The document discusses hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. Edema is defined as increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces and can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, sodium retention, or inflammation. Treatment for edema focuses on reducing sodium intake, using diuretics to increase sodium excretion, and aldosterone antagonists.

1. Hemodynamic Disorders
Hemodynamic Disorders
 Edema
 Edema
 Hyperemia and Congestion
 Hyperemia and Congestion
 Hemorrhage
 Hemorrhage
 Hemostasis and Thrombosis
 Hemostasis and Thrombosis
 Embolism
 Embolism
 Infarction
 Infarction
 Shock
 Shock
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2. Definitions
Definitions
 Homeostasis  maintaining blood as a liquid
 Homeostasis  maintaining blood as a liquid
 Thrombosis Clotting at inappropriate sites
 Thrombosis Clotting at inappropriate sites
 Hemostasis  Clotting at appropriate site (site of
 Hemostasis  Clotting at appropriate site (site of
injury)
injury)
 Embolism migration of clots
 Embolism migration of clots
 Infarction obstruction of blood flow to tissues
 Infarction obstruction of blood flow to tissues
and leads to cell death
and leads to cell death
 Hemorrhage inability to clot after vascular
 Hemorrhage inability to clot after vascular
injury
injury
 Shock extensive hemorrhage can result in
 Shock extensive hemorrhage can result in
hypotension and death
hypotension and death
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3. Edema = Increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
Edema = Increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
 Anasarca: Generalized edema + profound subcutaneous
 Anasarca: Generalized edema + profound subcutaneous
swelling
swelling
 Pathophysiology
 Pathophysiology
1. Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
1. Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
 Most common cause --Congestive heart failure,
 Most common cause Congestive heart failure,
others --DVT
others DVT
2. Decreased oncotic or osmotic Pressure
2. Decreased oncotic or osmotic Pressure
 Nephrotic syndrome, Cirrhosis
 Nephrotic syndrome, Cirrhosis
3. Sodium retention
3. Sodium retention
 Renal failure, Renin- Angiotensin --Aldosterone
 Renal failure, Renin- Angiotensin Aldosterone
4. Inflammation
4. Inflammation
 Acute or chronic,
 Acute or chronic,
 Type of edema  exudate in inflammatory and transudate
 Type of edema  exudate in inflammatory and transudate
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in non inflammatory conditions
in non inflammatory conditions
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4. Edema - Pathogenesis
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5. Edema
Edema
 Morphology = Mostly involve Subcutaneous tissues, Lung,
 Morphology = Mostly involve Subcutaneous tissues, Lung,
Brain
Brain
 Subcutaneous ––can be pitting (Cardiac or renal disorders) or
 Subcutaneous can be pitting (Cardiac or renal disorders) or
non ––pitting ((Thyroid disorders)
non pitting Thyroid disorders)
 Pitting edema can be in dependent parts (at ankles in
 Pitting edema can be in dependent parts (at ankles in
ambulatory and Back or sacrum in bedridden patientsambulatory and Back or sacrum in bedridden patientscardiac disorders) nondependent area ((periorbital in renal
cardiac disorders) nondependent area periorbital in renal
disorders)
disorders)
 Lung or Pulmonary edema ––Most common in Left Heart
 Lung or Pulmonary edema Most common in Left Heart
failure, lungs are wet and heavy, pink frothy fluid in alveoli
failure, lungs are wet and heavy, pink frothy fluid in alveoli
 Cerebral edema – localized ((Abscess, Neoplasms) //
 Cerebral edema – localized Abscess, Neoplasms)
Generalized
Generalized
((Encephalitis), narrowed sulci and distended gyri, fatal if edema
Encephalitis), narrowed sulci and distended gyri, fatal if edema
develops rapidly (due to cerebellar or Tonsillar Herniation)
develops rapidly (due to cerebellar or Tonsillar Herniation)
Clinical significance
Clinical significance
In Almost disorders causing edema, excess sodium re-absorption
In Almost disorders causing edema, excess sodium re-absorption
via Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone pathway) is key factor
( (via Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone pathway) is key factor
Treatment  salt intake, Diuretics (↑sodium Excretion), Aldosterone
Treatment  salt intake, Diuretics (↑sodium Excretion), Aldosterone
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antagonists
antagonists
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6. Edema
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7. Edema = Increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
Edema = Increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
 Anasarca: Generalized edema + profound subcutaneous
 Anasarca: Generalized edema + profound subcutaneous
swelling
swelling
 Pathophysiology
 Pathophysiology
1. Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
1. Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
 Most common cause --Congestive heart failure,
 Most common cause Congestive heart failure,
others --DVT
others DVT
2. Decreased oncotic or osmotic Pressure
2. Decreased oncotic or osmotic Pressure
 Nephrotic syndrome, Cirrhosis
 Nephrotic syndrome, Cirrhosis
3. Sodium retention
3. Sodium retention
 Renal failure, Renin- Angiotensin --Aldosterone
 Renal failure, Renin- Angiotensin Aldosterone
4. Inflammation
4. Inflammation
 Acute or chronic,
 Acute or chronic,
 Type of edema  exudate in inflammatory and transudate
 Type of edema  exudate in inflammatory and transudate
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in non inflammatory conditions
in non inflammatory conditions
Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com