Nonsporing anaerobes
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This document discusses nonsporing anaerobes, including their classification, cultural characteristics, predisposing factors, pathogenesis, diseases produced, clues for diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Nonsporing anaerobes are bacteria that can live without oxygen and are classified based on DNA and fatty acid analysis. They commonly cause infections in wounds, female genital tract, abdomen, respiratory tract, and more. Laboratory diagnosis involves anaerobic culture and identification of isolates like Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium species. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole and penicillin, and sometimes surgery.
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2. Serological tests like the Widal test detect antibodies against Salmonella, while rapid tests like Typhidot and IDL Tubex detect IgM antibodies.
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1. Actinomyces and Nocardia are filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria found in the environment and as normal flora in humans.
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3. Nocardia is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pulmonary, cutaneous, or disseminated nocardiosis through inhalation or skin inoculation. It is an important cause of infection in immunocompromised individuals.
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This document discusses Streptococcus bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep). Key points:
- S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive coccus that forms chains and produces beta hemolysis on blood agar. It requires enriched media and is a facultative anaerobe.
- Virulence factors include M protein, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, and pyrogenic exotoxins. M protein determines serotype and virulence. Exotoxins cause scarlet fever rash and toxic shock syndrome.
- Diseases include pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, rheumatic fever, glomerul
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Type 6 Secretion Systems
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Conflict of interest_Dr. Mansij Biswas
This document discusses conflicts of interest in drug research. It defines conflicts of interest and provides examples of financial and non-financial conflicts. Significant financial interests that must be disclosed include salaries, equity, patents, and intellectual property if they exceed $10,000 or 5% ownership. Conflicts can occur at all stages of research and compromise integrity. Recommendations include adopting disclosure policies, managing conflicts through oversight committees, and restricting industry payments and gifts to researchers and medical institutions. Transparency and accountability are important principles to mitigate conflicts of interest in medical research.
Art.
ART involves medical techniques like drug therapy, artificial insemination, and IVF to treat infertility. Key ART procedures include IUI, IVF, ICSI, and surrogacy. The first successful human IVF resulted in Louise Brown's birth in 1978. While ART has helped many conceive, it also presents risks like multiple births, infection, and complications for mother and baby. Ongoing research aims to improve outcomes and access to these important infertility treatments.
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This document discusses Ebola virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Dengue virus. It provides information on the diseases caused by these viruses including symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention methods. It notes that the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was the largest in history. It discusses Japanese encephalitis outbreaks in various regions of India and describes the JE virus. It also summarizes Dengue virus and the diseases it causes, its transmission via mosquitoes, diagnostic tests and research on Dengue vaccines.
Current updates of swine mycoplasma vaccines
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Molecular biology redefining pathogenesis 20100926
My presentation in XVI Maharashtra Chapter Conference of IAMM at Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad on 26th September 2010.
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In research involving human participants as trial subjects or tissue
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Personalized Medicine, Colorectal Cancer and Gut Bacteria
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Molecular biology redefining pathogenesis 20100926
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Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases dr.ihsan alsaimary
prof.dr.ihsan alsaimary -college of medicine - university of basrah -iraq
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Hepatitis b & c
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Sexually transmitted infections
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Slow virus diseases
This document discusses slow virus diseases, which are infections characterized by very long incubation periods, slow but relentless courses, and fatal outcomes. It describes several examples of slow virus diseases in humans and animals caused by viruses from families including retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, togaviruses, polyomaviruses, and prions. These diseases have long latency periods ranging from months to decades before symptoms appear. They progressively affect the central nervous system and have no effective treatment or immune response, inevitably leading to death.
