OBD or On-Board Diagnostics refers to a system for emission control which has the capability to detect a malfunction and to store the related information in nonvolatile memory. The OBD system monitors the emission relevant components or systems, stores detected malfunctions indicating likely area of malfunction and activates Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) if necessary. On-board diagnostics, required by governmental regulations, provide a means for reducing harmful pollutants into the environment. Since being mandated in 2010 in India, the regulations have continued to evolve and require engineers to design systems that meet strict guidelines. The OBD system has a microcontroller based processing system and monitors the sensors installed at different parts of vehicle to observe various emission related parameters and emission control system/devices, processing unit will take input from these sensors and signal conditioners, calculate the real-time values of vehicle parameters and give output. System will be able to diagnose faults in parameters, abnormal abrupt changes, notify user of any abnormal condition, and indicate the cause of fault. The OBD system is installed in vehicles to improve in house emission compliance by alerting the vehicle operator when a malfunction exists and to aid automobile repair technicians in identifying and repairing malfunctioning systems in the emission control system.
OBD II (On-Board Diagnostics) stack, designed and developed by our expert automotive developers, is a set of embedded software services implemented in compliance with ISO 15031 standards for automotive.
OBD II (On-Board Diagnostics) stack, designed and developed by our expert automotive developers, is a set of embedded software services implemented in compliance with ISO 15031 standards for automotive.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Design, implementation and testing of OBD-II functionality for an Engine Control Unit (ECU) to support external access to fault code memory and other emission relevant data.
Advanced driver assistance systems are designed to increase car safety more generally road safety.
Basically Advanced driver assists(ADS) systems helps the driver in the driving process and enables safe, relaxed driving. It makes sense to get your new car with driver assist features if you find it at a reasonable price as it helps you drive easily and safely in everyday use.
A short introduction to the common types of sensors used in modern automobiles and their functions. Please note this is only an overview, and does not include ultramodern sensors used in high end cars.
Idle start stop system( i3s) in India Aditya DeshpandeAditya Deshpande
Idle start stop system( i3s) in India- for two wheeler introduced for curbing pollution problem by automatically switching off engine at idle and starting with the help of clutch thus saving fuel
Automotive Systems course (Module 04) - Fuel Systems in Compression Ignition ...Mário Alves
This presentation provides an snapshot of the fuel systems in Compression Ignition (CI) Internal Combustion Engines, browsing its technological evolution along the years. Compression Ignition engines are the ones that do not need an artificial spark to ignite (inflame), as the air-fuel mixture ignites "naturally" resulting from the combination of high temperatures and increasing pressures in the combustion chamber. This is the case of Diesel engines. Gasoline, alcohol or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) engines belong to another class of engines, called "Spark Ignition" engines.
Effects of Errors on Vehicle Emission Rates from Portable Emissions Measure...Gurdas Sandhu
See journal paper at http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2340-02
Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are useful for quantification of real-world vehicle activity, energy use, and emissions. However, there is no standard methodology for processing PEMS data; this can lead to errors in reported results. PEMS typically include tail-pipe exhaust gas and particle analyzers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, engine sensors, and electronic control unit (ECU) data loggers. The sensitivity of estimated emission rates to random errors in measurements is quantified. Methods are evaluated for identification and correction of improper synchronization of PEMS, ECU, and GPS data streams and for road grade estimation. Estimated fuel use and emission rates for light- and heavy-duty vehicles are sensitive to errors in intake manifold absolute pressure and engine revolutions per minute values and in indicators of air-to-fuel ratio including carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. Synchronization can be aided by maximizing the Pearson correlation coefficient between two indicator variables and confirming the result by matching concurrent increases in indicator variables. The effect of improper synchronization on estimated modal emission rates is quantified. Modal average emission rates based on vehicle-specific power (VSP) are more sensitive to improperly synchronized engine versus GPS data. Improperly synchronized data streams result in decreased variability between the lowest and highest modal average emission rates. Estimation of road grade from a linear least squares slope of elevation over a specified distance is demonstrated. VSP-based modal fuel use and pollutant emission rates are less sensitive to differences in road grade than to errors in synchronization.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Design, implementation and testing of OBD-II functionality for an Engine Control Unit (ECU) to support external access to fault code memory and other emission relevant data.
Advanced driver assistance systems are designed to increase car safety more generally road safety.
