As we know air pollution is big challenge for the world
The air pollution due to automobile is 70% of total pollution of air pollution.
We have several way for controlling automobile pollution.
The most effective way is by using catalytic converter in automobile
In short catalytic converter are used to convert the harmful gas to harmless gas
This is a presentation on the emission norms present in India i.e Bharat Stage and in Europe i.e Euro. it also has a comparison between the two as well as a timeline of the two.
Pollutant,their formation and control in Internal Combustion EnginesHassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
Knocking fundamentals (limitations and issues)Hassan Raza
It's all about Knocking in IC Engines, their limiting factors,issues,how to nullify their effect and how to control this effect and how to over come knocking inside combustion chamber.
As we know air pollution is big challenge for the world
The air pollution due to automobile is 70% of total pollution of air pollution.
We have several way for controlling automobile pollution.
The most effective way is by using catalytic converter in automobile
In short catalytic converter are used to convert the harmful gas to harmless gas
This is a presentation on the emission norms present in India i.e Bharat Stage and in Europe i.e Euro. it also has a comparison between the two as well as a timeline of the two.
Pollutant,their formation and control in Internal Combustion EnginesHassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
Knocking fundamentals (limitations and issues)Hassan Raza
It's all about Knocking in IC Engines, their limiting factors,issues,how to nullify their effect and how to control this effect and how to over come knocking inside combustion chamber.
Global Emissions Systems Inc., is a privately held company located in Whitby Ontario that specializes in the design, engineering and manufacture of advanced emission control technologies. Our technology reduces up to 99% of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for any commercial fuel burning engine including gasoline, propane, natural gas, diesel and bio-diesel. Please see www.gesi.us for more information.
Presentation from a webinar broadcast 26 April 2012 summarizing India’s vehicle emissions control program and comparing India's policy against global benchmarks.
NCV 2 Entrepreneurship Hands-On Support Slide Show - Module 1Future Managers
This slide show complements our learner guide NCV 2 Entrepreneurship Hands-On Training by Pieter Bruwer & Nickey Cilliers, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
Three basic methods used to control engine emissions:
1)Engineering of combustion process -advances in fuel injectors, oxygen sensors, and on-board computers.
2) Optimizing the choice of operating parameters -two Nox control measures that have been used in automobile engines are spark retard and EGR.
3) After treatment devices in the exhaust system -catalytic converter.
Advanced technologies as "DOC, DPF, SCR" to reduce Diesel engines harmful em...Omar Qasim
Diesel engines play a dominant role in transport because of their lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency. However, the high particulate matter (PM) emissions and high rat of the NOx emission of diesel engines also cause a series of environmental and social problems. several studies investigated the relationship between particulate matter emission and human health and found that 4.2 million deaths (7.6% of all global deaths) caused by outdoor fine particulate air pollution in 2015 and particulate matter (PM 2.5) was the fifth highest ranking risk factor for death in the world.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. Prepared By :- Nikhil Italiya
A Presentation on
Engine Emissions and their
control
2. Emission of Pollutants from S.I. Engines
1. Emission from exhaust
Theoretical combustion process :
Actual combustion process produces by-products like
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx )
3. Emission of Pollutants from S.I. Engines
2. Evaporation of Gasoline
By Fuel tank
Gasoline (HC) escapes to atmosphere while being filled into fuel tanks.
Through vent plug of the fuel tank which is open to atmosphere for breathing.
From Carburetor
Float chamber of carburetor is vented to atmosphere from where gasoline escapes.
When engine has run for sometime at load and stopped, due to high engine temperature at
this time gasoline boils in carburetor and escapes to atmosphere. This is called “Hot Soaking”.
Crankcase blow-by
Leakage of combustion gases to engine crankcase due to gap between cylinder and piston
rings (due to wear ) is called blow-by.
4. Emission of Pollutants from C.I. Engines
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx )
Aldehydes and other emissions
H2S and SO2 gases are formed on burning of Sulphur present in diesel.
Ash dust, H2SO4 are also produced.
Smoke and particulate
White smoke is caused by liquid droplets of lubricating oil and fuel oil.
Black smoke represents the incomplete combustion of fuel.
5. Causes of Air Pollutants in Automobiles
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Basic reason for production of CO is incomplete combustion.
Initially CO is formed, which gets converted to CO2 on further oxidation, but conversion from CO to CO2 is
slow.
Uneven combustion due to uneven distribution of fuel in combustion chamber.
Flame does not reach in quenching to burn fuel.
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Incorrect Air-Fuel Ratio
Low compression
Quenching
Valve overlapping
Surface to Volume ratio
6. Causes of Air Pollutants in Automobiles
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
Maximum NOX in exhaust is nitric oxide (NO), which further combine with O2 and forms NO2 which is very
poisonous gas.
Air – Fuel ratio
Combustion temperature
Ignition timing
Driving Conditions
Normal Running Speed
Acceleration
Deceleration
Heavy Load
7. Pollution Control Systems in automobiles
Two main approaches
1. Change / Modification in Engine Design
2. Treatment of Exhaust Gases
Pollution control device
Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system
Catalytic Converter
Exhaust Gases Recirculation (EGR) System
Fuel Evaporative Emission Control (EVAP) System
8. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system
Due to wear, gap between piston rings and cylinder is created and unburnt air-fuel
mixture from combustion chamber leaks out to crankcase from this gap.(Called blow-
by action)
Major portion of these blow-by gases in crankcase is the HC (unburnt fuel).These blow-
by gases are released to atmosphere through a pipe from the crankcase called
breather.
