This document provides an overview of orthopantomography (OPG) and lateral cephalometric radiography. It defines OPG as a technique that produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the dental arches and supporting bones. The document lists several advantages of OPG including its broad coverage, low radiation dose, and short examination time. It describes the principles of panoramic image formation using reciprocal movement of the x-ray source and image receptor. Key diagnostic regions and structures visible on OPG images are identified. Common errors, artifacts, and positioning considerations are discussed. Lateral cephalometry is introduced as useful for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning by allowing evaluation of skeletal and dental abnormalities. References on
This document provides an overview of panoramic radiography. It discusses the history and development of panoramic radiography, the principles behind it including image layer and rotation center, equipment used, procedures for taking panoramic x-rays, common errors, clinical indications, advantages, and limitations. Panoramic radiography allows visualization of all teeth and supporting structures on a single film with a relatively low radiation dose.
The document discusses various types of extraoral radiographs including lateral jaw projections, posteroanterior views, cephalometric radiographs, Water's views, reverse Towne projections, and submentovertex projections. It describes the purposes, techniques, patient positioning, and anatomical structures visualized for each type of extraoral radiograph. Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the jaws, skull, sinuses, and temporomandibular joints as well as to detect fractures, lesions, and developmental abnormalities.
This document discusses common artifacts and positioning errors seen on panoramic radiographs. It describes ghost images, which are duplicate images caused when an object is penetrated twice by x-rays. It also discusses errors like open lips obscuring teeth, improper positioning of the chin resulting in overlapping structures, and movement during exposure causing blurring or duplication. Positioning the patient correctly in relation to the focal trough and keeping the spine straight are important to avoid errors.
This document discusses various intraoral radiographic techniques including bitewing, occlusal, and periapical projections. It provides details on film size and placement, angulation of the central x-ray beam, and uses of each technique. Bitewing projections show crowns and bone between teeth and are used to detect interproximal caries. Occlusal projections cover a larger area and are used to locate impacted teeth or lesions. The document also discusses localization techniques like tube shift and parallax to determine an object's three-dimensional position.
This document provides instructions for taking bitewing dental x-rays using different techniques and equipment. It describes how to position the patient, place the bitewing film using tabs or a Rinn instrument, and adjust the x-ray tubehead angles. Common errors like improper film placement, overlap, and cone cutting are also explained. The goal is to obtain radiographs that clearly show the crowns and roots of the teeth between the contacts for detection of dental caries and bone loss.
This document provides information on extraoral radiographic techniques. It discusses various extraoral views including lateral oblique, cephalometric, submentovertex, and zygomatic arch views. For each view, it describes the positioning of the patient's head, placement of the radiographic cassette and film, and path of the x-ray beam. It also discusses the components and function of screen-film systems used in extraoral radiography, including intensifying screens, screen speeds, and the advantages of Ektavision film over T-Mat film. Common cephalometric landmarks and their use in orthodontic assessment are also summarized.
- Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the skull and jaws when intraoral films cannot be used. This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques including panoramic, skull, mandible, maxillary sinus, and temporomandibular joint views.
- Panoramic radiographs produce a single tomographic image of the facial structures and are commonly used. Skull views like lateral cephalograms evaluate facial growth while other views examine the skull vault or sinuses.
- Mandible views include lateral obliques of the body and ramus as well as posteroanterior projections. Maxillary sinus views use modifications of the Water's view.
- Temporomandibular
The document describes the paralleling technique for dental radiography. In the paralleling technique, the film, teeth, and aiming ring of the paralleling instrument are positioned parallel to each other. This allows the x-ray beam to be perpendicular to the film and teeth, reducing distortion. The paralleling technique provides better dimensional accuracy compared to the bisecting angle technique but is less comfortable for patients. Proper patient positioning, film selection and placement, use of paralleling instruments, and head position are described to successfully implement this technique.
This document provides an overview of panoramic radiography. It discusses the history and development of panoramic radiography, the principles behind it including image layer and rotation center, equipment used, procedures for taking panoramic x-rays, common errors, clinical indications, advantages, and limitations. Panoramic radiography allows visualization of all teeth and supporting structures on a single film with a relatively low radiation dose.
The document discusses various types of extraoral radiographs including lateral jaw projections, posteroanterior views, cephalometric radiographs, Water's views, reverse Towne projections, and submentovertex projections. It describes the purposes, techniques, patient positioning, and anatomical structures visualized for each type of extraoral radiograph. Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the jaws, skull, sinuses, and temporomandibular joints as well as to detect fractures, lesions, and developmental abnormalities.
This document discusses common artifacts and positioning errors seen on panoramic radiographs. It describes ghost images, which are duplicate images caused when an object is penetrated twice by x-rays. It also discusses errors like open lips obscuring teeth, improper positioning of the chin resulting in overlapping structures, and movement during exposure causing blurring or duplication. Positioning the patient correctly in relation to the focal trough and keeping the spine straight are important to avoid errors.