Basically Advanced driver assists(ADS) systems helps the driver in the driving process and enables safe, relaxed driving. It makes sense to get your new car with driver assist features if you find it at a reasonable price as it helps you drive easily and safely in everyday use.
A short introduction to the common types of sensors used in modern automobiles and their functions. Please note this is only an overview, and does not include ultramodern sensors used in high end cars.
Idle start stop system( i3s) in India Aditya DeshpandeAditya Deshpande
Idle start stop system( i3s) in India- for two wheeler introduced for curbing pollution problem by automatically switching off engine at idle and starting with the help of clutch thus saving fuel
Automotive Systems course (Module 04) - Fuel Systems in Compression Ignition ...Mário Alves
This presentation provides an snapshot of the fuel systems in Compression Ignition (CI) Internal Combustion Engines, browsing its technological evolution along the years. Compression Ignition engines are the ones that do not need an artificial spark to ignite (inflame), as the air-fuel mixture ignites "naturally" resulting from the combination of high temperatures and increasing pressures in the combustion chamber. This is the case of Diesel engines. Gasoline, alcohol or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) engines belong to another class of engines, called "Spark Ignition" engines.
Effects of Errors on Vehicle Emission Rates from Portable Emissions Measure...Gurdas Sandhu
See journal paper at http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2340-02
Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are useful for quantification of real-world vehicle activity, energy use, and emissions. However, there is no standard methodology for processing PEMS data; this can lead to errors in reported results. PEMS typically include tail-pipe exhaust gas and particle analyzers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, engine sensors, and electronic control unit (ECU) data loggers. The sensitivity of estimated emission rates to random errors in measurements is quantified. Methods are evaluated for identification and correction of improper synchronization of PEMS, ECU, and GPS data streams and for road grade estimation. Estimated fuel use and emission rates for light- and heavy-duty vehicles are sensitive to errors in intake manifold absolute pressure and engine revolutions per minute values and in indicators of air-to-fuel ratio including carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. Synchronization can be aided by maximizing the Pearson correlation coefficient between two indicator variables and confirming the result by matching concurrent increases in indicator variables. The effect of improper synchronization on estimated modal emission rates is quantified. Modal average emission rates based on vehicle-specific power (VSP) are more sensitive to improperly synchronized engine versus GPS data. Improperly synchronized data streams result in decreased variability between the lowest and highest modal average emission rates. Estimation of road grade from a linear least squares slope of elevation over a specified distance is demonstrated. VSP-based modal fuel use and pollutant emission rates are less sensitive to differences in road grade than to errors in synchronization.
Report: Mind the Gap 2015 – Closing the chasm between test and real-world car...Nicola Barozzi 🚘✔
The system of testing cars to measure fuel economy and CO2 emissions is utterly discredited. This report analyses the gap between test results and real-world performance and finds that it has become a chasm, increasing from 8% in 2001 to 31% in 2012 and 40% in 2014. Without action this gap will grow to nearly 50% by 2020.
Mercedes cars have the biggest average gap between test and real-world performance, with real-world fuel consumption exceeding test results by nearly half. None of the improvement in emissions measured in tests of Opel/Vauxhall cars since 2008 has delivered improvement on the road, and their real-world fuel economy is actually getting worse. Just a fifth of the apparent improvement in emissions from the launch of the Mark 7 VW Golf (Europe’s best-selling car) have been achieved on the road.
This report definitively shows current systems for vehicle testing of fuel economy and CO2 emissions don’t work and the proposed introduction of the new WLTP test seems likely to deliver limited and only temporary improvements. Systematic changes to the way cars are tested, regulated and taxed are needed to ensure cars are decarbonised on the road and not just in laboratories. The technologies to reduce emissions are available – what is missing is a robust policy framework to ensure these are delivered.
Source: European Federation for Transport and Environment AISBL
A side by side comparison of various aspects of owning and applying a predictive emissions monitoring system vs. a continuous emissions monitoring system. Excerpted from CMC Solutions at http://cmcpems.com/pems-vs-cems/
Replacing a Stack Gas Flow Hardware Device with PEMSCTi Controltech
Presentation by President of CMC Solutions to PNWIS & AWMA (Pacific Northwest International Section of the Air & Waste Management Association)
CMC Solutions was retained to perform a demonstration of a statistical hybrid predictive emissions monitoring system (PEMS) under 40 CFR Part 75, Subpart E.
