An easy guide to one of the most important principles taught in secondary chemistry, The Aufbau Principle. Helpful for students who consider such an amazing topic to be a nightmare. Happy Chemistry!
Quantum Numbers
Wave nature of electrons
atomic structure
principle Quantum number
Azimuthal quantum number
magnetic quantum number
spic quantum number
shapes of orbitals
The Aufbau Principle requires that the electrons occupy the lowest possible energy level before filling up the next.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle posits that no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum number; the spin quantum number limits the number of electrons in an orbital to a maximum of two.
Hund’s Rule requires that the electrons fill the orbitals in a subshell one by one, before pairing the electrons in an orbital spin in opposite directions.
Quantum Numbers
Wave nature of electrons
atomic structure
principle Quantum number
Azimuthal quantum number
magnetic quantum number
spic quantum number
shapes of orbitals
The Aufbau Principle requires that the electrons occupy the lowest possible energy level before filling up the next.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle posits that no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum number; the spin quantum number limits the number of electrons in an orbital to a maximum of two.
Hund’s Rule requires that the electrons fill the orbitals in a subshell one by one, before pairing the electrons in an orbital spin in opposite directions.
Bohr's Theory is based on an early model of atom where electrons travel round the nucleus in a discrete stable numbers of orbit determined by Quantum conditions. This is an extension of Rutherford Model of atom.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. WHAT IS AUFBAU PRINCIPLE?
Aufbau is a German word that means
“Building Up.”
Aufbau Principle states that when electrons
organize themselves in different energy shells
or orbits, they occupy the lower energy shells
at first and gradually make their way to the
higher energy levels.
3. SEQUENCE OF ENERGY SHELLS
GRADUALLY OCCUPIED BY ELECTRONS
FOLLOWING AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d
6s 6p
7s
6. DEVIATIONS OF AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
Some elements do not follow the general rule of
Aufbau Principle because for such elements
the stability is determined by the presence of
either a half filled or a fully filled orbital.
Hence such elements gain more stability in the
presence of np3
,np6,(n-1)d5,(n-1)d10,(n-1)f7,(n-
1)f14 in their electronic configuration.
7. ELEMENTS THAT DEVIATE FROM
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
Cr(24)=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4 (WRONG)
=1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 (CORRECT)
Cu(29)=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9 (WRONG)
=1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 (CORRECT)
Mo(42)=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d4 (WRONG)
=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d5 (CORRECT)
Ag(47)=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9 (WRONG)
=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d10 (CORRECT)
Au(79)= 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d9
(WRONG)
=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s14f145d10 (CORRECT)
8. IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER
WHILE WRITING AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
• 1.NEVER PUT SPACES BETWEEN THE DENOTIONS
OF THE ORBITS AND ORBITALS. IT SHOULD NEVER
BE WRITTEN LIKE 1s 2s 2p or 1s,2s,2p. IT SHOULD
ALWAYS BE WRITTEN LIKE 1s2s2p.
• 2.AFTER WRITING THE SEQUENCE OF ENERGY
LEVELS ACCORDING TO AUFBAU PRINCIPLE, ONE
HAS TO ARRANGE THE ENERGY LEVELS AGAIN
ACCORDING TO THE ASCENDING ORDER OF
SHELLS IRRESPECTIVE OF THE ENERGY. EXAMPLE:
Va(23)=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3
=1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2