This document discusses various intraoral radiographic techniques including bitewing, occlusal, and periapical projections. It provides details on film size and placement, angulation of the central x-ray beam, and uses of each technique. Bitewing projections show crowns and bone between teeth and are used to detect interproximal caries. Occlusal projections cover a larger area and are used to locate impacted teeth or lesions. The document also discusses localization techniques like tube shift and parallax to determine an object's three-dimensional position.
This document provides instructions for taking bitewing dental x-rays using different techniques and equipment. It describes how to position the patient, place the bitewing film using tabs or a Rinn instrument, and adjust the x-ray tubehead angles. Common errors like improper film placement, overlap, and cone cutting are also explained. The goal is to obtain radiographs that clearly show the crowns and roots of the teeth between the contacts for detection of dental caries and bone loss.
This document provides information on extraoral radiographic techniques. It discusses various extraoral views including lateral oblique, cephalometric, submentovertex, and zygomatic arch views. For each view, it describes the positioning of the patient's head, placement of the radiographic cassette and film, and path of the x-ray beam. It also discusses the components and function of screen-film systems used in extraoral radiography, including intensifying screens, screen speeds, and the advantages of Ektavision film over T-Mat film. Common cephalometric landmarks and their use in orthodontic assessment are also summarized.
- Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the skull and jaws when intraoral films cannot be used. This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques including panoramic, skull, mandible, maxillary sinus, and temporomandibular joint views.
- Panoramic radiographs produce a single tomographic image of the facial structures and are commonly used. Skull views like lateral cephalograms evaluate facial growth while other views examine the skull vault or sinuses.
- Mandible views include lateral obliques of the body and ramus as well as posteroanterior projections. Maxillary sinus views use modifications of the Water's view.
- Temporomandibular
The document describes the paralleling technique for dental radiography. In the paralleling technique, the film, teeth, and aiming ring of the paralleling instrument are positioned parallel to each other. This allows the x-ray beam to be perpendicular to the film and teeth, reducing distortion. The paralleling technique provides better dimensional accuracy compared to the bisecting angle technique but is less comfortable for patients. Proper patient positioning, film selection and placement, use of paralleling instruments, and head position are described to successfully implement this technique.
This document provides an overview of panoramic radiography. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the history, terminology, principles, concepts, equipment, positioning requirements, and indications of panoramic radiography. The key points covered include that panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures using a rotating x-ray beam and that the image layer is a curved zone where structures appear in focus on the final image. Advantages are that it shows a wide area in a single image while disadvantages include some distortion and structures being out of focus above and below the image layer.
This document discusses panoramic radiography, including its history, advantages, procedure details, and principles of image formation. Panoramic radiography uses a rotating x-ray beam and receptor to create a single image of the facial structures, including teeth and supporting bones. It provides broad anatomic coverage with a low radiation dose compared to full-mouth intraoral x-rays. Proper patient positioning is needed to place the dental arches within the "focal trough" where structures will be reasonably defined.
This document provides information on extraoral radiographic techniques. It discusses various extraoral views including lateral oblique, cephalometric, submentovertex, and zygomatic arch views. For each view, it describes the positioning of the patient's head, placement of the radiographic cassette and film, and path of the x-ray beam. It also discusses the components and function of screen-film systems used in extraoral radiography, including intensifying screens, screen speeds, and the advantages of Ektavision film over T-Mat film. Common cephalometric landmarks and their use in orthodontic assessment are also summarized.
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam projected through the area of interest and a 2D detector to acquire multiple 2D radiographic images at different angles. These images are then used to reconstruct 3D volumetric images. CBCT has applications in dentistry for implant planning, endodontics, orthodontics and TMJ imaging due to its ability to provide high contrast images of bony structures at a lower radiation dose compared to medical CT. Some limitations include artifacts from metallic restorations, lower soft tissue contrast and isotropic resolution compared to medical CT.
This document discusses various extra-oral radiographic techniques including:
1. Mandibular oblique lateral, true lateral, submento-vertex, occipitomental, postero-anterior, and reverse Towne projections.
2. The occipitomental view shows the facial skeleton, maxillary sinuses, and avoids superimposition of dense skull bones.
3. Linear tomography creates a tomographic cut where structures above and below are blurred while the focal plane is sharp. Multidirectional tomography is needed for a thin tomographic layer.
CBCT stands for cone beam computed tomography. It is a 3D imaging technique that uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam to capture volumetric images of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding structures. CBCT provides more detailed views than conventional 2D X-rays and exposes patients to less radiation than traditional medical CT scans. It has various applications in dentistry, including implant planning, endodontics, surgery, and orthodontics by allowing visualization of hard tissues and their relationship to anatomical structures.
This document provides information on periapical radiography. It discusses the history and types of dental x-rays, including periapical radiographs. Periapical radiographs are used to detect abnormalities of the root structure and surrounding bone. The document outlines techniques for proper positioning during periapical radiography, including the paralleling technique and bisected angle technique. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of each technique as well as indications for periapical radiography.
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
Paralleling and bisecting radiographic techniquesDr. Ritu Gupta
this is the seminar for Undergraduate students consisting of initial paralellelig and bisecting radiographic techniques, history, types, size, extraoral films, technical errors, radiographic examination in special children
Hey Guys, this presentation is all that a BDS graduate needs to know. A very basic yet important facts about CBCT.
