An atomic orbital is defined as the region around the nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found. There are four quantum numbers that describe the orbitals: principal (n), angular momentum (l), magnetic (m), and spin (s). The principal quantum number indicates the electron shell and average distance from the nucleus. The angular momentum number determines the shape of the orbital. The magnetic number indicates the direction of the orbital. The spin number represents the electron's clockwise or counterclockwise spin. Common atomic orbitals include s, p, d, and f orbitals, which have different shapes and orientations determined by their quantum numbers.

2. • An atomic orbital is defined as the region in
space around the nucleus in which the
probability of finding the electron is
maximum.
What is orbital?

3. • The number which expresses the size, shapes,
and direction of the orbital from the nucleus
and the spins of the electron of their own
axes, are called quantum number.
Quantum Number

4. • There are four types of quantum number:
1. principal quantum number(n)
2. Subsidiary quantum number(l)
3.Magnetic quantum number (m)
4.Spin quantum number (s)
Types of Quantum Number

5. • Principal quantum number :
This express the orbits or principal energy level to
which the electron belongs and represents the
average distance of the electron from the
nucleus.It is denoted by n(n=1 2 3 etc).For the first
orbit n=1, for the second orbit n=2 and so on.The
energy levels are also called electron shells.
Innermost shell known as K shell and the
succeedings outer shells are denoted by the letter L
M N O P Q etc. Each shell has a definite value of
energy. the energy increase as the value of n
encrease.

6. Subsidiary quantum number
• This express sub-levels and the shapes of the
energy level.It is denoted by l. The vaule of l =o to
(n-1).When n=1 then l=o and so the 1st energy
level has 1 sub-shell.
n=1 then l=o
n=2 then l=0 1
n=3 then l=0 1 2
 The value of subsidiary quantum number 0 1 2 3 4
are represented s,p,d,f respectively.

7. Magnetic quantum number
This express the directions of the sub-levels of
the orbital from the nucleus in three –
dimentional spaces. This number is designated
as m.The permitted valus of m are depending on
l. the value for the magnetic quantum numbers
m, are given by +1 to -1 , including 0.

8. Spin Quantum Number
• The spin quantum number represents the
direction of the electron spin.This quantum
number is designed as “s”.This is due to the
spinning of the electron about its own
axis.One spin clockwise and other spin is anti-
clock wise.Their values are s=+12 and s=-12.

9. S orbital
• S orbital is an atomic orbital with an angular
momentum quantum number I which
corresponds to 0. In other words, s
corresponds to l=0. S orbital is the closest
orbital to the nucleus, with other orbitals
lining up further away.).

11. P orbital
• Unlike the spherically symmetric s orbitals, a p orbital is oriented
along a specific axis. All p orbitals have l = 1, and there are three
possible values for m (-1, 0, +1). Whenever m does not equal zero,
the wave function is complex, which makes visualization of the
wave function difficult. For l = 0, the m = 0 wave function is
designated pz. The m = -1 and +1 wave functions are combined to
produce two new wave functions, which are designated px and py.

13. D orbital
• For d orbital l=2.Therefore the angular
momentum of an electron for d orbital is not
zero for l =2 the magnetic quantum number
(m) should have five different values m = -2 -1
0 +1 +2 .Accordingly there are five different
space orientations for d orbitals.

15. F orbital
• A subshell that corresponds to the angular
momentum quantum number l = 3, found in
the fourth and higher principal energy levels.
Each contains seven orbitals.