This document discusses edema, hypermia, and congestion. It defines edema as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues and lists several types including renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and cerebral edema. Edema is classified as pitting or non-pitting. Hyperaemia is an active process resulting from arterial dilation while congestion is a passive process from impaired venous drainage. Examples of congestion include central venous congestion of the lung seen in left heart failure and congestion of the liver and spleen seen in right heart failure. Microscopically, congestion shows dilated vessels and hemorrhage.

1. OEDEMA AND
HYPEREMIA
Dr. Janani Mathialagan

2. Homeostasis
Constancy of the internal environment is
maintained and ensured.

3. Edema
An abnormal and excessive accumulation of
free fluid in interstitial tissue spaces and
serous cavities.

4. PATHOGENESIS
1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased oncotic pressure
3. Lymphatic obstruction
4. Tissue factors
5. Increased capillary permeability
6. Sodium and water retention

8. Types of edema
Renal edema
Cardiac edema
Pulmonary edema
Cerebral edema
Hepatic oedema
Myxoedema
nutritional

9. TYPES
PITTING
NON- PITTING

11. PITTING EDEMA
 Cardiac causes
 Liver diseases
 Renal causes
 Early stage of filariasis

12. NON-PITTING EDEMA
 Myxoedema
 Elephantiasis

13. UNILATERAL EDEMA

14. BILATERAL EDEMA

15. PULMONARY EDEMA
 Fluid is accumulated in tissue space and pulmonary alveoli

20. Hyperaemia
An active process resulting from increased
volume of blood from arterial and arteriolar
dilatation.
 Eg: Inflammation

21. Congestion
A passive process resulting from dilatation of
veins and capillaries due to impaired venous
drainage
 Local venous congestion eg-portal venous
obstruction
 Systemic venous congestion eg-left sided
and right sided heart failure

22. CVC LUNG
GROSS APPEARANCE:
 Dark brown colour, heavy and firm.
 C/S – brown induration seen

23. Gross-CVC of lung-left heart failure

24.  MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE:
 Vessel of alveolar septa are dilated and congested
 Rupture of dilated and congested capillaries results in intra-alveolar
hemorrhage.
 Heart failure cells – alveolar macrophage with yellow-brown
haemosiderin pigment.

25. MICROSCOPY-CVC of lung

26. CVC of lung

27. CVC LIVER
 Gross:
 Enlarged and tender
 C/S – dark and light areas (nutmeg liver)

28. CVC - LIVER

29.  Microscopy:
 Central veins and sinusoids are distended with blood.
 Centrilobular hepatocytes shows degeneration and atrophy
 Central hemorrhagic necrosis
 Peripheral hepatocytes shows fatty change.

30. CVC of liver-nut meg liver-right
heart failure

32. Chronic venous congestion of
spleen

33. Gamma gandy bodies in CVC of
spleen