Stay Safe
Regards
Battisi - Dr. Jasmine Singh
This document discusses the use of radiology in pediatric dentistry. It outlines the principles of proper radiographic examination for children, including using protective equipment and the lowest possible radiation. Common indications for radiographs include detecting dental caries, assessing growth and development, and diagnosing cysts or tumors. The types of radiographs used in pediatric dentistry are described, such as periapical, bitewing, occlusal and panoramic images. Techniques for obtaining radiographs from children include desensitizing the child, having a parent help restrain them, and starting with less invasive images first."
This document discusses the bitewing radiographic technique. It begins by describing what structures are visible on a bitewing film and how bitewing films are used to detect interproximal caries, bone levels, and restorations. It then discusses the basic principles of patient stabilization using a bite tab or film holder and directing the x-ray beam through tooth contacts. The document provides steps for patient preparation and recommendations for tab placement depending on the area being imaged. It discusses techniques for premolar and molar bitewings and common errors like improper patient biting, film placement, bending, angulation, and exposure issues.
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
This document provides information on lateral oblique radiographs of the mandible and maxilla. It describes the indications for this type of x-ray, which include assessing unerupted teeth, fractures, and large lesions. The positioning of the patient, cassette, and x-ray tube is explained to capture the desired area while minimizing overlapping structures. Modifications for different areas of interest and using an angle board are also outlined. Key criteria for image quality like alignment, contrast and the absence of artifacts are listed.
Panoramic radiography, also known as dental panoramic tomography (DPT), produces a single image of the facial structures including both dental arches. It utilizes a technique called tomography, which produces radiographs of a thin section or slice of the patient. In panoramic radiography, the x-ray tube and film rotate synchronously around the patient's head within a focal trough, producing multiple images that are merged into a single panoramic view. This provides visualization of teeth and jaws while minimizing radiation exposure compared to full mouth x-rays. Exact patient positioning is important for obtaining diagnostic quality images.
1. Bitewing radiography is used to image the crowns of the teeth and the alveolar bone. The document outlines the procedure for taking bitewing radiographs, which involves preparing the patient, using bite tabs to hold the film, and positioning the film horizontally or vertically as needed.
2. The x-ray beam is aimed at a 10 degree vertical angulation and parallel to the interproximal contacts to allow an accurate representation of the teeth. The film is then exposed and developed. Cotton rolls may be used to support the film if teeth are missing. Common errors include overlap, improper placement, cone cutting, and patient movement.
X-ray film consists of an emulsion layer containing light-sensitive silver halide crystals suspended in a gelatin matrix coated on a polyester base. The crystals capture a latent image when exposed to radiation that is then developed using chemical solutions. Dental x-ray films are available in different sizes for various views and come packaged with a lead foil backing to shield the film and reduce scatter radiation. Intraoral films use small silver halide crystals to capture high-resolution images, while extraoral films employ intensifying screens to emit light and increase film sensitivity. Proper exposure, development, and fixing are required to produce radiographs with optimal density and contrast for diagnosis.
The document discusses various occlusal radiographic techniques for the mandible and maxilla. It defines occlusal radiography and describes the standard projections including upper and lower occlusal, oblique occlusal, and vertex occlusal views. The main clinical indications and techniques for the lower 90°, lower 45°, and lower oblique occlusal projections are outlined.
Sialography is an imaging technique used to visualize the salivary glands by injecting radiopaque contrast material into the ducts. It can be used to detect blockages like calculi, assess the extent of ductal and glandular damage, and locate masses. Iodine-based contrast agents provide better contrast while oil-based options are less radiopaque. The procedure involves locating the duct opening, inserting a cannula, injecting contrast medium, and having the patient rinse their mouth to expel the material. Pathologies have distinguishing appearances like sialadenitis resembling an apple tree in blossom.
Panoramic imaging, also called panoramic radiography or orthopantomography, produces a single tomographic image of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures. It has advantages like broad coverage, low radiation dose, and short examination time. Indications include trauma evaluation, third molar location, extensive dental disease, and sinus or TMJ evaluation. Proper patient positioning and alignment in the image layer is important for diagnostic quality. The image is interpreted in four regions: maxillary, mandibular, dentoalveolar, and TMJ/retromaxillary.
The document discusses panoramic radiography, including:
- The focal trough is a curved zone where structures appear clearly on panoramic films.
- Panoramic machines rotate an x-ray tube and film cassette around the patient's head to produce a single image of the jaws.
- Positioning errors can produce artifacts that obscure anatomy, such as incorrect lip/tongue placement or improper Frankfort plane alignment. Precise patient positioning is important for diagnostic quality.
This document provides an overview of panoramic radiography. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the history, terminology, principles, concepts, equipment, positioning requirements, and indications of panoramic radiography. The key points covered include that panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures using a rotating x-ray beam and that the image layer is a curved zone where structures appear in focus on the final image. Advantages are that it shows a wide area in a single image while disadvantages include some distortion and structures being out of focus above and below the image layer.