The PEMS was deployed in September of 2010 for stack gas flow and pollutant emissions. The demonstration confirmed that the PEMS passes all the statistical tests for the 720 hour demonstration period.
Summary
Statistical hybrid PEMS have been successful in meeting the requirements of the U.S. emission trading program
PEMS achieve very high accuracy levels
PEMS demonstrate superior reliability
PEMS are certified as an alternative to CEMS
PEMS are a cost effective alternative to a CEMS
Real time diagnostic for Your Car with Advanced OBD Car Doctor Application for Android!\
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/obd-car-doctor/id652142348?mt=8
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pnn.obdcardoctor
It is recognized within the industry that most data centers are not energy efficient. Traditional data center designs do not fully address optimizing the data center. While data center managers struggle with uptime and reliability, business executives are looking for ways to reduce capital and operational expenses to improve the bottom line. Green initiatives are also in place to not only save money but to be environmentally responsible. New green data center designs (based on hot and cold air containment) have started to become more popular. Containment strategies and air flow optimization are recognized as a way to achieve both technical and business objectives. By separating hot and cold air within the data center, capital and operational expenses can be reduced for the business and a more stable and predictable environment can be achieved for the IT organization.
This circuit can give a visual indication of the rate of air flow. It can be also used to check whether there is air flow in a given space. The filament of a incandescent bulb is the sensing part of the circuit. When there is no air flow the resistance of the filament will be low. When there is air flow the resistance drops, because the moving air will remove some of the heat generated in the filament. This variation in the resistance will produce variation of voltage across the filament. These variations will be picked up by the op-amp (LM339) and the brightness of the LED at its output will be varied proportionally to the airflow.
Advanced technologies as "DOC, DPF, SCR" to reduce Diesel engines harmful em...Omar Qasim
Diesel engines play a dominant role in transport because of their lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency. However, the high particulate matter (PM) emissions and high rat of the NOx emission of diesel engines also cause a series of environmental and social problems. several studies investigated the relationship between particulate matter emission and human health and found that 4.2 million deaths (7.6% of all global deaths) caused by outdoor fine particulate air pollution in 2015 and particulate matter (PM 2.5) was the fifth highest ranking risk factor for death in the world.
Performance analysis of ic engine using air energizereSAT Journals
Abstract In normal circumstances, due to incomplete combustion, 30% of the fuel remains unburnt and is emitted in the form of black smoke, causing air pollution. Moreover, the carbon originating from incomplete fuel combustions, settles on the spark plug and on the engine piston, thus diminishing the compression capacity of the piston and increasing the friction factor. This rate of carbon deposition increases especially in city driving, as the engine works much of the time at part throttle. Excess carbon decreases the compression ratio of the engine which ultimately robs the engine of its power, due to acute knocking or detonation. The above problem can be reduced to some extent by making use of paramagnetic property of oxygen present in the incoming air i.e. by passing the air through external magnetic field. Keywords: Air Energizer, Magnet, IC engine;
Performance analysis of ic engine using air energizerLaukik Raut
In normal circumstances, due to incomplete combustion, 30% of the fuel remains unburnt and is emitted in the form of black
smoke, causing air pollution. Moreover, the carbon originating from incomplete fuel combustions, settles on the spark plug and
on the engine piston, thus diminishing the compression capacity of the piston and increasing the friction factor. This rate of
carbon deposition increases especially in city driving, as the engine works much of the time at part throttle. Excess carbon
decreases the compression ratio of the engine which ultimately robs the engine of its power, due to acute knocking or detonation.
The above problem can be reduced to some extent by making use of paramagnetic property of oxygen present in the incoming air
i.e. by passing the air through external magnetic field
My graduation project was a designed and implemented automated control systems -such as power windows, wipers and central lock- for a real car using AVR® microcontroller, Arduino boards, and an Android application to control all the tasks of these systems.
Ancel V6 User’s Manual
>> READ MORE: https://www.obdadvisor.com/ancel-v6-plus/
Here is a detailed review of the Ancel V6 scan tool based on my own experience, including:
- Price
- Vehicle coverage
- Hardware and design
- Performance
- Warranty
Check it out to get the REVIEW and some NOTES about using this scanner.
