Abstract In normal circumstances, due to incomplete combustion, 30% of the fuel remains unburnt and is emitted in the form of black smoke, causing air pollution. Moreover, the carbon originating from incomplete fuel combustions, settles on the spark plug and on the engine piston, thus diminishing the compression capacity of the piston and increasing the friction factor. This rate of carbon deposition increases especially in city driving, as the engine works much of the time at part throttle. Excess carbon decreases the compression ratio of the engine which ultimately robs the engine of its power, due to acute knocking or detonation. The above problem can be reduced to some extent by making use of paramagnetic property of oxygen present in the incoming air i.e. by passing the air through external magnetic field. Keywords: Air Energizer, Magnet, IC engine;
ANALYSIS OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF NM-DIESEL BLEND ON VCR DIESEL ENGINEijmech
The consumption of fuel is increasing resulting in pollution of environment with smoke and NOx due to the
development in automobile and power sector. These emission contents smoke and NOx can be reduced by
adding additives with diesel fuel. As these additives are very costly and hence becomes unviable. These
additives decrease the performance of combustion.
Oxygenated compounds are most widely used among additives. The reason for this is the participation of
their oxygen in reactions leading to better combustion and hence lowering the emission contents the
molecular structure of the oxygen contents of additives directly influence on smoke reduction and the
oxygen concentration of the fuel flame also effects the emission specially Nitro paraffin compound
additives have high oxygen contents is then molecular structure. So we considered as oxygenated
additives.
We have used nitro methane (NM) (2%) as an additives with diesel while analyzing the emission
characteristic on VCR Engine
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
Wood charcoal gasification can produce low tar content in its producer gas. The
producer gas is suitable to use in gasoline and diesel engine as fuel. This research
aims to get the stability of producer gas from wood charcoal gasification and the
savings of diesel and gasoline fuel in operating dual fuel engine. Tests were carried
out on each electric load of 0 kW, 0.3 kW, 0.5 kW, 0.7 kW, 1 kW for diesel engines and
0 kW, 0.3 kW, 0.5 kW, 0.7 kW for gasoline engine. The test results showed that the
wood charcoal gasification process took place at a air-fuel ratio were 1.7 – 2. The
range of combustible gas stability was 91 – 105 min. Diesel and gasoline fuel
consumption rate in dual fuel operation were 0.1 l/h to 0.2 l/h and 0.2 l/h to 0.37 l/h
respectively. The average of diesel and gasoline fuel savings were each of 65.8 % and
19.8 % respectively.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
ANALYSIS OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF NM-DIESEL BLEND ON VCR DIESEL ENGINEijmech
The consumption of fuel is increasing resulting in pollution of environment with smoke and NOx due to the
development in automobile and power sector. These emission contents smoke and NOx can be reduced by
adding additives with diesel fuel. As these additives are very costly and hence becomes unviable. These
additives decrease the performance of combustion.
Oxygenated compounds are most widely used among additives. The reason for this is the participation of
their oxygen in reactions leading to better combustion and hence lowering the emission contents the
molecular structure of the oxygen contents of additives directly influence on smoke reduction and the
oxygen concentration of the fuel flame also effects the emission specially Nitro paraffin compound
additives have high oxygen contents is then molecular structure. So we considered as oxygenated
additives.