These blow-by gases are recirculated to combustion chamber for burning by
connecting crankcase (breather) to intake manifold through a pipe and valve
combination.
10. Catalytic converter
It chemically treats the pollutants and convert them into harmless gases like CO to CO2, HC to
H2O and splitting of NO to N2 and O2.
A catalyst material which promotes chemical change without entering into chemical reaction.
Materials are used as catalyst are Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Irridium etc.
General chemical reaction of conversion of CO to CO2 and HC to H2O place at temperatures of
500° C to 600° C, But occurs at 300° C to 325° C in the presence of catalyst.
Platinum and Palladium are good catalyst for conversion of CO and HC and Rhodium is used for
reduction of NOx
12. Exhaust Gases Recirculation (EGR) system
EGR is used to reduce the production of Nox.
NOx is produced by the combustion of N2 and O2 of the air at higher temperature beyond 1100°
C in the combustion chamber of the engine.
Temperature in combustion chamber rises to maximum when complete combustion takes place
during acceleration of engine or heavy loading.
Exhaust gases contain mainly H2O vapour and CO2, these further do not react with O2 hence EGR
circulates exhaust gases (at lower temp.) to combustion chamber through inlet manifold in order
to keep the peak temperature low.
14. Fuel Evaporative Emission Control (EVAP) System
Gasoline direct escapes to atmosphere from SI engines.
It escapes from the mouth of fuel tank while filling fuel and from float chamber of the
carburetor, which is vented to atmosphere.
To arrest the escape of evaporating gasoline from fuel tank and float chamber of
carburetor, they are connected by means of tubing to a chamber filled with charcoal
where it is absorbed.
When engine runs, the collected gasoline is sucked back by carburetor and sent to
combustion chamber for burning.
16. Control of smoke
Derating and maintenance
Smoke suppressing additives
Fumigation
Catalytic converters
17. Control of Diesel Odour
The presence of aldehydes in exhaust are mainly responsible for pungent odour.
These are irritating to eyes and nose.
So far no odour control system have been developed which can control diesel odour
successfully.
18. Measurement of HC Concentration
Pollutants are measured in gm/kWh or gm/km.
When HC is heated in hydrogen flame, the high flame temperature generates ions.
Concentration of ions thus generated is proportional to the HC present in the sample.
Concentration of ions produces current in an electric circuit which is calibrated to
indicate correct value of HC on meter scale.
19. Measurement of CO concentration
By Non-dispersive Infra-red (NDIR) Analyzer
When infra-red light is passed through exhaust sample containing CO, CO2, H2O, NOx and other
gases, IR light of specific wavelength is absorbed by each gas.
The amount of absorption of particular wavelength is proportional to the concentration of CO.
The CO absorption band is 4.5 to 5.0 microns (𝜇m) while for CO2 absorption band is between 4
to 4.5 microns.
The unabsorbed portion of this specific wavelength reaches the sensor and value is indicated on
meter/scale.
20. Measurement of Nox Concentration
NOx at high temperature gets converted to NO.
When NO is brought in contact with ozone (O3), chemical reaction takes place and light of
particular wavelength is emitted.
The amount of light emmited from reaction is proportional to the concentration of NO.
Light thus emitted is amplified and measured to give concentration of NOx presrnt in exhaust.
The equipment is called NOx – chemical analyser.
21. Measurement of Smoke
Mainly two types of smoke meter for measure the smoke density.
1. Filter darkening type smoke meter
Prominent manufactures of smoke meter namely Bosch, Hartridge, Von brand etc. are measuring devices
to measure soot density (gm/m3).
2. Light extinction type
These type of smoke meters can be used for continuous measurement of smoke whereas the filter
darkening type can be used for measurement of smoke under steady state conditions only.
The Hartridge and UTAC are the smoke meters of light extinction type.
22. Emission Norms
Emission norms are the maximum prescribed level of CO, HC and NOx set by the
government, which a vehicle is permitted to emit from its exhaust while running.
All the vehicle manufactures are required to ensure that their vehicles do not exceed
the permissible limits of pollutants in exhaust as laid down.
23. Euro Norms
Euro norms are the permissible emission levels for both petrol and diesel vehicles,
which have been implemented in European countries.
Euro I norms were implemented from year 1992 and five such norms(Euro I to Euro V)
planned for implementation in phase manner up to the year 2008.
24. Indian (Bharat) Norms
Emission norms for our country were worked out and implemented with effect from the 1992.
As per Supreme Court Ruling, EURO I norms were implemented in Delhi from 1 June 1999 as
notified by Govt. of India through Motor Vehicles Regulations (MVR).
These norms were known as INDIA 2000 (Bharat – I) norms and were extended to all metros
subsequently.
EURO II were implemented from the year 2002 known as Bharat II norms.
25. Testing and Certification Authorities of Pollution Norms
for Automobiles
Automobiles are required to be tested for mass emission tests at manufacturing stage
and certification has to be done for emission levels within prescribed limits set by the
Government of India by one of the following agencies in India :
1. Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun.
2. Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune.
3. Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE), Ahmednagar
(Maharashtra).