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WVU Summit Address_Breton_final
- 1. Maximizing the Impactof PEMS in Future Compliance Programs Real World Emissions Technology Summit West Virginia University Leo Breton Sept. 28, 2016
- 2. Outline • Meaningful RoutineReal-World Compliance Testing’s Time Has Come • ROVER PEMS Equipment Quality and Accuracy is What Enabled Today’s Real World Focus – Let’s Not Regress Now • Qualified as the Pioneer of Real-World Compliance Testing
- 3. Chassis Dynamometer Testing InventorMotivation for ROVER/PEMS
- 4. Engine Dynamometer Testing InventorMotivation for ROVER/PEMS
- 5. Lab testing wasvery abstract and expensive: • Unrealistic speeds, unchanging pattern, trained drivers and no traffic, 68-86F temp range, exhaust aftertreatment cooling unrealistic, simulated electronic signals, etc. • Emissions systems tuned to the test Yet provided the data for many EPA purposes: • Emissions compliance, CAFÉ, emissions factors, modeling, emissions system durability, reg. writing what ifs? But did lab testing reflect reality? Inventor Motivation for ROVER/PEMS
- 6. Two EPA OTAQcamps of thought when asked: 1. Lab measurements were generally representative of real world emissions 2. Even if there is a difference, the lab results should be proportionate, i.e. as standards get reduced over time, the percent reductions would also occur in the real world Real-world testing was not technically possible, was not contemplated by regulations, and was not thought to be necessary or useful by industry or EPA EPA Thinking Before ROVER/PEMS
- 7. Real-world testing nottechnically possible • Can’t measure exhaust flow accurately • Flow and concentration phasing changes with engine speed and load makes it impossible • Vehicle vibrations will wreak havoc with analyzers and transducers • Non-EPA organizations would be able to test vehicles and declare non-compliance whether true or not • Lab testing is effective • We can simulate everything/anything in the lab Industry Position on ROVER/PEMS Concept
- 8. Measure mass emissionsand distance traveled of any arbitrary engine/vehicle “blind,” i.e. based on primary measurements without needing: • Any vehicle information, e.g. make and model • Any vehicle speed or other sensor signal • ECM data stream or OBD port data Optional Supplemental Diagnostic Data • ECM data stream or OBD port data if desired and available • Enable diagnosing causes of emissions and fuel economy issues seen with primary measurements Inventor Goal: “Blind Testing” With Diagnostics
- 9. Regulatory compliance isserious business: • Recalls cost OEM’s millions–don’t accuse without certainty • Findings could lead to lawsuits • Testing must be technically correct and rigorous Two parts to regs. for vehicle useful life: 1. Emit below numerical, mass-based standard • Expensive laboratory equipment used • Standard lab test cycle 2. Defeat devices are prohibited • Supplemental information needed Inventor Regulatory Compliance Mindset
- 10. Blind Testing Enabledby Inventing Flow Meter
- 11. Elimination of dilutiontunnel by measuring, not inferring exhaust flow rate • Without depending on vehicle data stream • “Blind Testing” knowing nothing proprietary about vehicle • Measure exhaust flow rate of moving vehicle • Synchronizing exhaust flow rate and concentration with changing speeds/loads Instrumentation Size • Portable gas analyzer with real-time comm. Power requirement • 12 volt equipment Major Technical Problems Had to Be Overcome
- 12. No perceived need •EPA ran FTPs • Reducing standards without real-world feedback was thought to be effective • Industry opposition No budget for “science projects” attitude • Borrowed 5 gas analyzer from Snap-on • Repurposed all other equipment except annubar flow element • Did most work in spare time Major Structural Problems Had to Be Overcome
- 13. ROVER PEMS Demosand presentations • EPA Nat. Veh. Fuels and Emiss. Lab (NVFEL) • Mobile Source Federal Advisory Committee (FACA) – Mike Walsh, Chair • Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA) Loaned ROVERs for use: • NESCAUM, CARB, Moscow, Vermont Loaned ROVERs for Correlation studies: • West Virginia University (WVU) • Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) • Aberdeen Proving Grounds (APG) Featured prominently in DOJ investigations of 90’s Getting the Word Out to Others
- 14. ROVER Connected toTailpipe Flow Meter
- 15. Measured in SeriesWith Lab System: single test on many vehicles and many tests on single vehicle Rigorous Laboratory Prove-Out Program
- 16. Assorted Applications –Light Duty
- 17. Assorted Applications –Power Plant Coal Pile
- 18. 1998 Non-Road Testing AssortedApplications - Lawnmower
- 19. Enabled Real-World TestingPrograms
- 20. Remote Monitoring fromChase Vehicle X-Country Marathon Testing
- 21. 3 US andNumerous International Patents Issued
- 22. Courtesy of http://jpx.responsejp.com/jpx/images/2014/05/21/223656_1.jpg?fit=normal ROVERPatents Licensed to Horiba Instruments
- 23. An Older Sensors,Inc. System …and to Sensors, Inc.