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- 3. Classification Cocci Gram positive Peptostreptococcus spp. Peptococcus spp Gram negative Veillonella Bacilli Gram positive Eubacterium Propinibacterium Lactobacillus Mobilincus Bifidobacterium Actinomyces
- 4. Gram negative bacilli Bacteroides Prevotella Porphyromonas Fusobacterium Leptotrichia Spirochetes Treponema Borrelia
- 5. Cultural characteristics- Grow in absence of molecular oxygen Optimum temp- 37˚C Optimum pH- 7.0-7.4 Incubation period- 48 hrs or more Grow well on freshly prepared/pre-reduced BA P.melaninogenicus
- 6. Predisposing factors- Deep seated wounds Tissue necrosis Impaired circulation Diabetes Malnutrition Trauma, foreign bodies Malignancy Prolonged T/t with aminoglycosides
- 7. Pathogenesis- Lowering of Eh Concomitant bacterial infection Virulance factors Toxins Enzymes Capsule Extracellular products.
- 9. Diseases produced by nonsporing anaerobes- Female genital tract infections- Vaginitis Bartholin’s abscess Puerperal sepsis PIDs Post-operative wound infections Most commonly caused by P. melaninogenica, B fragilis, Peptococci, Peptostreptococci, Fusobacteria
- 10. Abdominal infections Appendicitis, diverticulitis, peritonitis, biliary tract infections, SSIs Bacteroides spp, and anaerobic cocci ENT infections Otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis, tonsillitis Fusobacteria Orodental infections Gingivitis, dental abscess, mandibular space infection, periodontal infections
- 11. Fusobacteria, spirochaetes, actinomycetes Respiratory infections Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, empyma Fusobacteria, P. melaninogenicus, B. fragilis, A. cocci Other infections Bacteremia, bone infections, brain abscess, cellulitis, necrotising fascitis Bacteroides spp, prevotella spp
- 12. Clues to guide presumptive diagnosis ? • Foul smelling odour • Gas in specimen • Pronounced cellulitis • Chronic ulcers/ deep abscesses refractory to standard T/t • Black pus • Negative aerobic culture (Microscopy positive)
- 13. Lab Diagnosis Specimen Collection Avoid contamination Closed abscess- aspiration by syringe & needle Female genital tract- culdocentesis Respiratory tract- aspiration/ lung puncture Pleural cavity- thoracocentesis Tissue- excision Urinary tract- needle aspiration of bladder
- 14. Transport- Protect specimen from lethal effect of O2 Swab- Stuart media/ RCM Aspiration- material is injected through rubber stopper in bulb containing CO2 Syringe- needle is inserted in a sterile rubber stopper after expulsion of air bubble Blood- BHI broth/ thioglycolate broth
- 15. Processing of specimen Gross examination Black color Foul smelling Direct microscopy Gram stain Polymicrobial picture Lactobacillus spp.Bacteroids spp.Fusobacterium spp.
- 16. Culture Plain freshly prepared blood agar Neomycin blood agar Neomycin- Kanamycin blood agar Phenyl ethyl alcohol blood agar Kanamycin vancomycin blood agar (for GNBs) After inoculation, plates are incubated anaerobically in McIntosh- Filde’s jar Gas pack jar Anaerobic glove box
- 17. McIntosh Filde’s Jar Gaspak Jar Anaerobic glove box
- 18. Ultraviolet examination- Bright red fluorescence in case of P. melaninogenica. Rapid Identification with Gentamicin and metronidazole disc Rapid identification by biochemical tests API (Indole, urea, gelatin, esculin, catalase) Minitek BBL Gas liquid chromatography
- 19. Detection of antigen Co-agglutination Direct immunofluorescence Agglutination Haemagglutination PAGE ELISA
- 20. Antibiotic susceptibility testing Routine is unnecessary Serious infections (endocarditis, brain abscess etc) Methods Broth dilution Agar dilution Broth disc test Disc diffusion
- 21. Antibiotics commonly prescribed Penicillin Tetracycline Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Metronidazole (DOC) Co-trimoxazole Amoxyclav Ampicillin/ sulbactam In some infections surgical interventions are needed.
- 22. Thank You…