A FUTURE CONCEPT OF A VEHICLE'S TECHNOLOGY. A VERY BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGY. ENHANCES THE QUALITY OF DRIVING.

1. AUTONOMOUS CAR

2. INTRODUCTION
 A vehicle that is capable of
sensing its environment and
navigating without human input.
 It is a vehicle that can drive
itself from one point to another
point without assistance from a
driver.

3. HISTORY
Da Vinci’s Self-Propelled
Cart—c. in 1500
• It basically is a cart
• It uses spring
In 1925, Houdina Radio
Control demonstrated
the radio-controlled "linrrican
Wonder"
• Equipped with transmitting antennae
Truly autonomous car
appeared in 1980s
• Developed with Carnegie University
and Navlab
LINRRICAN WONDER

4. WHY VEHICLE
AUTOMATION
safety
economicssocial

5. For safety
In India
 Over 5 million crashes per year
 Over 1 lakh fatalities per year
93% of accidents have human error as the primary factor
It includes
1. speeding 21%
2. Drunk 18%
3. Distracted 17%
Worldwide
 Over 1.24 million deaths per year.
 50 million injuries.

6. SOCIAL IMPACT
 Aging population (both in INDIA and worldwide.)
 Disabled or impaired peoples.
 Savings in professional driving.
 Better maintence.
ECONOMIC BENIFTS
 Over $2 trillion per year in revenue.
 Fuel economy

7.  Fully autonomous self
driving cars does everything on
the road and doesn’t require a
driver to take control or focus
on the road at any time.
 Autonomous means complete
decision has taken in any
situation .
AUTONOMOUS VS
AUTOMATED
 Automated tech in cars take
control of the vehicle for some
time but requires a driver.
 Automated technology
includes parking assist, lane
changing warning, steering lock
etc.

8. CLASSIFICATION

9. COMPONENTS OR
HARDWARE

10. LIDAR
 Light detection and
ranging
 It provides accurate 3D
information.
 LIDAR transmits laser
out to a target.
 Transmitted light
interacts with
atmosphere and reflected
back to the instrument
where it is analyzed.
 It is the heart of the
vehicle.

11.  It stands for radio detection and
ranging.
 It is the master of the motion
measurements.
 They must be placed in front and
back of the cars.
 Uses radio waves.
 Determines position, range,
velocity and angle of the object
 Used for lane keeping and back up
assistance.
 Image processing software can
detect lane stripes, signs, traffic
light, road signs and other objects.
 It uses massive amount of data.
RADAR
VIDEO CAMERA

12. GPS
 It gives the position of a car using satellites in a map like
Google map.
 GPS interacts with the map and acts like a database.
 Maps gives information about upcoming intersections,
traffic report, directions and path.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
 It is use to measure the position of objects very close to
vehicle such as curbs.
POSITION ESTIMATOR
 Mounted on left rear wheel.
 Measures small movements of the car.
 And accurately locates its position on the map.

13. CENTRAL COMPUTER
 Analyzes all sensor input, applies rules of the road and
operate the steering, accelerators and brakes.
A central computer in AUDI
PILOTED DRIVING.

14. THE DECISION-MAKING HIERARCHY
USED IN AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGY
Route planning
vehicle’s decision-making system
must select a route from its current
position to the requested destination.
Behavioral layer
-negotiate
intersection.
-parking maneuver.
-lane following.
-lane changes.
Motion planning
-The task of
finding such a path
or trajectory is a
responsibility of the
motion planning
system.
Local feedback
control
-feedback controller
is used to select
appropriate actuator
inputs to carry out
the planned motion
and correct tracking
errors.

15. OBSTACLES IN IMPLEMENTATION
 The biggest problem in implementing autonomous car is that the car can’t
take decision in difficult situation as good as human.
 The big question is about liability?
means who is responsible if a autonomous car takes a decision which harms
person’s life in a difficult situation?
 If we use autonomous technology implemented in new cars then what do we
do about all presently made cars, how do we incorporate that technology?
 How do we establish a legal frame work and establishment of government
regulation?
 How do we deal with a situation of hacking?
 What if there is no proper lane marking?
 What if the sensor get malfunctioned in the middle of the traffic?
 There will be job losses in a road transportation industry?

16. ADVANTAGES
 There would be more space.
 Accidents can be avoided.
 Traffic would be coordinated more easily.
 Passengers should experiences a smoother riding.
 People who historically have difficulties with driving can
travel now.

17. DISADVANTAGES
 Drivers will lose their jobs.
 Chances of hacking.
 Failure of a sensor can create chance of accidents.
Cost (LIDAR alone costs around $75,000 (₹4,86,0502)
Prices as to the whole setup cost around $150,000
(₹97,21,005)).

18. TRENDING
 UK government launches first phase of euro 100m autonomous
vehicle project.(source- UK govt.)
 FORD motors is invested $338 million on a new research and
development center for autonomous technology.(source- CTV news)
 On 25th march 2017 UBER’s self-driving car got an accident in
Arizona and flipped into one side.(source-BLOOMBERG)
 Google waymo completes over 2million self-driven.(source-
waymo.in)

19. FUTURE
 AUDI to introduce a self-driving car by 2020.(source-IEEE
spectrum)
 NU–TONOMUS to provide self-driving taxi service in
Singapore by 2018.(source-yahoo news.)
 Autonomous cars will be in use all over the world by
2025.(source- US transportation department)

20. LETS TALK ABOUT INDIA
 Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) unveiled
India's first autonomous car prototype it developed
indigenously , in association with Cognizant
Technologies.(source –TOI)
 Tata Lexis to test driverless cars on Bengaluru
roads.(Source-TOI)
 UBER CEO Travis Kalanick says India will be the last place
to get autonomous cars.(source- HT)

21. TATA ELXSI
MERCEDES F105
WAYMO
UBER
VOLVO XC90s

22. CONCLUSION
 The driver less car’s technologies improves vehicle's stability
helps to minimize loss of control.
 Driver less cars are designed to minimize accidents by
addressing the main causes of collisions: driving error,
distraction and drowsiness.

23. REFERANCES
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_car
 http://www.darpa.mil/our work
 Electrical machines and automatic control by J.b.gupta
 http://autocontrols.com.au/
 http://www.howstuffworks.com/
 https://waymo.com/

24. PK