Experimental investigation of the performance of vcr diesel engine fuelled by...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Increasing demand of fuel in everyday life and its hazards cause serious problem for this planet. Serious attention is required to see this problem. In this paper there is a research to find out the alternative for diesel fuel and efforts to increase its performance. N-butanol is blended with diesel in different volume (B5 - 5% n-butanol and 95% diesel, B10, B15, B20, B25 and B30) and its effects on various performance parameters are studied. Increasing Butanol concentration in fuel increases BSFC of the engine. Increasing butanol ratio reduces the BTE of the engine from 24% to 22% at maximum load. Exhaust gas temperature reduces with increasing butanol. Mechanical efficiency also increases with addition of n-butanol.
Keywords: N-butanol, BSFC, BTE
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF EXHAUST GAS ANALYZERvivatechijri
This paper deals with the design of Exhaust Gas Analyzer for measuring the concentration of
contents in exhaust gas emissions from vehicles using MQ135 sensor along with Carbon Monoxide CO using
MQ7 sensor. Measuring Exhaust gas emissions from vehicles is an essential element for bringing awareness in
the people to take care of increase in pollution caused by vehicle emissions and to safeguard the environment.
Based on this, Government of India had already implemented certain NORMS to vehicle emissions to reduce the
pollution. We are trying to implement the Exhaust gas analyzer using the Bluetooth device to notify the user
about their vehicle emissions, we can bring awareness to every individual about the harm from vehicle
emissions causing to our environment by the implementation of our system. We have developed the system as
user friendly system for convenient use by every individual .The Exhaust gas analyzer will measure the vehicle
emissions or exhaust gases ,the output from sensors will be compare with the current or ongoing issued norms,
the concentration of gases will be notified to user to aware the user for vehicle maintenance and flaw detection.
Also, the cost of system is economically affordable for everyone.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
OBD I & II (On Board Diagnostic)
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 5, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1213
Abstract— OBD or On-Board Diagnostics refers to a system
for emission control which has the capability to detect a
malfunction and to store the related information in
nonvolatile memory. The OBD system monitors the
emission relevant components or systems, stores detected
malfunctions indicating likely area of malfunction and
activates Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) if necessary.
On-board diagnostics, required by governmental regulations,
provide a means for reducing harmful pollutants into the
environment. Since being mandated in 2010 in India, the
regulations have continued to evolve and require engineers
to design systems that meet strict guidelines.
The OBD system has a microcontroller based processing
system and monitors the sensors installed at different parts
of vehicle to observe various emission related parameters
and emission control system/devices, processing unit will
take input from these sensors and signal conditioners,
calculate the real-time values of vehicle parameters and give
output. System will be able to diagnose faults in parameters,
abnormal abrupt changes, notify user of any abnormal
condition, and indicate the cause of fault. The OBD system
is installed in vehicles to improve in house emission
compliance by alerting the vehicle operator when a
malfunction exists and to aid automobile repair technicians
in identifying and repairing malfunctioning systems in the
emission control system.
I. INTRODUCTION
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the
combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an
oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an
integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal
combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature
and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply
direct force to some component of the engine. This force is
applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This
force moves the component over a distance, transforming
chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.
All internal combustion engines depend on combustion of a
chemical fuel, typically with oxygen from the air. The
combustion process typically results in the production of a
great quantity of heat, as well as the production of steam and
carbon dioxide and other chemicals at very high
temperature; the temperature reached is determined by the
chemical makeup of the fuel and oxidizers, as well as by the
compression and other factors. Internal combustion engines
Require ignition of the mixture, either by spark ignition (SI)
or compression ignition (CI).
A. Complete Combustion
In complete combustion, the reactant burns in oxygen,
producing a limited number of products. When a
hydrocarbon burns in oxygen, the reaction will only yield
carbon dioxide and water. When elements are burned, the
products are primarily the most common oxides. Carbon
will yield carbon dioxide, nitrogen will yield nitrogen
dioxide and sulfur will yield sulfur dioxide.
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2+ 2 H2O
The generation of carbon dioxide, in automotive context, is
not harmful.
B. Incomplete Combustion
Complete combustion is almost impossible to achieve. In
reality, as actual combustion reactions come to equilibrium,
a wide variety of major and minor species will be present
such as carbon monoxide and pure carbon (soot or ash).
Additionally, any combustion in atmospheric air, which is
78% nitrogen, will also create several forms of nitrogen
oxides.
Incomplete combustion will only occur when there is not
enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely to
produce carbon dioxide and water. It also happens when the
combustion is quenched by a heat sink.