This document discusses panoramic radiography, including its history, advantages, procedure details, and principles of image formation. Panoramic radiography uses a rotating x-ray beam and receptor to create a single image of the facial structures, including teeth and supporting bones. It provides broad anatomic coverage with a low radiation dose compared to full-mouth intraoral x-rays. Proper patient positioning is needed to place the dental arches within the "focal trough" where structures will be reasonably defined.
This document provides information on extraoral radiographic techniques. It discusses various extraoral views including lateral oblique, cephalometric, submentovertex, and zygomatic arch views. For each view, it describes the positioning of the patient's head, placement of the radiographic cassette and film, and path of the x-ray beam. It also discusses the components and function of screen-film systems used in extraoral radiography, including intensifying screens, screen speeds, and the advantages of Ektavision film over T-Mat film. Common cephalometric landmarks and their use in orthodontic assessment are also summarized.
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam projected through the area of interest and a 2D detector to acquire multiple 2D radiographic images at different angles. These images are then used to reconstruct 3D volumetric images. CBCT has applications in dentistry for implant planning, endodontics, orthodontics and TMJ imaging due to its ability to provide high contrast images of bony structures at a lower radiation dose compared to medical CT. Some limitations include artifacts from metallic restorations, lower soft tissue contrast and isotropic resolution compared to medical CT.
This document discusses various extra-oral radiographic techniques including:
1. Mandibular oblique lateral, true lateral, submento-vertex, occipitomental, postero-anterior, and reverse Towne projections.
2. The occipitomental view shows the facial skeleton, maxillary sinuses, and avoids superimposition of dense skull bones.
3. Linear tomography creates a tomographic cut where structures above and below are blurred while the focal plane is sharp. Multidirectional tomography is needed for a thin tomographic layer.
CBCT stands for cone beam computed tomography. It is a 3D imaging technique that uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam to capture volumetric images of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding structures. CBCT provides more detailed views than conventional 2D X-rays and exposes patients to less radiation than traditional medical CT scans. It has various applications in dentistry, including implant planning, endodontics, surgery, and orthodontics by allowing visualization of hard tissues and their relationship to anatomical structures.
This document provides information on periapical radiography. It discusses the history and types of dental x-rays, including periapical radiographs. Periapical radiographs are used to detect abnormalities of the root structure and surrounding bone. The document outlines techniques for proper positioning during periapical radiography, including the paralleling technique and bisected angle technique. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of each technique as well as indications for periapical radiography.
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
Paralleling and bisecting radiographic techniquesDr. Ritu Gupta
this is the seminar for Undergraduate students consisting of initial paralellelig and bisecting radiographic techniques, history, types, size, extraoral films, technical errors, radiographic examination in special children
Hey Guys, this presentation is all that a BDS graduate needs to know. A very basic yet important facts about CBCT.
Stay Safe
Regards
Battisi - Dr. Jasmine Singh
This document discusses the use of radiology in pediatric dentistry. It outlines the principles of proper radiographic examination for children, including using protective equipment and the lowest possible radiation. Common indications for radiographs include detecting dental caries, assessing growth and development, and diagnosing cysts or tumors. The types of radiographs used in pediatric dentistry are described, such as periapical, bitewing, occlusal and panoramic images. Techniques for obtaining radiographs from children include desensitizing the child, having a parent help restrain them, and starting with less invasive images first."
This document discusses the bitewing radiographic technique. It begins by describing what structures are visible on a bitewing film and how bitewing films are used to detect interproximal caries, bone levels, and restorations. It then discusses the basic principles of patient stabilization using a bite tab or film holder and directing the x-ray beam through tooth contacts. The document provides steps for patient preparation and recommendations for tab placement depending on the area being imaged. It discusses techniques for premolar and molar bitewings and common errors like improper patient biting, film placement, bending, angulation, and exposure issues.
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
This document provides information on lateral oblique radiographs of the mandible and maxilla. It describes the indications for this type of x-ray, which include assessing unerupted teeth, fractures, and large lesions. The positioning of the patient, cassette, and x-ray tube is explained to capture the desired area while minimizing overlapping structures. Modifications for different areas of interest and using an angle board are also outlined. Key criteria for image quality like alignment, contrast and the absence of artifacts are listed.
Panoramic radiography, also known as dental panoramic tomography (DPT), produces a single image of the facial structures including both dental arches. It utilizes a technique called tomography, which produces radiographs of a thin section or slice of the patient. In panoramic radiography, the x-ray tube and film rotate synchronously around the patient's head within a focal trough, producing multiple images that are merged into a single panoramic view. This provides visualization of teeth and jaws while minimizing radiation exposure compared to full mouth x-rays. Exact patient positioning is important for obtaining diagnostic quality images.
1. Bitewing radiography is used to image the crowns of the teeth and the alveolar bone. The document outlines the procedure for taking bitewing radiographs, which involves preparing the patient, using bite tabs to hold the film, and positioning the film horizontally or vertically as needed.