We have used nitro methane (NM) (2%) as an additives with diesel while analyzing the emission
characteristic on VCR Engine
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
Wood charcoal gasification can produce low tar content in its producer gas. The
producer gas is suitable to use in gasoline and diesel engine as fuel. This research
aims to get the stability of producer gas from wood charcoal gasification and the
savings of diesel and gasoline fuel in operating dual fuel engine. Tests were carried
out on each electric load of 0 kW, 0.3 kW, 0.5 kW, 0.7 kW, 1 kW for diesel engines and
0 kW, 0.3 kW, 0.5 kW, 0.7 kW for gasoline engine. The test results showed that the
wood charcoal gasification process took place at a air-fuel ratio were 1.7 – 2. The
range of combustible gas stability was 91 – 105 min. Diesel and gasoline fuel
consumption rate in dual fuel operation were 0.1 l/h to 0.2 l/h and 0.2 l/h to 0.37 l/h
respectively. The average of diesel and gasoline fuel savings were each of 65.8 % and
19.8 % respectively.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
A Comparative Study of Effect of Magnetic Field on Exhaust Emission in Intern...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Energy and exergy analysis for biomass co firing coal fuel based thermal powe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this investigation, Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) biodiesel, hydrogen and
ethanol (BHE) mixtures remained verified in a single cylinder direct-injection diesel
engine to examine the recital plus discharge features of the engine. The engine stayed
verified at supreme force and rapidity of 1500 rpm. The ethanol remained
supplemented 5%, 10% and 15% correspondingly through enhanced CNSL as well as
hydrogen functioned twin fuel engine. The consequences designate that while
associated through well-ordered diesel and biodiesel-hydrogen process, the recital
and discharge features of ethanol mixtures obligates upgraded. The brake thermal
efficiency upsurges somewhat through 10% ethanol mixtures and nope noteworthy
enhancement by advanced ethanol mixtures. The exhaust gas temperature and NOx
release augmented by 10% ethanol accumulation. Through greater proportion of
ethanol in the biodiesel hydrogen (BH) mixtures the HC, CO releases might upsurge.
However the routine of 10% ethanol might diminish the HC and CO releases
equally. Overall the BHE mixtures ensure greater NOx discharges, associated by
biodiesel and diesel energy. Throughout the BHE mixtures offers lesser HC, CO, as
well as greater NOx release associated through the well-ordered diesel fuel.
Nevertheless the embellishments of added ethanol thru BH mixtures require no
substantial enhancement in the recital discharge and stages
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation of performance of si engine with fuels gasoline, natural gas ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Prediction on Increasing the Efficiency of Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine U...IJMER
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System means to use the Exhaust Gas coming from
Exhaust Manifold to Inlet Manifold in order to reduce the Emission of NOX which is particularly very
harmful. Engine without EGR are more pollutant & uses more atmospherically air for combustion. By
Implementation of EGR system in Engine, the Partial Exhaust Gas is re-circulated again in Engine. The
aim of this work is to review the potential of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce the exhaust
emissions, particularly NOX emissions, and to delimit the application range of this technique. The
system is very much Eco Friendly. Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Technique in engines, the
emissions are very much controlled. This method is very reliable in terms of fuel consumption.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended wi...ijtsrd
The waste management of scrap tyre causes impact on environment due to its non-degradable property. Therefore the recycling of tyre scrap is to be considered for improving the energy conversion from solid waste management. The objective of this project is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel blended with Tyre Prolysis Oil(TPO) in direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The tyre oil obtained at 713 K through pyrolysis process of waste tyre. The synthesized oil is then processed by desulphurization to reduce the sulphur content and transesterification for blending it with diesel. The various blends of composition 10%TPO and 90% diesel, 20%TPO and 80% diesel is prepared. Through these blends the improvement of performance and emission characteristics such as NOX, CO2, HC were identified and compared with conventional diesel fuel. K. Saravanan | Pon. Azhagiri | Dr. T. Senthil Kumar"Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended with Diesel in Diesel Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14362.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/14362/performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-pyrolysed-fuel-of-tyre-blended-with-diesel-in-diesel-engine/k-saravanan
PROCESS FLOW AND ANALYSIS OF CCS PLANT INSTALLED AT RGPV BHOPAL RUN BY BIOMAS...IAEME Publication
Carbon capture and sequestration/storage (CCS) is a potential carbon dioxide emission mitigation technology for coal-based power plants. In order to achieve the global target of carbon dioxide mitigation, this paper introduces a novel approach and performance based analysis of a pilot plant installed at Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (India). The evaluation was performed on the basis of data collection from a trial run of 1000 hours.
Performance and emission analysis of four stroke twin spark single cylinder S...ijsrd.com
An internal combustion (IC) engine has a predominant role in a low power generation and a virtual monopoly in mobile applications today. One of the best methods to improve the engine performance and reduce the exhaust emission in a SI engine is by using introduction of twin spark into the combustion chamber. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of twin spark using CNG fuel in SI engine. The performance and emission analysis of an engine are investigated by experiment with CNG kit and gas analyzer. From this study the fuel consumption is reduce in twin spark arrangement for the same power output as compare to single spark using both of the fuel gasoline as well as CNG. Engine emission is considerably reduced using twin spark plug.