2 CH4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2O
N2 + O2 → 2 NO
N2 + 2 O2 → 2 NO2
The quality of combustion can be improved by design of
internal combustion engines. Further improvements are
achievable by catalytic after-burning devices (such as
catalytic converts) or by the simple partial return of the
exhaust gases into the combustion process (EGR).
C. Emissions in Vehicles
Motor vehicle emissions are composed of the by-products
that come out of the exhaust systems or other emissions
such as gasoline evaporation. These emissions contribute to
air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of
smog.
During the first couple of minutes after starting the engine
of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the
amount of emissions is very high. This occurs for two main
reasons:
1. Rich Air-Fuel ratio requirement in cold engines: Right
after starting the engine the walls as well as the fuel are
cold. Fuel does not vaporize and it would be difficult to
create enough combustible gaseous mixture. Therefore
very rich operation is required at the beginning,
sometimes even 1:1. The excess of fuel in the chambers
is subsequently burned generating great amount of
Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon monoxide.
2. Inefficient catalytic convertor under cold conditions:
Catalytic convertors are very inefficient when cold.
When the cold engine is started, it takes several minutes
for the converter to reach operating temperature.
OBD I & II (On Board Diagnostic)
Kasam Anil1
O.Sai Kiran2
N.V.Yasasvi3
1,2,3
Mechanical Engineering, JNTU University
2. OBD I & II (On Board Diagnostic)
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/044)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1214
Before that, gases are emitted directly into the
atmosphere.
D. Main motor vehicle emissions
1) The main emissions from vehicles are:
1. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete
combustion. Carbon monoxide poisoning is the
most common type of fatal air poisoning. Carbon
monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but
highly toxic. It combines with hemoglobin to
produce carboxyhemoglobin which is ineffective
for delivering oxygen to bodily tissues.
2. HYDROCARBONS (HC):
A class of burned or partially burned fuel,
hydrocarbons is toxins. Hydrocarbons are a major
contributor to smog, which can be a major problem
in urban areas. Methane is not directly toxic, but is
more difficult to break down in a catalytic
converter. Prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons
contributes to asthma, liver disease, lung disease,
and cancer. Methane is not directly toxic, but is
more difficult to break down in a catalytic
converter.
II. OBD-I
OBD-I means an on-board diagnostic system for emission
control, which shall have the capability of identifying the
likely area of malfunction by means of fault codes stored in
computer memory.
An auxiliary OBD ECU is designed to provide the
diagnostic functionality for the current ECU. The OBD ECU
has to diagnose the sensors and actuator of the ECU by
parallel tapping the connections. The monitoring and
diagnostic strategy is depended on the available engine
functionality data, measured by trials on the vehicle for the
engine operation, and will be restricted only to it.
The ECU will monitor the available sensors of the engine
control system:
1. Coolant Temperature Sensor
2. Throttle Position Sensor
3. Fuel Cut Solenoid Valve
4. Timer Solenoid
5. Glow Plug Relay
6. RPM Sensor
7. EGR Solenoid
A. Tasks Performed By ECU:
1. The ECU will perform the diagnostic of the above
for circuit discontinuity fault and generate the
DTCs.
2. The ECU will drive the MIL ON via digital output
pin, as soon as a single DTC is set.
3. The ECU will store the freeze frame data for the
available monitoring components.
4. The ECU will store the DTCs, freeze frame and
related monitoring data in the flash memory.
5. The ECU will have wheel speed sensor input either
directly as a digital input from the sensor.
6. The ECU will use this signal to calculate the
distance run since MIL was set ON. The value will
be stored in
flash before power off and will be augmented
during subsequent driving.
7. The ECU will provide diagnostic information
through K-Line communication to the External
Universal Scan Tool meeting OBD requirements.
Sensors and Actuators on the Vehicle and how it contributes
to Vehicle Emission and OBD-I
B. Coolant Temperature Sensor (CTS)
The coolant temperature sensor is used to measure the
temperature of the engine coolant of an internal combustion
engine. The readings from this sensor are then fed back to
the Engine control unit (ECU). This data from the sensor is
then used to adjust the fuel injection and ignition timing.
1. Operation:
Fig. 1 Coolant Temperature Sensor
The ECT (engine coolant temperature) sensor is basically a
thermistor that changes resistance with temperature. The
ECU sends out a regulated reference voltage typically 5
volts to the Coolant Temperature Sensor, through the sensor
where the voltage is decreased in relation to the internal
resistance within the sensor which varies with temperature.
