1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in intravascular volume, pressure, or protein content that affect fluid movement across vessel walls and can cause edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, or shock.
2. Edema is increased fluid in tissues, caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, or inflammation.
3. Thrombosis is inappropriate blood clot formation from endothelial injury, blood stasis, or hypercoagulability per Virchow's triad, and thrombi can embolize or organize.
4. Embolism occurs when a detached mass is
The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics.
Thus hemodynamics deals with the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, much as hydraulic circuits and are controlled by control systems.
Hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Thus hemodynamics explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the blood vessels.
The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics.
Thus hemodynamics deals with the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, much as hydraulic circuits and are controlled by control systems.
Hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Thus hemodynamics explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the blood vessels.
Difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury,Mechanism of cell ...Rukhshanda Ramzaan
Cell Injury: Any change resulting in loss of the ability to maintain the normal or adapted homeostatic state.
Agents that cause cell injury
• Hypoxia / Ischemia (loss of blood supply)
• Microbial
• Parasitic
• Chemical
• Physical
• Trauma
• Genetic
• Nutritious
• Environmental
Types of Cell injury
Reversible Cell Injury
Pathologic changes that can be reversed in mild cellular injury when the stimulus is removed. Cell injury is reversible only up to a certain point otherwise it will be irreversible.
Changes in reversible cell injury
Cellular Swelling: Due to accumulation of intracellular water and endoplasmic reticulum & mitochondria.
Clumping of chromatin.
Irreversible Cell injury
Pathologic changes that are permanent and cause cell death, they cannot be reversed to normal state.
Changes in irreversible cell injury
Irreversible injury is marked by severe mitochondrial vacuolization, extensive damage to plasma membranes, detachment of ribosomes from the granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Injury to lysosomal bodies leads to leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm and condensation, fragmentation and lysis of nuclei.
The presentation gives you a bird eye's view regarding basics of PK-PD modeling, its applications, types, limitations and various softwares used for the same.
Difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury,Mechanism of cell ...Rukhshanda Ramzaan
Cell Injury: Any change resulting in loss of the ability to maintain the normal or adapted homeostatic state.
Agents that cause cell injury
• Hypoxia / Ischemia (loss of blood supply)
• Microbial
• Parasitic
• Chemical
• Physical
• Trauma
• Genetic
• Nutritious
• Environmental
Types of Cell injury
Reversible Cell Injury
Pathologic changes that can be reversed in mild cellular injury when the stimulus is removed. Cell injury is reversible only up to a certain point otherwise it will be irreversible.
Changes in reversible cell injury
Cellular Swelling: Due to accumulation of intracellular water and endoplasmic reticulum & mitochondria.
Clumping of chromatin.
Irreversible Cell injury
Pathologic changes that are permanent and cause cell death, they cannot be reversed to normal state.
Changes in irreversible cell injury
Irreversible injury is marked by severe mitochondrial vacuolization, extensive damage to plasma membranes, detachment of ribosomes from the granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Injury to lysosomal bodies leads to leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm and condensation, fragmentation and lysis of nuclei.
The presentation gives you a bird eye's view regarding basics of PK-PD modeling, its applications, types, limitations and various softwares used for the same.
Slide Note: Edema Congestion
Title: Edema Congestion: Understanding the Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Introduction:
Edema congestion is a pathological condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissues or body cavities, leading to swelling and impaired tissue function. It is a complex physiological process that can arise due to various underlying factors and may manifest in different regions of the body. Understanding the mechanisms and clinical implications of edema congestion is crucial for healthcare professionals to effectively diagnose, manage, and treat patients presenting with this condition.
I. Mechanisms of Edema Congestion:
A. Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure:
- Elevated pressure within the capillaries due to factors such as venous obstruction, heart failure, or localized inflammation.
- Higher hydrostatic forces cause an excessive filtration of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces, contributing to tissue swelling.
B. Decreased Plasma Oncotic Pressure:
- Reduction in plasma protein levels, particularly albumin, results in decreased oncotic pressure.
- Lower oncotic pressure leads to reduced fluid reabsorption from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries, exacerbating fluid accumulation.
C. Lymphatic Obstruction or Insufficiency:
- Impaired lymphatic drainage due to lymphatic vessel obstruction, surgical intervention, or congenital malformations.
- Inadequate lymphatic clearance results in the retention of interstitial fluid, leading to edema.
D. Sodium and Water Retention:
- Dysregulation of sodium and water balance in conditions like kidney dysfunction, cirrhosis, or hormonal imbalances.
- Sodium retention leads to increased osmotic pressure, causing water to accumulate in the interstitial spaces.