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
A Comparative Study of Effect of Magnetic Field on Exhaust Emission in Intern...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Energy and exergy analysis for biomass co firing coal fuel based thermal powe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this investigation, Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) biodiesel, hydrogen and
ethanol (BHE) mixtures remained verified in a single cylinder direct-injection diesel
engine to examine the recital plus discharge features of the engine. The engine stayed
verified at supreme force and rapidity of 1500 rpm. The ethanol remained
supplemented 5%, 10% and 15% correspondingly through enhanced CNSL as well as
hydrogen functioned twin fuel engine. The consequences designate that while
associated through well-ordered diesel and biodiesel-hydrogen process, the recital
and discharge features of ethanol mixtures obligates upgraded. The brake thermal
efficiency upsurges somewhat through 10% ethanol mixtures and nope noteworthy
enhancement by advanced ethanol mixtures. The exhaust gas temperature and NOx
release augmented by 10% ethanol accumulation. Through greater proportion of
ethanol in the biodiesel hydrogen (BH) mixtures the HC, CO releases might upsurge.
However the routine of 10% ethanol might diminish the HC and CO releases
equally. Overall the BHE mixtures ensure greater NOx discharges, associated by
biodiesel and diesel energy. Throughout the BHE mixtures offers lesser HC, CO, as
well as greater NOx release associated through the well-ordered diesel fuel.
Nevertheless the embellishments of added ethanol thru BH mixtures require no
substantial enhancement in the recital discharge and stages
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation of performance of si engine with fuels gasoline, natural gas ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Prediction on Increasing the Efficiency of Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine U...IJMER
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System means to use the Exhaust Gas coming from
Exhaust Manifold to Inlet Manifold in order to reduce the Emission of NOX which is particularly very
harmful. Engine without EGR are more pollutant & uses more atmospherically air for combustion. By
Implementation of EGR system in Engine, the Partial Exhaust Gas is re-circulated again in Engine. The
aim of this work is to review the potential of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce the exhaust
emissions, particularly NOX emissions, and to delimit the application range of this technique. The
system is very much Eco Friendly. Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Technique in engines, the
emissions are very much controlled. This method is very reliable in terms of fuel consumption.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended wi...ijtsrd
The waste management of scrap tyre causes impact on environment due to its non-degradable property. Therefore the recycling of tyre scrap is to be considered for improving the energy conversion from solid waste management. The objective of this project is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel blended with Tyre Prolysis Oil(TPO) in direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The tyre oil obtained at 713 K through pyrolysis process of waste tyre. The synthesized oil is then processed by desulphurization to reduce the sulphur content and transesterification for blending it with diesel. The various blends of composition 10%TPO and 90% diesel, 20%TPO and 80% diesel is prepared. Through these blends the improvement of performance and emission characteristics such as NOX, CO2, HC were identified and compared with conventional diesel fuel. K. Saravanan | Pon. Azhagiri | Dr. T. Senthil Kumar"Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended with Diesel in Diesel Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14362.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/14362/performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-pyrolysed-fuel-of-tyre-blended-with-diesel-in-diesel-engine/k-saravanan
PROCESS FLOW AND ANALYSIS OF CCS PLANT INSTALLED AT RGPV BHOPAL RUN BY BIOMAS...IAEME Publication
Carbon capture and sequestration/storage (CCS) is a potential carbon dioxide emission mitigation technology for coal-based power plants. In order to achieve the global target of carbon dioxide mitigation, this paper introduces a novel approach and performance based analysis of a pilot plant installed at Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (India). The evaluation was performed on the basis of data collection from a trial run of 1000 hours.
Performance and emission analysis of four stroke twin spark single cylinder S...ijsrd.com
An internal combustion (IC) engine has a predominant role in a low power generation and a virtual monopoly in mobile applications today. One of the best methods to improve the engine performance and reduce the exhaust emission in a SI engine is by using introduction of twin spark into the combustion chamber. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of twin spark using CNG fuel in SI engine. The performance and emission analysis of an engine are investigated by experiment with CNG kit and gas analyzer. From this study the fuel consumption is reduce in twin spark arrangement for the same power output as compare to single spark using both of the fuel gasoline as well as CNG. Engine emission is considerably reduced using twin spark plug.