2. The x-ray beam is aimed at a 10 degree vertical angulation and parallel to the interproximal contacts to allow an accurate representation of the teeth. The film is then exposed and developed. Cotton rolls may be used to support the film if teeth are missing. Common errors include overlap, improper placement, cone cutting, and patient movement.
X-ray film consists of an emulsion layer containing light-sensitive silver halide crystals suspended in a gelatin matrix coated on a polyester base. The crystals capture a latent image when exposed to radiation that is then developed using chemical solutions. Dental x-ray films are available in different sizes for various views and come packaged with a lead foil backing to shield the film and reduce scatter radiation. Intraoral films use small silver halide crystals to capture high-resolution images, while extraoral films employ intensifying screens to emit light and increase film sensitivity. Proper exposure, development, and fixing are required to produce radiographs with optimal density and contrast for diagnosis.
The document discusses various occlusal radiographic techniques for the mandible and maxilla. It defines occlusal radiography and describes the standard projections including upper and lower occlusal, oblique occlusal, and vertex occlusal views. The main clinical indications and techniques for the lower 90°, lower 45°, and lower oblique occlusal projections are outlined.
Sialography is an imaging technique used to visualize the salivary glands by injecting radiopaque contrast material into the ducts. It can be used to detect blockages like calculi, assess the extent of ductal and glandular damage, and locate masses. Iodine-based contrast agents provide better contrast while oil-based options are less radiopaque. The procedure involves locating the duct opening, inserting a cannula, injecting contrast medium, and having the patient rinse their mouth to expel the material. Pathologies have distinguishing appearances like sialadenitis resembling an apple tree in blossom.
Panoramic imaging, also called panoramic radiography or orthopantomography, produces a single tomographic image of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures. It has advantages like broad coverage, low radiation dose, and short examination time. Indications include trauma evaluation, third molar location, extensive dental disease, and sinus or TMJ evaluation. Proper patient positioning and alignment in the image layer is important for diagnostic quality. The image is interpreted in four regions: maxillary, mandibular, dentoalveolar, and TMJ/retromaxillary.
The document discusses panoramic radiography, including:
- The focal trough is a curved zone where structures appear clearly on panoramic films.
- Panoramic machines rotate an x-ray tube and film cassette around the patient's head to produce a single image of the jaws.
- Positioning errors can produce artifacts that obscure anatomy, such as incorrect lip/tongue placement or improper Frankfort plane alignment. Precise patient positioning is important for diagnostic quality.
Panoramic imaging, also called pantomography, produces a single tomographic image of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures. It is used to evaluate impacted teeth, eruption patterns, lesions, trauma, periodontal bone loss, and more. Panoramic imaging works by having an x-ray source and image receptor rotate around the patient's head, capturing structures within the focal trough sharply while blurring structures outside of it. Positioning the patient correctly is important for diagnostic image quality.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used to evaluate maxillofacial trauma, including different skull radiography lines and plain film projections of the face and mandible. It describes the buttress system of the face and how fractures can occur. Standard facial series images like waters view and occipitomental views are outlined along with their indications. Fracture patterns like tripod and isolated zygomatic arch fractures are demonstrated.
Panoramic imaging, also called panoramic radiography or orthopantomography (OPG), produces a single tomographic image of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures. It has several advantages, including broad coverage, low radiation dose, short examination time, and usefulness for patients who cannot open their mouth wide. Panoramic images are useful for evaluating trauma, detecting unerupted third molars, and assessing dental diseases, lesions, tooth development, and TMJ issues. Image quality can be affected by magnification, distortion, and overlapping structures. The diagnostic regions of a panoramic image are the maxillary region, mandibular region, dentoalveolar region,
1) The document discusses various types of radiographs used in orthodontics including panoramic, cephalometric, intraoral, and CBCT radiographs.
2) It provides details on the uses, advantages, disadvantages and proper patient positioning for panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs.
3) CBCT is described as having specific indications for impacted teeth, orthognathic evaluation, pathology, TMD, and craniofacial cases. Hand wrist radiographs are noted to evaluate growth stage.
Panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the maxillary and mandibular arches. It uses the principle of reciprocal movement of an X-ray source and image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer. Multiple centers of rotation are used to maintain the dental arches within the focal trough. Panoramic radiography provides a broad anatomical view with less radiation than full-mouth intraoral films but has less resolution and potential for superimposition artifacts. It is useful for trauma evaluation, orthodontic treatment planning, and detection of lesions or developmental anomalies too large for intraoral films.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used to image the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes imaging modalities for both osseous and soft tissue structures of the TMJ. For osseous structures, it details panoramic radiography, plain film radiography, computed tomography, and cone beam computed tomography. It provides details on positioning and exposure parameters for transcranial, lateral transcranial, anterior transcranial, and open mouth views used in plain film radiography of the TMJ. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound are mentioned for imaging soft tissues of the TMJ.
This document discusses panoramic imaging and provides information on its indications, principles, focal trough, limitations, advantages, and disadvantages. The key principles discussed are that panoramic imaging involves rotating the x-ray beam and film around two centers of rotation to produce an image, and that there is a focal trough or zone of optimal focus and detail where objects appear sharp. While it provides a broad view of facial bones and teeth, it has limitations such as poor anatomical detail and overlapping structures.