When the ECT is high (hotter), the resistance is low, and
when the ECT is low (cooler) the resistance is high. This
resistance reading is sent to the ECU (car's on-board
computer). The ECU is then able to calculate the
temperature of the engine, and then with inputs from other
engine sensors to carry out adjustments to the engine
actuators or can be used to activate emission controls or turn
the engine's cooling fan on.
Sensor output is being tapped from the control harness and
given to the OBD ECU.
III. TEST PROCEDURE FOR OBD-I
1. The test vehicle shall be mounted on the chassis
dynamometer along with necessary equipments of test
agency for carrying out test.
2. Switch on the ignition and check for MIL ON. MIL
shall be ON for few seconds and then may turn OFF or
may continue to glow.
3. Start the engine and check for MIL OFF.
4. Switch OFF the engine and ignition key to OFF
position.
5. Vehicle soaking for 6 hours, if necessary for certain
OBD parameters as specified by vehicle manufacturer.
6. Open or disconnect the circuit for the OBD parameters
to be checked for circuit discontinuity.
7. Switch ON the ignition. Check for MIL ON.
8. Start the engine and check for MIL ON.
3. OBD I & II (On Board Diagnostic)
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/044)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1215
S.
No
OBD
codes
Description
1 P0118
Engine Coolant Temperature Circuit
High Input
2 P0112
Throttle Position Sensor/Switch A
Circuit Low Input
3 P0005
Fuel Cut-off Valve Control
Circuit/open
4 P0216
Injection Time Control Circuit
Malfunction
5 P0670 Glow Plug module Control Circuit
6 RPM Sensor
7 P0403
Exhaust Gas Recirculation A Circuit
Malfunction
8 P045A
Exhaust Gas Recirculation B Circuit
Malfunction
Table 1: OBD-I Output Codes
1. If the OBD parameter requires engine to be driven for
MIL activation, vehicle shall be driven as per driving
cycle (modified Indian driving cycle); including key
ON OFF cycles, vehicle can be considered meeting
circuit discontinuity when the MIL activates within
maximum of 10 driving cycles.
2. If the OBD parameter does not require vehicle to be
driven for MIL activation, vehicle can be considered
meeting circuit discontinuity for the tested OBD
parameters.
3. The DTC code shall be retrieved by the OBD Scan Tool
or by any other method as mutually agreed between test
agency and vehicle manufacturer.
4. The procedure shall be repeated for other OBD
parameters to be checked for circuit discontinuity.
5. The requirements of distance travelled since MIL ON
shall be checked along with one of the circuit
discontinuity tests for OBD parameters as specified by
vehicle manufacturer by running the vehicle on chassis
dynamometer as per driving cycle preferred by the
vehicle manufacturer.
The vehicle submitted for a type approval shall be tested for
maximum four discontinuity demonstration test selected by
the test agency out of the OBD parameters as declared by
the vehicle manufacturer. 'Vehicle type' means a category of
power-driven vehicles, which do not differ in such essential
engine and OBD system characteristics.
Every modification in the essential characteristics of the
vehicle model shall be intimated by the vehicle
manufacturer to the test agency which type approved by
vehicle model. The test agency may either consider that the
vehicle with the modifications made may still comply with
the requirements or require further tests to ensure further
compliance.
IV. ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM (OBD-II)
Although OBD supplies valuable information about a
number of critical emissions related system and
components, there are several important items which were
not incorporated into the OBD standards due to the technical
limitations at the time that the system was phased into
production (during 1988). Since the introduction of OBD,
several technical breakthroughs have occurred. For example,
the technology to monitor engine misfire and catalyst
efficiency has been developed and implemented on vehicles.
As a result of this technical breakthroughs and because
existing I/M programs have proven to be less effective than
desired in detecting critical emission control system defects
which occur during normal road load operation, a more
comprehensive OBD system was developed under the
direction of CARB.
OBD II is strictly emission oriented. In other words, it will
illuminate MIL anytime a vehicle's hydrocarbon (HC),
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) or
evaporative emissions exceed 1.5 times Federal Test
Procedure (FTP) standards. That includes anytime random
misfire causes an overall rise in HC emissions, anytime the
operating efficiency of the catalytic convertor drops a
certain threshold, anytime
Fig. 2: Flow Chart for the Test Procedure
The system detects air leakage in the sealed fuel system,
anytime a fault in EGR system causes NOx emissions to go
up, or anytime a key sensor or other emission control
4. OBD I & II (On Board Diagnostic)
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/044)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1216
devices fails. In other words, the MIL light may come on
even though the vehicle seems to be running normally and
there are no real drivability problems.
