This document discusses the importance of blood grouping and Landsteiner's law of blood grouping. It describes the ABO blood group system and the universal donor and recipient groups. The key blood grouping techniques of slide method and tube method are outlined. The slide method is a preliminary test while the tube method is the gold standard. The document explains the process of cell grouping (forward grouping) and serum grouping (reverse grouping) using the tube method. It also discusses grading of agglutination results and the importance of cross-matching blood prior to transfusion to avoid mismatched reactions.

1. BLOOD
GROUPING
Dr.Janani Mathialagan,
1st year postgraduate,
Pathology

2. OBJECTIVES
– Importance of blood grouping
– Landsteiner’s law
– Typing techniques
– Slide method
– Tube method
– Cross-matching

3. NEED FOR BLOOD
GROUPING
– BLOOD TRANSFUSION
– HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN
– PATERNITY DISPUTES
– MEDICOLEGAL USE
– SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VARIOUS DISEASES
– ROUTINE HEALTH CHECKUP

4. LANDSTEINER’S LAW
– If an antigen is present on a patient’s red blood cells, the corresponding
antibody will not be present in the patient’s plasma under normal
conditions.

5. Reciprocal relationship between ABO
antigens and antibodies
Antigens on
RBCs
Antibody in plasma /
serum
Blood
group
A Anti-B A
B Anti-A B
AB None AB
None Anti-A, Anti-B O

7. ABO antigens & corresponding antibodies

8. UNIVERSAL DONOR AND RECIPIENT
– UNIVERSAL DONOR
GROUP O
– Neither A or B
antigens
– UNIVERSAL RECEIPIENT
GROUP AB
– Patient has no Anti
A/Anti B present.
– Cannot lyse any
transfused cell

9. ABO TYPING TECHNIQUES
– Slide test
– Tube technique
– Microplate
– Gel system

10. SLIDE GROUPING
ADVANTAGES:
– Preliminary typing tests
– Use during camps
DISADVANTAGES:
– Not routine test
– Less sensitive
– Drying of reaction giving to false positive results

11. ANTISERA

12. SLIDE GROUPING
– Test should be done at room temperature or lower
– Tubes, slides should be dry and labeled properly
– Antisera should always be added before adding cells
– Results should be recorded immediately after observation
– Hemolysis is interpreted as positive result

13. BLOOD SAMPLE

14. FIRST ADD ANTISERA TO SLIDE
ANTI-B ANTI-A ANTI-D

15. SAMPLES ADDED TO SLIDES
ANTI-B ANTI-A ANTI-D

16. OBSERVE FOR AGGLUTINATION
sample 1
ANTI-A ANTI-B ANTI-D

17. Sample 2
ANTI-A ANTI-B ANTI-D

18. Test Tube Method
Recommended method (Gold standard)
– Allows longer incubation of antigen and antibody
mixture without drying
– Tubes can be centrifuged to enhance reaction
– Can detect weaker antigen / antibody
Two steps in ABO grouping
Cell grouping (Forward grouping)
– Tests the patients red cells with known Anti-A & Anti-
B to determine the antigen expressed
Serum grouping (Reverse grouping)
– Test the patients serum with known A & B cells to
determine the presence of antibody

19. CELL GROUPING ( Forward grouping)
– Prepare 2-5% suspension of test sample in normal saline
– Set three tubes , label them as A,B, D
– Add two drops of anti A , anti-B, anti D in three different tubes
– Add one drop of 2-5% cell suspension (Ratio of 2:1)
– Mix contents well and centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 1 minute
– Observe for hemolysis
– Gently disperse cell button and check for agglutination
– Confirm negative results under microscope

20. TUBE METHOD

21. SAMPLE ADDED

22. MIX TUBE CONTENTS

23. CENTRIFUGE LOADING

24. CENTRIFUGE AT 1500 RPM

25. RH VIEWING BOX

26. GRADING AGGLUTINATION

27. SERUM GROUPING ( REVERSE GROUPING)
– Prepare 2-5% suspension of pooled cells A,B,O
– Label three tubes A cells, B cells and O cells
– Place two drops of serum in each tube
– Add one drop of cell suspension ( A cell to A tube, B cell to B tube and one drop of
O cell to O tube
– Centrifuge tubes at 1500 rpm for 1 minute
– Gently disperse for agglutination
– Negative results check by microscope

28. 2 vol of test
serum/plas
ma
1 vol of 5%
suspension of
reagent red cells
in respective
tubes
Reverse
Grouping Centrifuge at 1000 rpm
for 1 min
Centrifuge & record the
results similarly as for
cell grouping
Shake & leave at room
temp (20-24oC) for 5 min

29. GRADING OF AGGLUTINATION

30. CROSS MATCHING
– A pre-requisite for blood transfusion
– Purpose: to avoid reactions of mismatched transfusion

31. PROCEDURE:
– In test tube place 2 drops of recipient’s serum
– Add washed donor red cell suspension
– Mix and incubate at 37degree C for 30 mins
– Centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 1 minute
– Examine for agglutination and hemolysis
INTERPRETATION:
– Matched - no agglutination and hemolysis
– Mismatched - either agglutination or hemolysis