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
Abstract
The present day scenario of the modern world is impossible to imagine without automobile. Thus it a primary challenge for automobile industries to design efficient and cost effective engine. The performance of the engine again depends on the type of fuel used, the cooling system, the lubrication system, the range of temperature in which the engine works etc. If the factors are taken care of then the performance of the engine can be improved. In this paper the effect of the fuel assimilating metallic nano-particles is studied. After the combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber the byproducts of combustion (water vapor and carbon dioxide) are further disintegrated, the dissociation of water being an exothermal process adds up to the heat intake of the engine. The food for the engine being heat and not the fuel, it is beneficial in every sense to extract maximum possible amount of heat from the given mass of fuel. This process has both merits and demerits which are shown by the comprehensive study of the fuel used in an internal combustion engine, the chemical process involved in the combustion and the process of exhaust.
Keywords: Nanofluids, Heat Transfer, Conductivity, Knocking and Detonation, Thermal Diffusibility.
Performance and emission charecterisatics of magnesia stabilized zirconia (mg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Demand for Fossil fuels has been increasing tremendously which cause environmental threat. For this reason a numerous studies are ongoing for renewable sources of energy worldwide. This paper investigates the effect of using TBC to diminish emissions from engine exhaust specifically nitrogen oxide and to augment the performance of the engine. Engine Components were coated with Mg-PSZ of which 150μm thinness of Zro2-24Mgo over a 50μm thickness of NiCrAlY bond. The input parameters considered for this study includes engine speed, compression ratio, stroke length and Neli oil. The output parameters such as thermal efficiency, Brake power, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Volumetric Efficiency and Emissions of NOx, CO, HC were studied in a thermal barrier coated engine running with Neli oil and diesel fuel blend. From this experiment it is observed that there is a significant improvement in the results of engine performance and emission characteristics. Key Words: Mg-PSZ, Plasma Spray Coating, Nelli Seed Oil, Diesel Engine, Emissions.
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pollution is one major factor which affects the environment nowadays, resulting in green house effect and global warming. Suitable methods are introduced to increase the engine fuel economy and bring down the emissions within the tolerable limit. One way of doing it is by inducting oxygen into the combustion chamber since oxygen is a combustion enhancer the amount of oxygen entering into the combustion chamber if increased it would result in better engine performance and lower emissions. Oxygen can be inducted in the intake stroke by the help of an external source and mixing chamber is provided so that it helps in better mixing of air and supplementary oxygen. This additional increase of air will affects all parameters of the engine like operating temperature, fuel consumption, Brake power, emissions, and heat release but only fuel consumption and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) alone is analyzed. Load test was conducted on a compression Ignition engine for various concentration of oxygen from (21% to 27%) with an interval of 2%. This experimental study shows better fuel economy and better brake specific fuel consumption but led to a very high percentage of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission and lower carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC) emission. Keywords: NOx emission, Fuel economy, Diesel engine, Oxygen enriched air.
INFLUENCE OF INJECTOR OPENING PRESSURE ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN DI DIESEL ENGI...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to study exhaust emissions of direct injection (DI) diesel engine with different levels of low heat rejection (LHR) combustion chamber such as i) ceramic coated cylinder head, ii) air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner and iii) ceramic coated cylinder head along with air gap insulation with pure diesel operation with varied injector opening pressure.Exhaust emissions of particulate emissions and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were determined at various
values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. Particulate emissions were measured by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx by Netel Chromatograph NOx analyzer
DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI CYLINDER CRD-I ENGINE TO MEET EURO VI EMISSION NORMSIAEME Publication
Direct injection diesel engine offers the benefit of better fuel economy over gasoline engine. Diesel engine with electronic control of high press ure, multiple injections per cycle, 4valves per cylinder, turbocharged with intercooled, cooled EGR or SCR and DPF have now become the key features to meet the upcoming emissions in India. This paper describes the work done on multi-cylinder diesel engine to meet the requirements of Bharat stage 5 emissions and has the potential to meet Euro6 emission norms.
Similar to Performance analysis of ic engine using air energizer (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Performance analysis of ic engine using air energizer
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 774
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF IC ENGINE USING AIR ENERGIZER
Gayatri D. Barai1
, Sunil S. Shete2
, Laukik P. Raut3
1
Student, M. Tech. CAD/CAM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GHRCE, Nagpur
2
Student, M. Tech. CAD/CAM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GHRCE, Nagpur
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GHRCE, Nagpur
Abstract
In normal circumstances, due to incomplete combustion, 30% of the fuel remains unburnt and is emitted in the form of black
smoke, causing air pollution. Moreover, the carbon originating from incomplete fuel combustions, settles on the spark plug and
on the engine piston, thus diminishing the compression capacity of the piston and increasing the friction factor. This rate of
carbon deposition increases especially in city driving, as the engine works much of the time at part throttle. Excess carbon
decreases the compression ratio of the engine which ultimately robs the engine of its power, due to acute knocking or detonation.
The above problem can be reduced to some extent by making use of paramagnetic property of oxygen present in the incoming air
i.e. by passing the air through external magnetic field.
Keywords: Air Energizer, Magnet, IC engine;
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The dynamics of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel has forever
been a subject of intense research. The world over as also the
problems associated with it such as decrease in equipment
efficiency through incomplete combustion, consequent
carbon deposits and high emission levels. Efforts have
always been on to achieve the best possible burning and
energy output from fuel combustion systems, the aim being,
(1) to increase fuel efficiency and (2) to reduce exhaust
emission levels. Traditional methods have always focused on
use of additives to achieve the means which leads to a
recurring cost and poor impact on the life of the combustion
systems in the long runs. Today hydrocarbon fuels have a
natural deposit of carbon residue that clogs carburetors and
fuel injectors, leading to reduced efficiency and wasted fuel.
Knocking, stalling, loss of horsepower and greatly decreased
mileage are very noticeable. This results from incomplete
combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. In order to promote
complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels , large amount of
pure oxygen is required for burning. But the atmospheric air
consist of nitrogen, oxygen & other particals. For this reason
100 percent combustion does not take place. Various
institutions has conducted exhaustive research in to the
utilizations of permanent magnetic fields in alleviating these
problems currently associated with hydrocarbon fuel
combustion. The field success of these device and continuous
research has now given way to fusion technology and a better
availability of magnetic field, promises to give rapid and
effective results for increasing fuel efficiency and reducing
exhaust emissions.
So the inlet air with oxyrich air energizer is suitable for four
stroke SI engine. Due to oxyrich injection the amount of
oxygen increased it helps for complete combustion of fuel.
Due to complete combustion the efficiency of the engine will
be increased & also reducing the exhaust emissions.
Thus it is necessary to evaluate thermal efficiency, I.P., B.P.,
Brake specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency and
to measure the exhuast emissions. So it is essential to design
an experimental set-up for testing & observations.
1.1 Problem Definition
In present scenario, India is facing very big problem of air
pollution. Already population of India is very high & more &
more people are using vehicles, which are making the
pollution problems even worse.
The major motor vehicle emissions are NOx, Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), Carbon monoxide (CO), particulate
matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Carbon dioxide (CO2).
As per a survey conducted by Indian Government the average
emissions are as per table given below.
Table 1 - Average Emissions
Pollutants HMV
Two
Wheel
ers
LMV
Cars
&
Jeep
Others
CO2 515.2 26.6 60.3 223.6 343.87
CO 5.1 2.2 5.1 1.98 3.86
NOx 1.28 0.19 1.28 0.2 3.89
CH4 0.09 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.11
SO2 1.42 0.013 0.029 0.053 1.94
PM 0.2 0.05 0.2 0.03 0.24
HC 0.14 1.42 0.14 0.25 0.54
1.2 Solution
You must be aware of the fact that in normal circumstances,
due to incomplete combustion, 30% of the fuel remains
unburnt and is emitted in the form of black smoke, causing
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 775
air pollution. Moreover, the carbon originating from
incomplete fuel combustions, settles on the spark plug and on
the engine piston, thus diminishing the compression capacity
of the piston and increasing the friction factor. This rate of
carbon deposition, increases especially in city driving, as the
engine works much of the time at part throttle. Excess carbon
decreases the compression ratio of the engine which
ultimately robs the engine of its power, due to acute knocking
or detonation.
The above problem can be reduced to some extent by making
use of PARAMAGNETIC property of oxygen present in the
incoming air i.e- by passing the air through external magnetic
field.
2. CONCEPT
An Air Energizer is nothing but a simple pair of magnets
which is used to magnetize the incoming air. It is installed on
intake manifold pipe as well as air intake pipe. After
installation of magnets on pipes it creates magnetic field
which magnetizes the paramagnetic oxygen in air. This helps
to improve combustion in engine.
Fig 1 - Air Energizer
Air Energizer is an apparatus which ensures complete
combustion in an IC Engine. It improves combustion
efficiency and gives extra mileage and power of I.C. Engine.
It ensures minimum deposition of carbon on the spark plug
and on the engine piston head improves compression
capacity of the piston helping in the reduction in noise and
vibration.
2.1 Magnet Installation
Fig 2 - Magnets installed on Intake Manifold
Fig 3 - Magnets installed on Air Intake Pipe
3. WORKING
Fig 4 - Place of Air Energizer
The Fuel saving device uses the principle of magnetically
induced ionization. Most people see magnets as something a
child plays with but magnetism is a science in its own right
and is partly responsible for the electronic age we live in as
without magnets we would not have electricity. We live on a
giant magnet with a North and South Pole. It is this magnet,
our planet Earth, which attracts ions from damaging cosmic
rays and collects them in a protective barrier known as the
ionosphere.
Magnets have their own unique magnetic fields and lines of
force. Man-made magnets range from a steel bar to complex
compositions of rare and expensive elements, each to
produce a different effect for varying applications.
3.1 Phenomenon
Atoms that possess an odd number of protons and /or
neutrons will alter their normal chaotic nuclear spins and line
those spins in relationship to a strong external magnetic field.
When the magnets are installed on air intake pipe, opposite
poles of magnets creates the magnetic field. When air is
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 776
passed through this field, the oxygen in the air gets positively
charged as well as gets aligned.
Because of the negatively charged fuel molecules, the
positively charged oxygen molecules are able to get all
around the fuel molecules. This helps in quick combustion of
air fuel mixture with minimum emissions.
3.2 Components of the Computerized Test Rig -
Computerized Engine Test Rig consists of the following
systems.
1) Dynamometer – Hydraulic or Eddy Current type with
computerized torque measuring system
2) Engine fitted with a Piezo-sensor for pressure
measurement
3) Connection between Dynamometer and Engine
4) Computerized air flow measurement system
5) Computerized fuel flow measurement system
6) Computerized water flow measurement system
7) Exhaust gas calorimeter with computerized temperature
measurement system
8) Engine combustion analysis system
3.2.1. Dynamometer
The Dynamometer is of eddy current type and the
information is included in a separate manual provided with
this setup. The control and excitation unit is mounted on a
separate panel.
3.2.2. Engine
Engine is TATA make engine with following specifications –
Rated Power 63.5 BHP 5000 RPM
Bore –75 mm
Stroke –79.50 mm
Connecting Rod Length – 145mm
Compression Ratio – 9.50: 1
Type – 4 Stroke, 4 Cylinder, MPFI, Water cooled,
Petrol engine
Piezo Pressure Transducer is PCB Piezotronics
make – model 111A22.
Table 2 - Test Rig Specifications
Test
Performed
Date
25/04/2013
Test Rig
Manufacturer
Engine
Type
4 Stroke,4 Cylinder,
MPFI Petrol- Water
Cooled
M/S. Accurate Test
Equipments &
Engineeers,
Engine
Make &
Model
TATA INDICA
Petrol BSIII
Table 3
Engine Specification
Bore(mm) 75.00 Conn. Rod
Length(mm)
145.00
Stroke(mm) 79.50 Swept
Volume
(C.C.)
1405.00
C.R 9.50
3.2.3. Connection between Dynamometer & Engine
The Dynamometer and Engine are connected by means
of a cardan shaft having
Universal Joints at both ends and splined shaft for
facilitating the movement along the axis of shaft
A MS fabricated guard is provided to reduce the impact
in case of failure of the shaft during testing.
3.2.4. Computerized Air Flow Measurement Systems
For Air Flow measurement, the principle of pressure
drop across a thin edged orifice plate
It consists of a MS fabricated Air box with an orifice
plate assembly at one end and a rubber diaphragm for
compensating the effect the pressure drop inside the
box.
The Air box is designed to damp the air pulsations due
to cylinder suction etc.
The output is tapped across the orifice and given to U
Tube manometer. The pressure drop in mm of water
column can be measured and further used in air flow
calculations.
One branch of this air pressure tap is given to low
pressure measurement side of a differential pressure
transmitter which can accurately amplify the signal.
The DP transmitter has 4 to 20 mA output
corresponding to 0 – 250 mm of water column
The manometer pressure drop is read our at the
Universal Input Scanner – Channel No. 7
3.2.5. Fuel Flow Measurement Systems
For fuel flow measurement, time required for fuel
consumption between for certain amount of fuel weight
consumed is measured.
It consists of a MS fabricated box in which a fuel pump
is fitted and mounted.
The time required for 100 Gram of Fuel is to be
measured by stop watch and entered into the software
before saving the data.
3.2.6. Water Flow Measurement System
For Water Flow measurement, a Rotameter is used.
The flow rate is same for the calorimeter as well as
engine.
The value of Flow rate in LPH is to be entered into
software before saving the data.
The flow rate should be adjusted to approx. 300 to 500
LPH so as to maintain engine water outlet temperature
to 60 to 80 degree Centigrade.
3.2.7. Exhaust Gas Calorimeter System
This is used to deriving the Mg x CPg value for Gases
of Combustion which are delivered through exhaust.
The calorimeter is a Cross Flow, Tube in Shell type
Heat Exchanger.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 777
The Exhaust Gases flow through the pipes and water
flowing through the jacket cools the gases.
Knowing the Calorific value of water, flow rate of water
and the Gas and water temperatures at inlet and outlet of
calorimeter, the Mg x CPg value for Gases can be
calculated.
3.2.8. Engine Combustion Analyzer System
This is explained in detail in separately and is used to study
the combustion pressure data with respect to crank angle and
volume.
Fig 5 - Exhaust Gas Analyzer
Fig 6 - Analyzer Tip
4. OBSERVATIONS
4.1 Readings for Emission Levels:
Test 1
Load
/Gases
No
load
10
N.m
20
N.m
30
N.m
40 N.m
CO(%) 1.927 2.017 2.046 2.246 2.403
HC(ppm) 117 125 181 183 193
CO2(%) 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.5
O2(%) 5.64 5.23 4.96 4.68 4.55
NOx(ppm) 76 122 278 320 444
AFR 18 18 17 16 16
Test 2
Load
/Gases
No
load
10
N.m
20
N.m
30
N.m
40
N.m
CO(%) 1.774 1.413 1.775 2.343 2.332
HC(ppm) 97 152 164 185 165
CO2(%) 9.80 10.00 9.89 10.30 10.00
O2(%) 6.27 5.88 5.94 4.84 5.23
NOx(ppm) 59 213 259 359 390
AFR 19 19 18 17 17
Test 3
Load
/Gases
No
load
10 N.m 20
N.m
30 N.m 40
N.m
CO (%) 2.350 2.568 2.101 2.739 3.032
HC(ppm) 116 120 169 186 187
CO2(%) 10.10 9.60 10.10 10.10 10.30
O2(%) 5.55 5.72 5.53 4.90 4.55
NOx(ppm) 49 91 224 273 323
AFR 17 18 18 17 16
Test 4
Load
/Gases
No
load
10
N.m
20
N.m
30
N.m
40
N.m
CO (%) 2.509 1.581 2.160 2.523 2.846
HC(ppm) 113 148 167 174 181
CO2(%) 9.39 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.8
O2(%) 6.27 6.16 5.52 5.22 4.36
NOx(ppm) 59 163 217 274 357
AFR 18 19 17 17 16
5. RESULT COMPARISION
LOAD=NO LOAD
TRIAL NO
/GAS
1
(W/O
MAGNET)
2 3 4
CO(%) 1.927 1.774 2.350 2.509
HC(ppm) 117 97 116 113
CO2(%) 10.20 9.80 10.10 9.39
O2(%) 5.64 6.27 5.55 6.27
NOx(ppm) 76 59 49 59
AFR 18 19 17 18
* Green colour indicates decrease in emission.
LOAD=10N.m
TRIAL NO
/GAS
1(W/O
MAGNET)
2 3 4
CO(%) 2.017 1.413 2.568 1.581
HC(ppm) 125 152 120 148
CO2(%) 10.30 10.00 9.60 10.20
O2(%) 5.23 5.88 5.72 6.16
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 778
NOx(ppm) 122 113 91 163
AFR 18 19 18 19
LOAD=20N.m
TRIAL
NO
/GAS
1
(W/O
MAGNET)
2 3 4
CO(%) 2.046 1.775 2.101 2.160
HC(ppm) 183pp 164 169 168
CO2(%) 10.40 9.89 10.10 10.30
O2(%) 4.96 5.94 5.53 5.52
NOx(ppm) 278 259 224 217
AFR 17 18 18 17
LOAD=30N.m
TRIAL
NO
/GAS
1
(W/O
MAGNET)
2 3 4
CO(%) 2.246 2.343 2.739 2.523
HC(ppm) 183 185 186 174
CO2(%) 10.40 10.30 10.10 10.30
O2(%) 4.68 4.84 4.90 5.25
NOx(ppm) 320 359 273 274
AFR 16 17 17 17
LOAD=40N.m
TRIAL
NO
/GAS
1
(W/O
MAGNET)
2 3 4
CO(%) 2.403 2.332 3.032 2.846
HC(ppm) 181 165 187 181
CO2(%) 10.50 10.00 10.30 10.80
O2(%) 4.55 5.23 4.55 4.36
NOx(ppm) 444 390 323 357
AFR 16 17 16 16
The above tables show the comparison of the various gaseous
emissions in percentage or ppm. It can be seen from above
comparison that, there is an appreciable decrease in HC and
NOx levels. Considering all the four trials, there is maximum
decrease of 20.62% in HC emissions. Moreover, for NOx
emissions, 19.59% decrease was observed.
5.1 BSFC Comparison:
Trial No
/Load
1 2 3 4
No Load 13717.15 11942.02 24305.61 13339.11
10 715.22 388.51 792.83 723.60
20 410.26 261.35 419.13 416.01
30 328.24 255.93 325.43 310.19
40 250.63 743.28 267.95 276.92
5.2 FC Time Comparison
Trial no.
/Load (Nm)
1
(sec)
2
(sec)
3
(sec)
4
(sec)
No load 109.4 121.07 115 102.6
10 107.00 107.90 109.6 113.0
20 97.90 105.4 98.70 100.2
30 87.10 105.4 95.70 91.4
40 80.03 83.7 87.7 85.2
Average 96.286 104.694 101.340 98.48
As shown above, the table shows fuel consumption time for
various loads. Comparing their average values, it can be
concluded that FC time increases appreciably (about 9-10%).
The increase indicates that there is an effective fuel
combustion as compared to conventional scenario. It
eventually decreases the fuel consumption resulting in
increased mileage.
6. CONCLUSION
From above experimentation we can conclude that, using Air
Energizer technique, there is considerable reduction in
following parameters,
NOX = 20% (approx.)
HC = 19% (approx.)
CO2 = 8% (approx.)
CO = 3% (approx.)
And also the time required for Fuel Consumption increases
by about 9-10%.
The decrease in emission levels of harmful gases like NOX,
COX & CO helps to control the pollution effectively. And
there is also increase in mileage about 18 -22%.
The further research in this technology can improve mileage,
engine efficiency and also can decrease emission level. With
the aid of Fuel Energizer this technology can give more
appreciable results.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Bari, M. Mohammad Esmaeil, “Effect of H2/O2
addition in increasing the thermal efficiency of a diesel
engine Fuel”, 89 (2010),pp 378–383.
[2] P. Govindasamy, S. Dhandapani, “An Experimental
Investigation on the effect of Magnetic flux to reduce
emissions and improve combustion performance in a
four- stroke catalytic coated spark ignition engine”,
KSAE International Journal of Automotive
Technology”, Paper No.E-2006079. Vol.8, November
5, Year-2007.
[3] C Dahnz and U Spicher, “Irregular combustion in
supercharged spark ignition engines – pre-ignition and
other phenomena”, International Journal of Engine
Research 2010 11: 485 published on 3 September 2010.
[4] Chih Wu, Paul V. Puzinauskas, Jung S Tsai,
“Performance analysis and optimization of a
supercharged Miller cycle Otto engine”, Applied
Thermal Engineering 23 (2003) 511–521.