OBD-II, which is implemented over the 1994 through 1996
model years, adds:
1. catalyst efficiency monitoring,
2. engine misfire detections,
3. canister purge system monitoring,
4. secondary air system monitoring and
5. EGR system flow rate monitoring.
The goal of the OBD-II regulation is to provide the vehicle
with an on-board diagnostic system which is capable of
continuously monitoring the efficiency of emission control
systems and also to improve diagnosis and repair efficiency
when a system failure occurs.
V. OBD-II FEATURES:
The following are the highlights of the OBD-II system
features:
A. Oxygen Sensor (O2S):
An Oxygen sensor is a chemical generator. Oxygen sensors
make modern and emission control possible electronic fuel
injection. They help determine, in real time, if the air fuel
ratio of a combustion engine is rich or lean. Since oxygen
sensors are located in the exhaust stream, they do not
directly measure the air or the fuel entering the engine. But
when information from oxygen sensors is coupled with
information from other sources, it can be used to indirectly
determine the air-to-fuel ratio. Closed-loop feedback-
controlled fuel injection varies the fuel injector output
according to real-time sensor data rather than operating with
a predetermined (open-loop) fuel map. In addition to
enabling electronic fuel injection to work efficiently, this
emissions control technique can reduce the amounts of both
un-burnt fuel and oxides of nitrogen entering the
atmosphere.
The sensor does not actually measure oxygen concentration,
but rather the difference between the amount of oxygen in
the exhaust gas and the amount of oxygen in air. Rich
mixture causes an oxygen demand. This demand causes a
voltage to build up, due to transportation of oxygen ions
through the sensor layer. Lean mixture causes low voltage,
since there is an oxygen excess.
Fig. 3: Oxygen Sensor
Modern spark-ignited combustion engines use oxygen
sensors and catalytic converters in order to reduce exhaust
emissions. Information on oxygen concentration is sent to
the engine management computer or ECU, which adjusts the
amount of fuel injected into the engine to compensate for
excess air or excess fuel. The ECU attempts to maintain, on
average, a certain air-fuel ratio by interpreting the
information it gains from the oxygen sensor. The primary
goal is a compromise between power, fuel economy, and
emissions, and in most cases is achieved by an air-fuel-ratio
close to stoichiometric. By making sure that the mixture is
at balance, you are assured that every bit of your fuel is
burned and used so fuel economy is achieved.
Failure of these sensors, either through normal aging, the
use of leaded fuels, or fuel contaminated with silicones or
silicates, for example, can lead to damage of an automobile's
catalytic converter and expensive repairs.
B. FUEL SYSTEM
The Fuel system in automobiles can be monitored by
monitoring the fuel injection system and fuel pump. Fuel
injection generally increases engine fuel efficiency. With the
improved cylinder-to-cylinder fuel distribution of multi-
point fuel injection, less fuel is needed for the same power
output. Exhaust emissions are cleaner because the more
precise and accurate fuel metering reduces the concentration
of toxic combustion byproducts leaving the engine, and
because exhaust cleanup devices such as the catalytic
converter can be optimized to operate more efficiently since
the exhaust is of consistent and predictable composition.
Fuel-injected car include smoother and more dependable
engine response during quick throttle transitions, easier and
more dependable engine starting, better operation at
extremely high or low ambient temperatures, increased
maintenance intervals, and increased fuel efficiency.
Fig. 4: Fuel System
The fuel pump creates positive pressure in the fuel lines,
pushing the fuel to the engine. The higher fuel pressure
raises the boiling point. Placing the pump in the tank puts
the component least likely to handle fuel vapor well farthest
from the engine, submersed in cool liquid. In most cars, the
fuel pump delivers a constant flow of fuel to the engine; fuel
not used is returned to the tank. This further reduces the
chance of the fuel boiling, since it is never kept close to the
hot engine for too long. Cars with electronic fuel injection
have an electronic control unit (ECU) and this may be
programmed with safety logic that will shut the electric fuel
pump off, even if the engine is running. In the event of a
collision this will prevent fuel leaking from any ruptured
fuel line. ECUs may also be programmed to shut off the fuel
pump if they detect low or zero oil pressure.