This document discusses radiology techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It begins with an introduction on the importance of radiology for diagnosis and treatment planning in children. It then covers the history of x-rays, different types of intraoral and extraoral radiographs, indications for their use, guidelines for prescribing radiographs in children, and techniques including modifications for infants. Radiation hazards and protections are also mentioned.
This document provides information about panoramic radiography (OPG). It discusses the components and operation of panoramic units, patient positioning, common errors, and limitations. The key points are:
- Panoramic radiography shows the entire dentition and related structures on a single film by rotating the x-ray tube and film around the patient.
- Proper patient positioning within the focal trough is important for image quality, with errors including the chin being too high or low or the head being twisted.
- Common errors involve patient preparation like ghost images from jewelry or lead apron placement, as well as positioning errors where the teeth are outside the focal trough.
- Panoramic radiography
This document discusses panoramic radiography, including:
1. It describes panoramic radiography as a technique that produces a single image of the maxillary and mandibular arches and supporting structures using a rotating x-ray tube and film.
2. The principles involve using tomography to focus on structures in a plane of interest while blurring other structures, and scanography which links the tube and film to rotate around the patient's head.
3. It provides details on equipment, positioning, and advantages such as a low radiation dose whole mouth view, and disadvantages such as lack of detail for small lesions.
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This document discusses photographic records for orthodontic treatment. It provides information on the types of photographs needed, including extra-oral and intra-oral views. Extra-oral photos should include frontal at rest, frontal smiling, right profile at rest, and oblique smiling views. Intra-oral views include frontal occlusion, bilateral buccal occlusion, and upper and lower occlusal views using mirrors. Digital photography provides advantages over film such as immediate viewing and editing. Proper equipment, techniques and minimum of 9 photos are recommended for comprehensive records.
This document describes various extraoral imaging techniques used in dentistry including lateral skull, submentovertex, Waters, posteroanterior skull, and reverse-Towne projections. For each technique, it provides details on positioning of the image receptor and patient, direction of the central x-ray beam, and anatomical structures visible in the resultant image. Common indications for each technique are also listed. Extraoral radiographs provide important diagnostic information for evaluating facial bones, sinuses, and temporomandibular joints. Proper patient positioning is essential for obtaining high quality images.
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This document discusses various extraoral and intraoral radiographic techniques used in dentistry. It describes different cephalometric projections like lateral, PA, and submentovertex views used to examine fractures and TMJ disorders. Common maxillofacial projections shown are occipitomental, posteroanterior skull, and reverse Towne's views. Intraoral techniques discussed include periapical, bitewing, and occlusal radiographs used for caries detection, implant planning, and foreign body localization. The document provides indications, positioning, and advantages of each radiographic method.
This document discusses various extra oral radiographic techniques used in dentistry. It begins by defining extra oral radiography and medical radiography. It then describes several maxillofacial radiographic projections including true lateral skull, PA skull, PA jaws, oblique lateral mandible, and occipitomental views. It also discusses TMJ radiographic projections and recent advances in extra oral radiography such as tomography, panoramic radiographs, cephalometry, CT, CBCT, MRI, and their main indications.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used for dental implants. It begins by introducing implants as a viable option for tooth replacement and outlines three phases of implant imaging: pre-surgical, surgical/intraoperative, and post-prosthetic. Several imaging techniques are described including panoramic, periapical and cephalometric radiography as well as computed tomography. Advantages and limitations of each technique are provided. The document emphasizes that diagnostic imaging should be interpreted alongside a clinical examination.
Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in treatment planning for dental implants. This document discusses various imaging modalities and their use at different phases of implant treatment. 2D imaging like panoramic radiographs provide an overall view but lack detail. Cross-sectional imaging like CT provides more detailed assessment of bone dimensions, quality and proximity to anatomical structures, important for accurate implant planning and placement. The selection of an appropriate imaging technique depends on the treatment phase and desired information.
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Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Content of Presentation
• What is OPG
• Advantages of OPG
• Indication of OPG
• Principles of panoramic image formation
• Focal through / Image layer
• Diagnostic regions in panoramic image and quadrant
• Patient Positioning and Head Alignment
• Structures in panoramic imaging
• Error and Artefacts in producing OPG images
• Lateral Cephalometric & artefacts
• Frequently question asked and terms used in clinical indication
• References
• OT cases pictures
3. What is Orthopantomography?
It is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of the
facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular
dental arches and their supporting structures.
4. Advantages of OPG
• Broad coverage
• Low patient radiation dose (Compared to CT)
(Approx. 76kV, 6mA X 14 sec) = 84mAs
• Convenience of the examination
• Useful in patients who are unable to open their
mouths
• Short time required: 3-4 mins (14-16 sec exposure)
• Useful visual aid
5. Indications of OPG
• A panoramic film is not as
useful as periapical
radiography (occlusal &
bitewing) for detecting
small carious lesions,
periodontal diseases, or
periapical lesions.
• It should not be used as a
substitute for intraoral
films.
• What OPG can do?
