment and placement.

5.  Principle: The central concept of the paralleling is that
“the x-ray receptor is supported parallel to the long axis
of the teeth and the central ray of the x-ray beam is
directed at right angles to the teeth and receptor”.
 minimizes geometric distortion and presents the teeth
and supporting bone in their true anatomic relationships

6. Instruments
Receptor
Placement
Angulation

7. If the lack of parallelism does
not exceed 20, the radiograph
is generally acceptable.̊
Shallow
palate
Place 1 or 2 cotton rolls on bite
block.
Increase the vertical angulation
by 5 to 15 degrees

8. For maxilla, place the
film on far side of the
Bony film.
growths For mandible, place
film between the tori
and tongue

9. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Difficult for a
Accuracy
beginner
Simplicity Discomfort
Patient
Duplication
Compliance

11.  The bisecting-angle technique is based on a
simple geometric theorem, Cieszynski ’ s rule
of isometry, which states that two triangles
are equal when they share one complete side
and have two equal angles.

12.  Receptor is positioned as close as possible to the lingual
surface of the teeth, resting in the palate or in the floor
of the mouth.
 The plane of the receptor and the long axis of the teeth
form an angle, with its apex at the point where the
receptor is in contact with the teeth. An imaginary line
that bisects this angle, direct the central ray of the beam
at right angles to this bisector.

14.  No film holder required.
 Better technique when anatomical variations
hinder paralleling tech.
 Decreased exposure time.

15.  To reproduce the length of each root of a
multi-rooted tooth accurately, the central
beam must be angled differently for each
root. (Inaccurate)
 Another limitation of this technique is that
the alveolar ridge often projects more
coronally than its true position, thus
distorting the apparent height of the alveolar
bone around the teeth.

16.  to obtain three-dimensional information of location
of an object.
The right-angle (or
The tube shift
cross-section)
technique
technique
buccal object rule and Clark ’ s rule

18.  to obtain three-dimensional information of location
of an object.
The right-angle (or
The tube shift
cross-section)
technique technique
buccal object rule and Clark ’ s rule

20.  Bitewing (also
called
interproximal )
radiographs
include the
crowns of the
maxillary and
mandibular teeth
and the alveolar
crest on the
same receptor.

21.  interproximal caries in the early stages.
 secondary caries below restorations.
 Overhanging restorations.
 evaluating the periodontal condition.(alveolar
bone crest)
 detecting calculus deposits.

22.  Parallel with the occlusal plane.
 The aiming cylinder is positioned about + 10
degrees to project the beam parallel with the
occlusal plane.
Vertical Horizontal
Bitewing Bitewing

23.  An occlusal radiograph displays a relatively
large segment of a dental arch.
 when patients are unable to open the mouth.
 localization of objects.
 To localize foreign bodies in the jaws and
stones in the ducts.
 To demonstrate and evaluate the integrity of
the outlines of the maxillary sinus

24.  To obtain information about the
location, nature, extent, and displacement of
fractures of the mandible and maxilla.
 To determine the medial and lateral extent of
disease (e.g., cysts, osteomyelitis, tumors)
and to detect disease in the palate or floor of
the mouth.

25. ANTERIOR MAXILLARY OCCLUSAL PROJECTION
• Image Field
• Receptor Placement
• Projection of Central
Ray
• Point of Entry

26. CROSS-SECTIONAL MAXILLARY
OCCLUSAL PROJECTION
• Image Field
• Receptor Placement
• Projection of Central
Ray
• Point of Entry

27. LATERAL MAXILLARY OCCLUSAL PROJECTION
• Image Field
• Receptor Placement
• Projection of Central
Ray
• Point of Entry

28. ANTERIOR MANDIBULAR OCCLUSAL
PROJECTION
• Image Field
• Receptor Placement
• Projection of Central
Ray
• Point of Entry

29. CROSS-SECTIONAL MANDIBULAR
OCCLUSAL PROJECTION
• Image Field
• Receptor Placement
• Projection of Central
Ray
• Point of Entry

30. LATERAL MANDIBULAR OCCLUSAL PROJECTION
• Image Field
• Receptor Placement
• Projection of Central
Ray
• Point of Entry

31. INFECTION
trismus
Pain and Difficulty
Extra oral Occlusal

32. TRAUMA
may have a Use
periapical or
dental or 2radiographs
occlusal
facial at right
radiographs
fracture. angle.

33.  lack of coordination or inability to comprehend is
expected.
 Speedily
 Sedation

34.  Relax and reassure the patient
 Describe and explain the procedures
 Perform the procedure in the morning,
 Sliding the film along the palate or tongue is likely to
stimulate the gag reflex.
 The longer the receptor stays in the mouth, the greater
the possibility that the patient will start to gag.
 The patient should be advised to breathe rapidly
through the nose because mouth breathing usually
aggravates this condition.
 Shift the patient ’ s attention