this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
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This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
ORN is an inflammatory condition of bone that occurs after the bone has been exposed to therapeutic doses of radiation usually given for a malignancies.
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
ORN is an inflammatory condition of bone that occurs after the bone has been exposed to therapeutic doses of radiation usually given for a malignancies.
Extra oral radiography means that the source as well as film are placed outside the mouth & an exposure is made in order to obtain the images on a recording medium. Extra oral radiography provides wider anatomic coverage on a single film.
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Thorough knowledge of the indications of various extra oral techniques allows accurate and timely diagnosis of various maxillofacial pathologies. Further, we can arrive at a diagnosis with minimum number of x-rays there by reducing patient exposure to radiation.
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How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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3. Objectives
To know…
Indiactions of occlusal radiography,
Basic principles of occlusal radiography,
Different types of occlusal radiography,
Methods of obtaining the different types of radiographs.
5. Introduction
• Synonym : Sandwich radiography.
• Used to examine large areas of upper and lower jaw.
• The palate and floor of the mouth may also be examined.
• Supplementary radiograph – in conjunction with periapical or
bitewing radiographs
Reference: Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 116
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
6. Film
•Special films are marketed
•Bigger than IOPA films
57mm
76mm
Reference: Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 116
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
17. Classification of occlusal views
1. Maxillary
• Cross sectional
• Topographic (anterior and posterior/lateral)
• Pediatric
2. Mandibular
• Cross sectional
• Topographic (anterior and posterior/lateral)
• Pediatric
Reference: Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 116
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
18. Basic Principles.
1. Film is placed with the white side facing the arch that is
being exposed.
2. Stabilization: when patient gently bites on the surface of
film.
3. Maxillary: position of head – Maxillary arch parallel to floor
and midsagital plane is perpendicular to floor.
4. Mandibular: position – patients head is reclined so that
occlusal plane is perpendicular to the floor.
Reference: Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 116
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
20. 1. Cross sectional view
Image field:
Hard Palate.
Zygomatic process of maxilla.
Nasolacrimal canals.
Teeth from second molar to
second molar.
Nasal septum.
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 121
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
21. Projection of central ray:
• vertical angulation of +65⁰
• Horizaontal angulation of 0⁰
• Ray directed to the bridge of the
nose just below the nasion
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 121
Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 117
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
Point of Entry
Rays enter the patients face
through the bridge of the nose.
22. 2. Topographic view - anterior
Image field:
Anterior maxilla.
Anterior floor of the nasal fossa
Teeth from canine to canine
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 120
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
23. Projection of central ray:
• Orient the central ray through the
tip of the nose.
• Vertical angulation of +45⁰
• Horizontal angulation of 0 ⁰
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 121
Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 117
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
Point of entry
The central ray enters the patients
face approximately through the tip
of nose.
24. 3. Topographic view - lateral
Image field:
Quadrant of the alveolar ridge of
the maxilla
Inferolateral aspect of antrum
Tuberosity
Teeth from lateral incisor to the
contralateral third molar
Zygomatic process of the maxilla
superimposes over the roots of
molar
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 122
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
25. Projection of central ray:
• Orient the central ray with
• Vertical angulation of +60⁰ to a
point 2cm below the lateral
canthus of the eye
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 122
Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 117
Point of entry
The central ray enters at a point
approximately 2cm below the lateral
canthus of the eye.
27. 1. Cross sectional view
Image field:
Buccal cortical plate of the
mandible
Lingual cortical plate of the
mandible
Teeth from 37 – 47
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 124
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
28. Projection of central ray:
• At the midline through the floor of
the mouth.
• Approximately 3cm below the chin, at
90⁰ to the receptor
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 124
Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 118
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
Point of entry
Midline. Through the floor of the mouth
approximately 3cm below the chin
29. 2. Anterior view
Image field:
Anterior portion of the mandible
Dentition from canine to canine
Inferior cortical border of
mandible
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 123
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
30. Receptor Placement
• Seat the patient tilted – occlusal
plane is 45⁰ above horizontal
Projection of central ray:
• -10⁰ through point of chin, giving -
45⁰angulation to receptor.
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 123
Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 118
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
Point of entry
Midline – tip of the chin
45⁰
31. 3. Lateral view
Image field:
Buccal cortical plate of half of
mandible
Lingual cortical plate of half of
mandible
Lateral incisors to contralateral
3rd molar
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 122
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
32. Projection of central ray:
Perpendicular to center of receptor,
through a point beneath the chin, approx.
3cm posterior to point of chin and 3cm
lateral to midline.
Reference: white and Pharoah 1st South Asia Edition pg: 125
Freny R Karjodkar 1st edition pg: 118
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
Point of entry
Beneath the chin, 3cm posterior to chin
and 3cm lateral to midline.
34. Bibliography
White and Pharoah – textbook of Oral Radiology – Principles
and Interpretation – 1st South Asia Edition.
Freny R Karjodkar – Essentials Of Oral and Maxillofacial
Radiology – 1st Edition
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
36. Multiple Choice Questions
1. what is the synonym for occlusal radiography ?
a) Interproximal radiography
b) Extraoral radiography
c) Sandwich radiography
d) panoramic radiography
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
37. Q2. What is the size (dimensions) of the film used for occlusal radiography ?
a) 50 X 72 mm
b) 57 X 78 mm
c) 52 X 74 mm
d) 57 X 76 mm
Q3. Which of the following is an indication for occlusal Radiography?
a) Fracture of mandible or maxilla
b) To evaluate extensions of tumors, cysts, malignancies
c) Pt.s with limited mouth opening
d) All of the above
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
38. Q4. What is the vertical angulation for maxillary cross sectional occlusal
radiography ?
a) +60⁰
b) +65⁰
c) -60⁰
d) -65⁰
Q5. How is the film stabilized in occlusal Radiography?
a) Using a holder
b) Operator holds it in position
c) Patient holds it by his/her hands
d) None of the above
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
39. Multiple Choice Questions
1. what is the synonym for occlusal radiography ?
a) Interproximal radiography
b) Extraoral radiography
c) Sandwich radiography
d) panoramic radiography
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
40. Q2. What is the size (dimensions) of the film used for occlusal radiography ?
a) 50 X 72 mm
b) 57 X 78 mm
c) 52 X 74 mm
d) 57 X 76 mm
Q3. Which of the following is an indication for occlusal Radiography?
a) Fracture of mandible or maxilla
b) To evaluate extensions of tumors, cysts, malignancies
c) Pt.s with limited mouth opening
d) All of the above
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
41. Q4. What is the vertical angulation for maxillary cross sectional occlusal
radiography ?
a) +60⁰
b) +65⁰
c) -60⁰
d) -65⁰
Q5. How is the film stabilized in occlusal Radiography?
a) Using a holder
b) Operator holds it in position
c) Patient holds it by his/her hands
d) None of the above
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
Editor's Notes
And also in patient who cant open their mouth wider than few milimeters