6. Indications of OPG
• Impacted teeth and its relation with the mandibular canal.
• Study of sinuses
7. Indications of OPG
• To evaluate eruption patterns @ Tooth development
(for paediatric patient)
8. Indications of OPG
• To detect diseases, lesions, conditions of the jaws and the
extent of large lesions.
15. Principles of panoramic image formation
• based on the principle of reciprocal movement
of x-ray source and an image receptor around a
central point or plane called the image layer
(focal through), in which the object of image is
located. (fulcrum plane is clear, outside of
fulcrum become blurring in appearance)
• Object in front or behind this image are not
clearly captured because of their movement
relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor
and the x-ray source.
16. Principles of panoramic image formation
So why cover only front area, using
single piece of pb shield?
17. Focal Through / image layer
• Is a 3-D curved zone, or “focal trough” where
the structures lying within this layer are
reasonably well defined on final panoramic
image.
• The images seen on the OPG consists largely
of anatomic structures located within the
focal trough
• Objects out of focal trough are blurred,
magnified, reduced or distorted.
• The shape of the focal trough varies with the
brand of equipment used. (normally 2,3
point or moving of rotation centre (fulcrum)
– can choose the pattern of jaw
19. Focal Through / image layer
• Mandible supporting a metal ring positioned at the center of
the focal trough.
• The incisal edges of the mandibular teeth are indexed by a bite
rod-positioning device.
• The Mandible is positioned at the center of the focal trough.
• True size of incisor teeth
20. Focal Through / image layer
• Ring 5 mm anterior to focal through
• Incisor teeth appears small (displaced toward the buccal),
thinner in appearance.
• Closer to IR (smaller)
21. Focal Through / image layer
• Ring 5 mm posterior to focal through
• displaced to the lingual side of its optimal position in the image
layer, the beam passes more slowly through it. The images of the
structures are elongated horizontally thus, appear wider.
• Farther from IR, Closer to tube (magnified) wider appearance
22. Diagnostic regions in panoramic image and
quadrant
TMJ including retromaxillary &
cervical region
Maxillary region
Mandibular regionDentoalveolar region
23. Diagnostic regions in panoramic image and
quadrant (Q)
• The arrangement of Quadrant follows clock wise direction
• 38 impacted tooth refers to Q3 and 8th tooth
Q1
Q4 Q3
Q2
24. Patient Positioning and Head Alignment
• Position heads carefully in the image layer (focal
through).
• Dental appliances, earrings, necklaces, hairpins
and any other metallic objects in the head and
neck region should be removed.
• Demonstrate the machine to the patient by cycling it while
explaining the need to remain still during the procedure.
• Children should be instructed to look forward and to not follow the
tube head with their eyes.
25. Patient Positioning and Head Alignment
• Asked patient to take one step forward, why?
• To extend the cervical spine. To prevent cervical
superimposed with dental/supporting structures.
26. Patient Positioning and Head Alignment
• The patient’s head must be centered
in three different planes.
1.Midsagittal
2.Occlusal @ Horizontal Frankfort Plane
3.Anteroposterior.
27. Patient Positioning and Head Alignment
1. Midsagittal
• Is positioned perpendicular or at a right angle
to the floor and centered right to left.
• Failure to position the midsagittal plane in the
rotational midline of the machine results in a
radiograph showing right and left sides that
are unequally magnified in the horizontal
dimension.
• Tongue must be positioned on
the roof of the mouth
• Instruct the patient to remain
still while machine is rotating
28. Patient Positioning and Head Alignment
2. Occlusal @ Horizontal Frankfort plane
Plane)
• Occlusal plane is angled 20 to 30 degrees
• A general guide for chin positioning is to place the patient so that a
line from inferior margin of orbit and superior margin of External
Acoutic Meatus (EAM) are horizontal (parallel to the floor) known as
HFP
29. Patient Positioning and Head Alignment
3. Anteroposterior.
• is achieved typically by having
patients place the incisal edges of
their maxillary and mandibular
incisors into a notched positioning
device.
• Patients should not shift the
mandible to either side when
making this protrusive movements.
32. Error and Artefacts - Ideal Image
• Smile image produced (shows that the chin is not tipped too high and not too low)
HFP parallel to the floor
• same level of condyle – mid sagittal plane perpendicular with floor – yellow line
• Same distance of ramus red arrow – no rotation of head – red arrow
• Soft palate and tongue not superimposed with the root of maxillary teeth
• Shows clearly hard and soft tissue (all desired structure are in focal area)
33. Condyle and mandible cut-off, what to do?
• Condyle cut-off, what to do?
– 1-Repeat
– 2-Repeat
– 3-Ask to make confirmation to maxillofacial surgeon, paed
dental specialist, periodontics, orthodontics, restorative,
special need dentistry, prosthodontics or forensic dentistry
(more interest to alveolar process-to assess age)
• Why condyle so important even thought impacted tooth?
– Growth centre (fracture will affect growth)
– Stress related sign
– To maintain posterior facial height
34. Error and Artefacts – Error 1
Positioning error – chin tipped too high
• If the chin is tipped too high, the occlusal plane on the radiograph
appears flat or inverted, and the image of the mandible is distorted.