II. Clinical Implications:
A. Peripheral Edema:
- Swelling predominantly in the extremities, commonly observed in conditions such as heart failure, deep vein thrombosis, or venous insufficiency.
- Patients may experience discomfort, reduced mobility, and skin changes due to chronic edema.
B. Pulmonary Edema:
- Accumulation of fluid in the lungs, often resulting from heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or pneumonia.
- Respiratory compromise, cough, and shortness of breath are common symptoms requiring urgent medical intervention.
C. Cerebral Edema:
- Swelling within the brain due to trauma, stroke, or tumors.
- Potentially life-threatening, as it can lead to increased intracranial pressure, neurological deficits, and herniation.
D. Ascites:
- Edema within the peritoneal cavity, commonly associated with liver cirrhosis, malignancies, or congestive heart failure.
- Abdominal distension, discomfort, and respiratory compromise are typical manifestations.
III. Diagnostic Approach:
A. Clinical Examination:
- Careful assessment of the patient's medical history, physical symptoms, and risk factors.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. • Normal fluid homeostasis is maintained by vessel
wall integrity, intravascular pressure and osmolarity
within certain physiologic ranges.
• Changes in intravascular volume, pressure, or
protein content, or alterations in endothelial
function will affect the movement of water across
the vascular wall.
5. Types of edema
• Anasarca: Generalized edema
• Dependent edema: Prominent feature of congestive
heart failure, particularly of the right ventricle.
• Renal edema: Edema as a result of renal dysfunction or
nephrotic syndrome is generally more severe than
cardiac edema and affects all parts of the body equally.
6. • Peri-orbital edema: is a characteristic finding in
severe renal disease.
• Pitting edema: finger pressure over substantially
edematous subcutaneous tissue displaces the interstitial
fluid and leaves a finger-shaped depression
• Pulmonary edema: most typically seen in the setting
of left ventricular failure
10. 2- Hyperemia and Congestion
• Both indicate a local increased volume of blood in
a particular tissue.
11. Hyperemia versus congestion.
In both cases there is an increased volume and pressure of
blood in a given tissue with associated capillary dilatation
and a potential for fluid extravasation.
12. In hyperemia, increased inflow
leads to engorgement with
oxygenated blood, resulting in
erythema.
In congestion, diminished
outflow leads to a capillary bed
swollen with deoxygenated
venous blood and resulting in
cyanosis.
16. Types
• Hematoma: accumulation of blood within tissue.
• Petechiae: minute 1 to 2mm hemorrhages into skin,
mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.
• Purpura: slightly larger (≥3 mm) hemorrhages.
17. • Ecchymoses: larger (>1 to 2 cm) subcutaneous
hematomas (i.e., bruises)
• Hemothorax, hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, or
hemarthrosis (in joints): Large accumulations of blood in
one of the body cavities
25. Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Normal hemostasis result of a set of well-regulated
processes that accomplish two important functions:
(1) They maintain blood in a fluid, clot-free state in
normal vessels.
(2) They are aimed to induce a rapid and localized
hemostatic plug at a site of vascular injury.
26. • Thrombosis: an inappropriate activation of
normal hemostatic processes, such as the
formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in
uninjured vasculature or thrombotic occlusion of
a vessel after relatively minor injury.
27. Both hemostasis and thrombosis are regulated by
three general components:-
– the vascular wall
– platelets
– the coagulation factors.
28.
29. • Three primary causes for thrombus formation,
the so-called Virchow triad:
(1) Endothelial injury
(2) Stasis or slowing of blood flow
(3) Blood hyper-coagulability
30. • Virchow triad in thrombosis. Endothelial integrity is the single most important
factor. Note that injury to endothelial cells can affect local blood flow and/or
coagulability; abnormal blood flow (stasis or turbulence) can, in turn, cause
endothelial injury. The elements of the triad may act independently or may
combine to cause thrombus formation.
31. • Thrombi may develop anywhere in the
cardiovascular system, but stasis is a major factor
in the development of venous thrombi
• An area of attachment to the underlying vessel
or heart wall, frequently firmest at the point of
origin, is characteristic of all thromboses.
32. • The propagating tail may not be well attached and,
particularly in veins, is prone to fragmentation,
creating an embolus.
• Mural thrombi - arterial thrombi that arise in heart
chambers or in the aortic lumen, that usually adhere
to the wall of the underlying structure
33. • Mural thrombi. Thrombus in the left and right ventricular
apices, overlying a white fibrous scar.
41. • An embolus is a detached intravascular solid,
liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the
blood to a site distant from its point of origin.