- 24. Enabled VW DefeatDevice Discovery Courtesy West Virginia University ROVER Available Worldwide for Past 10 Years
- 25. Courtesy West VirginiaUniversity Original ROVER to Commercial PEMS
- 26. Outline • Meaningful RoutineReal-World Compliance Testing’s Time Has Come • ROVER PEMS Equipment Quality and Accuracy is What Enabled Today’s Real World Focus – Let’s Not Regress Now • Qualified as the Pioneer of Real-World Compliance Testing
- 27. We Have Comea Long Way Since 1995 We now know that: 1. Lab testing is often not representative of real world emissions/FE 2. Standards reductions may not translate to the real world 3. Lax compliance checks creates an uneven playing field and the need to cheat But real-world testing is now technically possible and is now performed routinely by many We have come a long way since 1995
- 28. We have comea long way since 1995 1995 - Compliance Was Easy • Road Testing Impossible • No Equipment Available • Off-Cycle Denial • NAAQ Not Responding to OTAQ Approach - Keep Reducing Numerical Stds. • Lab Based Compliance 1995-2008 – Compliance Became Real • Commercial ROVER PEMS Equipment • Defeat Devices Don’t Pay • Off-Cycle Emissions On Everyone’s Radar 2008-2015? • Effect of Closed Compliance Lab • Resigned from OTAQ
- 29. Calibration Space Dimensions Throttle CoolantTemp Ambient Temp Throttle MovementBaro Pressure Load Aux. Loads Catalyst/Piston Temps Boost Vehicle Speed Engine Speed ?
- 30. John Hoard’s ViewsFollowing SAE
- 31. John Hoard’s ViewsFollowing SAE
- 32. John Hoard’s ViewsFollowing SAE
- 33. Petroleum Displacement (PD)Mission of VTO • PD is a Real-world quantity with huge economic and political significance • Significant error in using lab results to quantify • Drivetrain technology comparisons would likely be very different if we had a real-world comparison – unknown net effect • PD accounting would be better with real-world focus for all drivetrain technologies Why Should Others Be Interested in PEMS?
- 34. • Simulations haveno place in real-world testing • Decide on goal first – robustness of emissions controls to: – Aggressive driving? – Ambient conditions? – Age and use (durability)? • Industry position in Europe suggests emissions from real driving more aggressive than current lab cycle should be discounted – Why is this different than lower temperature, pressure, altitude, wind conditions, idle periods, etc? Because it is not intuitive to the public? – What would we be left with? Lab data collected on the road?? • Real world testing for the sake of appearances is a loser – more aggressive driving is a real world phenomenon like temperature and pressure – most data should be included in final result without altering • If adoption of an RDE does not cause an improvement in vehicle technology and calibrations, the opportunity will have been squandered. A Bad RDE is Worse Than No RDE
- 35. Outline • Meaningful RoutineReal-World Compliance Testing’s Time Has Come • ROVER PEMS Equipment Quality and Accuracy is What Enabled Today’s Real World Focus – Let’s Not Regress Now • Qualified as the Pioneer of Real-World Compliance Testing
- 36. “Blind Testing” ConceptStill Key • Mass emissions accurately determined by actual measurements of concentrations and exhaust flow rate • Data stream data reserved for diagnostics or screening • No information is needed from manufacturer • The methodology is exactly the same for gas/diesel, all manufacturers, turbo/non-turbo, and any size engine from HDD to lawnmower. • Relying on OBD or proprietary data is a slippery slope which should be avoided. • I fought the accuracy and quality battle while at OTAQ – let’s not do it again or forfeit those gains
- 37. Future Cost /Quality Considerations • Of course lower cost is always good, all else being equal • PEMS is a low cost way of doing lab quality data acquisition but standards are needed that drive up cost • Don’t expect more defeat devices – too risky • Most future uses will be for discerning smaller differences in fuel economy/emissions or cycle differences – high quality is still needed for what WE do • Consider the OEM legal ramifications – your data will be used by others for purposes you cannot control • We fought the battle in the ’90s prevailed – make sure we don’t regress…
- 38.