• HFP not parallel with the floor
35. Error and Artefacts – Error 2
Positioning error – chin tipped too low
• The chin is tipped too low, the teeth become severely overlapped, the
symphyseal region of the mandible may be cut off the film and both
mandibular condyles may be projected off the superior edge of the film.
• HFP not parallel to the floor
• Shortened mandibular incisors and a V-shaped mandible.
36. Error and Artefacts – Error 3
Positioning Error –
out of focal area)
• The anterior teeth are positioned behind the notch in the bitestick (farther from
the film), resulting in the widening of the anterior teeth (the maxillary central
incisors are as wide as the molars)
• Also indicated by blurring of structures in the area (out of focal through)
• Widening and blurring of teeth, if in front of bitestick – blurr image + narrowed
of the anterior teeth
37. Error and Artefacts – Error 4
Positioning Error – head turned
• The widening of the ramus is not equal (red arrow), the patient’s head
turned to the left side (closer to film) decreasing width of ramus on that
side
38. Error and Artefacts – Error 5
Positioning error – gown plumbum – cone artifact
• The lead apron was placed too high on the back of the patient’s neck.
39. Error and Artefacts – Error 6
Artefact – patient’s hair
• Pattern on right side of film (patient’s left) caused by excessive oil on
patient’s hair.
40. Error and Artefacts – Error 7
Positioning – spine position
• Shadow caused by the cervical vertebrae due to patient not standing
straight.
• The radiopaque area are not as sharp as those produced by lead apron
• Always happened to those patient with sitting position (sitting on stool)
41. Error and Artefacts – Error 8
Artefact – ghost image
• formed by dense objects located between the tube head and the rotation
center – normally external object or sometimes mandible.
• Remove any jewellery before examination started.
Ghost image (opposite side,
enlarge & distorted
42. Single Real Image
• Only one image results from a given anatomical structure. The structure
is located between the rotation center and the film and the x-ray beam
only passes through the structure one time.
• Most images seen on a panoramic film are of this type.
Double Real Image
• Two images of a single object are seen on the film. Double real images
are produced by structures located in the midline. The x-ray beam
passes through these objects twice as the tube head rotates around the
patient.
• Structures that result in double real images are the hard and soft
palates, the hyoid bone and the cervical spine.
Error and Artefacts – Error 8
43. Error and Artefacts – Error 9
Positioning – tongue and soft palate/hard palate superimposed with root of
maxillary teeth
• HFP not parallel to the floor, the chin little bit tipped up causing the root of
maxillary teeth not clearly appeared
• Instruct to the patient to position the tongue at the roof of palate
44. Error and Artefacts – Error 10
• Positioning – the chin little bit tipped down – HFP not parallel to the floor
• MSP not at the midline – condyle not at the same level and cut-off
• Lower laser not at the chin level – due to wound dressing.
45. USES OF CEPHALOGRAM
• In orthodontic
diagnosis & treatment
planning
• In classification of
skeletal & dental
abnormalities
• In evaluation of
treatment result
LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC
46. LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC
Tracing paper hanged on illuminator, measurement and draft were made on it,
HFP parallel to the floor to ease the drawing process
47. Characteristics to pass the
Lateral Ceph. film
• Symmetrical structures must be superimposed for both side
(maxillary, mandible, ant/post clinoid etc.)
• Horizontal Frankfort plane as reference to ensure that true positioning
performed
• Ruler must be placed at Nasion (just to make sure HFP parallel to the
floor)
• Molar and pre-molar teeth for both maxillary and mandible must be
closed each other
• Must include all soft tissue at the facial including throat area (under
chin) or include at least C4
• Print at 100% or less (to prevent the draft/measurement more than
tracing paper)
LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC
48. Error and Artefacts – Error 11
Rejected cause :
Magnified more than
actual size 150%
49. Error and Artefacts – Error 12
Rejected causes :
• Magnified more
than actual size
119%
• Soft tissue at the
throat area cut off
• Ruler placed higher
than Nasion
50. frequently questions asked and terms in clinical
indication
• What is significant to position tongue at the roof of palate?
• Why need to produce ‘smile image’?
• What is edentulous area?
• Why cant wear cervical collar as protection?
• Meaning of 38, 48 impacted tooth?
• What are the characteristics to pass lateral cephalogram films?
51. • Positioning (common error)
• Position chin tipped up/low
• A slumped position
• The patient positioned forward/backward
• Failure to position tongue against the palate
• Patient movement during exposure
• Pt head tilted
• Head turned to one side
• Artifacts
• Remove jewellery, untighten hair bun
• Stand still and don’t swallow saliva while OPG machine is
moving
Take Home Messages
52. Freny R.Karjodkar :Text book of Dental and maxillofacial radiology 2nd
edition page number :236-255
Laura Jansen ,Joen M.Ianucci Harring :Dental radiography Principles
and techniques of Oral radiology: 3rd edition page number:305-319
White and pharaoh : Oral radiology principles and interpretation 6th
edition; page number: 175-189
References