• Emboli lodge in vessels too small to permit
further passage, resulting in partial or complete
vascular occlusion
43. • Large embolus derived
from a lower extremity deep
venous thrombosis and now
impacted in a pulmonary
artery branch.
44. Systemic Thromboembolism
• Emboli traveling within the arterial circulation.
• Most (80%) arise from intra-cardiac mural thrombi,
• Two thirds of which are associated with left ventricular
wall infarcts
• The major sites for arteriolar embolization are:
1. Lower extremities (75%)
2. Brain (10%)
45. A- Fat Embolism
• Microscopic fat globules may be found in the
circulation after fractures of long bones (which
have fatty marrow) or, rarely, in the setting of soft
tissue trauma and burns.
46. • Bone marrow embolus in the pulmonary circulation. The
cleared vacuoles represent marrow fat that is now
impacted in a distal vessel along with the cellular
hematopoietic precursors.
48. B- Air Embolism
• Gas bubbles within the circulation can obstruct vascular flow.
• Enter the circulation during obstetric procedures or as a
consequence of chest wall injury.
• In excess of 100 cc is required to have a clinical effect
49. C- Amniotic Fluid Embolism
• Underlying cause is the infusion of amniotic fluid or fetal
tissue into the maternal circulation via a tear in the placental
membranes or rupture of uterine veins.
• Characterized by sudden severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and
hypotensive shock, followed by seizures and coma.
51. • An infarct is an area of ischemic necrosis caused by
occlusion of either the arterial supply or the venous
drainage in a particular tissue.
• Nearly 99% of all infarcts result from thrombotic or
embolic events, and almost all result from arterial
occlusion.
52. • Infarcts are classified on the basis of their color
(reflecting the amount of hemorrhage) and the
presence or absence of microbial infection
53. • Red (hemorrhagic) infarcts occur
(1) with venous occlusions (such as in ovarian torsion);
(2) in loose tissues (such as lung)
(3) in tissues with dual circulations (e.g., lung and small
intestine).
54. • White (anemic) infarcts occur
1. with arterial occlusions in solid organs with end-
arterial circulation (such as heart, spleen, and kidney)
2. Solid tissues
55. Examples of infarcts. (A) Hemorrhagic, roughly wedge-shaped
pulmonary infarct. (B) Sharply demarcated white infarct in
the spleen.
56. • The dominant histologic characteristic of infarction is
ischemic coagulative necrosis
• most infarcts are ultimately replaced by scar tissue.
• The brain is an exception to these generalizations;
ischemic injury in the central nervous system results
in liquefactive necrosis
57. • Remote kidney infarct,
now replaced by a large
fibrotic cortical scar.
58. • Septic infarctions may develop when embolization
occurs by fragmentation of a bacterial vegetation
from a heart valve or when microbes seed an area
of necrotic tissue.
61. • Shock, or cardiovascular collapse, is the final
common pathway for a number of potentially
lethal clinical events, including severe hemorrhage,
extensive trauma or burns, large myocardial
infarction, massive pulmonary embolism, and
microbial sepsis.
62. • gives rise to systemic hypo-perfusion caused by
reduction in:
1. cardiac output
2. the effective circulating blood volume.
• The end results are hypotension, followed by
impaired tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia.
63. Type of Shock Clinical Examples Principal Mechanism
- Ventricular rupture Failure of myocardial
- Arrhythmia pump owing to intrinsic
Cardiogenic
- Cardiac tamponade myocardial damage,
- Pulmonary embolism extrinsic pressure,
- Myocardial infarction or obstruction to outflow
- Hemorrhage Inadequate blood or plasma
- Fluid loss, e.g., vomiting, volume
Hypo-volemic
diarrhea, burns, or trauma
- Overwhelming microbial infections Peripheral vasodilation and
- Endotoxic shock pooling of blood;
- Gram-positive septicemia endothelial
Septic - Fungal sepsis activation/injury;
leukocyte-induced
damage; disseminated
intravascular coagulation;
activation of cytokine
cascades
64. Less commonly:
1. Neurogenic shock -in the setting of anesthetic
accident or spinal cord injury, owing to loss of
vascular tone and peripheral pooling of blood.
2. Anaphylactic shock, initiated by a generalized
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity response, is
associated with systemic vasodilatation and
increased vascular permeability
65. Clinical Course
• The clinical manifestations depend on the precipitating
insult.
• In hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, the patient
presents with hypotension; a weak, rapid pulse;
tachypnea; and cool, clammy, cyanotic skin.
• In septic shock, the skin may initially be warm and
flushed because of peripheral vasodilation.