5. OBD I & II (On Board Diagnostic)
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/044)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1217
Refer
ence
Mass
(RW)
(kg)
Mass of
CO
(g/km)
Mass of
HC
(g/km)
Mass of
NOx
(g/km)
M
ass
of
P
M
(g/
k
m)
Cat
ego
ry
Cl
as
s
Pe
tr
ol
Di
es
el
Pe
tr
ol
Di
es
el
Pe
tr
ol
Di
es
el
Di
es
el
M* - All
3.
2
3.
2
0.
4
0.
4
0.
6
1.
2
0.1
8
N1
and
M*
*
I
RW<
=130
5
3.2
3.
2
0.
4
0.
4
0.
6
1.
2
0.1
8
II
1305
<RW
<=
1760
5.
8
4.
0
0.
5
0.
5
0.
7
1.
6
0.2
3
III
1760
<RW
7.
3
4.
8
0.
6
0.
6
0.
8
1.
9
0.2
8
Table 2: Official Gazette Notification (GSR) OBD
VI. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE VEHICLE
EQUIPPED WITH POSITIVE IGNITION ENGINES:
1. Catalytic converter monitor: Reduction in the efficiency
of the catalytic converter with respect to HC emissions
only. Each monitored catalyst or catalyst combination
shall be considered malfunctioning when the emissions
exceed the HC threshold.
2. Engine misfire: The engine operating region bounded
by the following lines
1. A maximum speed of 4500 rpm or 1000 rpm
greater than the highest speed occurring during
type 1 test cycle, whichever is lower.
2. The positive torque line (i.e. Engine load with
transmission in neutral).
3. A line joining the following engine operation
points: The positive torque line at 3000 rpm
and a point on the maximum speed line
defined in (1) above with the engines manifold
at 13.33 kPa lower than that at the positive
torque line.
3. Oxygen sensor deterioration
4. The electronic evaporative emission purge control must,
at a minimum, be monitored for circuit continuity.
5. Any other emission related power train component
connected to control unit, including any relevant sensor
to enable monitoring function to be carried out must be
monitored for circuit continuity.
VII. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE VEHICLES
EQUIPPED WITH CI
1. Where fitted, reduction in efficiency of the catalytic
converter.
2. Where fitted, functionality and integrity of the
particulate trap.
3. The fuel injection system electronic fuel quantity
And timing actuators are monitored for circuit
continuity and total functional failure.
4. Any other emission related power train component
connected to control unit, including any relevant sensor
to enable monitoring function to be carried out must be
monitored for circuit continuity.
VIII. TEST PROCEDURE FOR OBD-II
1. Operating on the chassis dynamometer must meet
requirements of MIDC (Modified Indian Driving
Cycle).
1. Vehicle preconditioning: After introducing of one
of the failure modes, the vehicle must be
preconditioned by driving at least two consecutive
types I test (part I and part II). For compression
ignition engines vehicles an additional
preconditioning of two parts two cycles is
permitted.
2. Failure modes to be tested:
1)Positive ignition engine vehicles
a. Replacement of catalyst with a deteriorated
or defective catalyst or electronic simulation
of such a failure.
b. Engine misfire conditions.
c. Replacement of oxygen sensor with a
deteriorated or defective sensor or electronic
simulation of such a failure.
d. Electrical disconnection of electronic
evaporative purge control device. For the
specific failure mode type I test need not to
be performed.
e. Electrically disconnection of any other
emission related component connected to
power train management control unit.
2)Compression ignition engine vehicles
a. Replacement of catalyst with a deteriorated
or defective catalyst or electronic
simulation of such a failure.
b. Electrically disconnection of any fuelling
system, electronic fuel quantity and timing
actuators.
c. Electrically disconnection of any other
emission related component connected to
power train management control unit.
3. The manufacturer must make available the
defective components and electrical devices which
would be used to simulate failures. When measured
over the type I test cycle, such defective
components or devices must not cause the vehicle
emission to exceed the limit given in the official
gazette notification (GSR) by more than 20%.
4. After vehicle preconditioning, the test vehicle is
driven over type I test (part I & part II). The MI
must activate before the end of this test under any
of the conditions. However the total number of
failures simulated must not exceed four for the
purpose of type approval.
IX. SCANNING PROCEDURE
OBD-I and OBD-II Diagnostic Tool for Checking: