A short introduction to the common types of sensors used in modern automobiles and their functions. Please note this is only an overview, and does not include ultramodern sensors used in high end cars.
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedKamel Elsayed
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedEngine sensors and its functions and pictures.
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. This dilutes the O2 in the incoming air stream and provides gases inert to combustion to act as absorbents of combustion heat to reduce peak in-cylinder temperatures. NOx is produced in a narrow band of high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
Modern day automobile engines are made of many electronic and electrical components that constitute engine sensors, relays and actuators. All these electronic and electrical components work together to provide Engine Control Unit (ECU) with vital data required to govern the engine functionality effectively. Sensors send the information in very less time. Sensors used in engine are generally electro-mechanical type devices that monitor various engine parameters.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Sensors In Automobiles - Information is collected from various sources including Wikipedia,and others.The file above may be a edited or modified version of an already uploaded file on the internet such as on any other website or so.
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedKamel Elsayed
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedEngine sensors and its functions and pictures.
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. This dilutes the O2 in the incoming air stream and provides gases inert to combustion to act as absorbents of combustion heat to reduce peak in-cylinder temperatures. NOx is produced in a narrow band of high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
Modern day automobile engines are made of many electronic and electrical components that constitute engine sensors, relays and actuators. All these electronic and electrical components work together to provide Engine Control Unit (ECU) with vital data required to govern the engine functionality effectively. Sensors send the information in very less time. Sensors used in engine are generally electro-mechanical type devices that monitor various engine parameters.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Sensors In Automobiles - Information is collected from various sources including Wikipedia,and others.The file above may be a edited or modified version of an already uploaded file on the internet such as on any other website or so.
This helps you to know the advance technology of automotive.
The Engine operations are managed and controlled electronics in terms of proper mixing controlling distribution and injecting or igniting of air and fuel mixture to achieve high performance, low emission intelligent engine.
This is a project made by me as I'm a Automobile Student,
And I hope this will help you too...
This Presentation covers mostly all the tech used in a car.
'Learn something new every day and make your surroundings a better place for others'.
Don't have a good day have a great day...
Anti-lock Braking System also known as anti-skid braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system which prevents the locking of wheels during braking and avoid uncontrolled skidding.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
In this PPT, I'm explaining about Automotive electronics , In which we are going to discuss about sensors, Actuators, ECU.
If you have any doubts regarding this topic please comment below.
This is about the Electronic power steering operated without any hydraulic fluid and operated by the separate motor getting the power from the battery instead of power taken from the engine.
This helps you to know the advance technology of automotive.
The Engine operations are managed and controlled electronics in terms of proper mixing controlling distribution and injecting or igniting of air and fuel mixture to achieve high performance, low emission intelligent engine.
This is a project made by me as I'm a Automobile Student,
And I hope this will help you too...
This Presentation covers mostly all the tech used in a car.
'Learn something new every day and make your surroundings a better place for others'.
Don't have a good day have a great day...
Anti-lock Braking System also known as anti-skid braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system which prevents the locking of wheels during braking and avoid uncontrolled skidding.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
In this PPT, I'm explaining about Automotive electronics , In which we are going to discuss about sensors, Actuators, ECU.
If you have any doubts regarding this topic please comment below.
This is about the Electronic power steering operated without any hydraulic fluid and operated by the separate motor getting the power from the battery instead of power taken from the engine.
Application of sensors : Thermistors and potentiometerAnaseem Hanini
Application of sensors
Applications of potentiometer:
1. Audio Control The potentiometer is used in radio and television (TV) receiver for volume control, tone control and linearity control.
2. Continuous Balance DVM – The basic block diagram of a servo balancing potentiometer type DVM The input voltage is applied to one side of a mechanical chopper comparator, the other side being connected to the variable arm of a precision potentiometer.
3. Lighting
We can use a potentiometer to control the lighting level of a television, or the brightness of a computer screen.
RTD
1.Air and Gas Temperature Measurement with RTD Sensors
2.liquids Temperature Measurement with Flexible RTDs
The RTD temperature sensors are more accurate and precise then normally used temperature sensors and uses resistance concept to detect the temperature and convert to the digital value.
THERMISTOR
1.NTC Thermistors For Cooling Applications ((PCB)
2. Thermistors Temperature Detection in Fire Alarms.
The most cost effective fire alarm is one utilizing the thermistor method.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
2. What is a sensor?
Device which detects or measures a physical property
Records or indicates the value proportional to the physical property
Responds to the physical property
3. What physical properties?
Temperature
Pressure / Force
Velocity / Flow
Acceleration
Position / Angle / Displacement
Current / Voltage
Magnetic flux
pH value / Chemical properties
Light / Optical Properties
Proximity / Presence
Ionization / Radiation
Acoustics / Vibration
4.
5. Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
◦ Two wires of different material joined at bot ends, both at different temperatures
◦ For high temperature applications like exhaust gas temperature and catalytic convertors
Thermistors
◦ PTC / NTC Semiconductors used in ECT
Resistance Temperature Detectors
◦ Positive Resistance Coefficient materials : Platinum
Integrated Silicon Temperature sensors
◦ Ambient temperature monitoring, air conditioning
Pyrometric Sensors
◦ Passenger / occupant detection, air conditioning, Disc and tire temperature
Thermal Imaging Cameras
◦ Obstacle detection
6. Engine Coolant Temperature sensor
(ECT)
To measure engine temperature
The readings from this sensor are then fed back to the Engine control
unit (ECU), which uses this data to adjust the fuel injection and ignition
timing.
To control the cooling fan
To provide data for temperature gauge on dashboard
Cold engine requires different injection and ignition timings compared
to hot conditions, in order to operate smoothly
7. Types of sensors
Thermistors
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) sensors: - Internal
resistance will decrease as the temperature rises (and vice versa)
Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) sensor :- Resistance will
increase with rising temperature.
Most automotive coolant temperature sensors are NTC sensors.
8. Outside Air Temperature Sensor
(OAT)
RTDs or Integrated Silicon Temperature sensors (LM34 /LM35 etc)
Usually mounted inside or near the front bumper or in the side mirror
Automatic Climate controller uses this temperature to help control the
interior temperature of the vehicle
Provides the vehicle occupants with the outside temperature readings
9. Exhaust Gas Temperature sensor
EGT
Thermocouple based sensor
High temperature operation
Directly measures the temperature of exhaust gas
10.
11. Pressure sensors
1. Gravitational transducer
a) Manometer
b) Dead weight tester
2. Elastic transducer
a) Bourdon tube pressure gauge
b) Elastic diaphragm pressure gauge
c) Bellows type pressure gauge
3. Electrical transducer
a) Variable resistance type
b) Strain gauge type
c) Variable capacitance type
d) LVDT type
4. Thermal transducer
5. Piezo- electric transducer
12. Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor
Used to sense the load on the engine
Measures the amount of vacuum in the intake manifold
Amount of intake manifold vacuum is directly related to
engine load
The ECU uses this information to calculate the correct amount
of fuel to inject, when to ignite (ignition timing retard or
advance) and other functions.
13. Working
Piezo resistive type
A silicon chip is mounted inside a reference chamber.
One side of the chip is the reference pressure (Calibrated pressure, usually vacuum)
On the other side is the pressure to be measured.
The silicon chip changes its resistance with the change in pressure.
This change in resistance alters the voltage signal to the ECU ( 1V – 4.5V)
14. Tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) employs capacitive or piezoresistive
sensors to measure the pressure of tire directly.
Some systems use vibration and sound sensors combined with the wheel speed
sensor to monitor the tire pressure
15. Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF)
Used to find the mass flow rate of air entering the engine
The MAF data is used by the ECU to deliver the correct fuel mass to the engine for
providing the exact air fuel ratio required.
The air density varies with the ambient temperature, altitude and the use of forced
induction.
Two types of MAF – Vane type and Hot wire
The Vane type sensor measures the air flow into the engine with a spring-loaded air
vane (flap/door) attached to a variable resistor (potentiometer).
The vane moves in proportion to the airflow.
A voltage is applied to the potentiometer and a proportional voltage appears on the
output terminal of the potentiometer in proportion to the angle the vane rotates
17. To provide precise pilot control of the air-fuel ratio, it is essential for the supplied air
mass to be exactly determined in the respective operating status.
The wire's electrical resistance increases as the wire’s temperature increases, which
varies the electrical current flowing through the circuit, according to Ohm's law.
When air flows past the wire, the wire cools, decreasing its resistance, which in turn
allows more current to flow through the circuit, since the supply voltage is a constant.
As more current flows, the wire’s temperature increases until the resistance reaches
equilibrium again. The current increase or decrease is proportional to the mass of air
flowing past the wire
18. Hall Effect Sensor
Varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the electrons will
be deflected from a straight path
Consequently, one plane of the conductor will become negatively charged and the
opposite side will become positively charged
The voltage between these planes is called Hall voltage
This type of sensors are non contact sensors and are used in speed measurement of
rotating parts, position sensing, etc
19. Torque sensor
1 Torsion rod (twisting area internal)
2 Input shaft (from the steering wheel)
3 Housing for the coil spring making
the electrical connections
4 Sensor module with Magneto
resistive sensor chip and signal
amplification
5 Steering pinion/ balancer shaft
6 Magnetic multipole wheel
23. Exhaust Gas Sensor – O2 sensor
Monitor the concentration of residual oxygen within the exhaust gases
Reduce engine emissions
Best economy and performance
The ideal ratio of air to fuel to achieve complete combustion is 14.7:1
The term Lambda refers to the ratio of air to fuel; this chemically
correct air/fuel ratio is known as a stoichiometric ratio or Lambda (λ)
=1.0.
A fuel rich mixture would have a lower value e.g. 0.8 and a fuel lean
mixture would have a higher value e.g. 1.2.
Lambda sensor works on closed-loop control system
25. “Knocking” occurs when the air-fuel mixture self-ignites prematurely. Sustained
knocking combustion causes damage primarily to the cylinder head gasket and
cylinder head.
Damage to pistons, rings, and exhaust valves can result if sustained heavy knock
occurs
The knock sensor is mounted on the crankcase and measures the structure-borne
noise using a piezoelectric measuring element. Knocking is discernible by its higher
sound frequencies.
Knock Sensor
26. Working
A piezo-electric element is translating the vibrations into an electric signal
proportional to the acceleration
Due to the vibration, a counter weight inside the sensor is applying pressure on the
piezo element, this pressure creates an electric charge in the piezo element
This is the output signal of the sensor.
For a knock application on a gasoline engine, the ECU adjusts the spark timing and
on a diesel application the ECU controls the pilot injection quantity.
27. Throttle Position Sensor
Senses the position of the butterfly valve in the throttle body
Contact type – Potentiometer type
Non contact type – Hall effect or inductive or magnetoresistive
A magnet/inductive loop is mounted on the throttle spindle
The change in the magnetic field is sensed by the sensor and the voltage generated is
given as the input to the ECU
28. Crank Position sensor
Senses the position of the crankshaft
This is very important for adjusting the ignition and injection timing
Non contact type sensor
Hall effect sensor
Crank angle encoder