The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is nitrogen, making it the largest pool of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. ... Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. ... Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.
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Definition of Nitrogen Cycle,
How does it occurs in nature, Stages of Nitrogen Cycle With Reactions And Importance Of Nitrogen Cycle for living Beings & Agriculture.
This is a comprehensive account of the nitrogen cycle in terrestrial environments. The nitrogen cycle is responsible for the circulation of nitrogen between inorganic and organic components of the environment.
prepared by Centurion university of technology and management, B.Sc Agriculture 1st year 2nd sem students;
Ram prasad Behera(180804130026)
Gargeya Ku. Naik(180804130001).
Nitrogen is a universally occurring element in all the living beings.
Apart from water and mineral salts the next major substance in plant cell is protein (about 10-12% of the cell).
These proteins which are building blocks of the protoplasm are made up of nitrogenous substances called as the amino acids
The Nitrogen cycle is defined as the biogeochemical cycle process that involves transforming the inert nitrogen that is available in the atmosphere, into a more usable or conventional form, that can be actively used by plants, and various living organisms. Enroll now at Tutoroot.
Defensins: Antimicrobial peptide for the host plant resistancesnehaljikamade
Since the beginning of the 90s lots of cationic plant, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have been studied. However, Broekaert et al. (1995) only coined the term “plant defensin,” after comparison of a new class of plant antifungal peptides with known insect defensins. From there, many plant defensins have been reported and studies on this class of peptides encompass its activity toward microorganisms and molecular features of the mechanism of action against bacteria and fungi. Plant defensins also have been tested as biotechnological tools to improve crop production through fungi resistance generation in organisms genetically modified (OGM). Its low effective concentration towards fungi, ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM and its safety to mammals and birds makes them a better choice, in place of chemicals, to control fungi infection on crop fields. Herein, is a review of the history of plant defensins since their discovery at the beginning of 90s, following the advances on its structure conformation and mechanism of action towards microorganisms is reported. This review also points out some important topics, including: (i) the most studied plant defensins and their fungal targets; (ii) the molecular features of plant defensins and their relation with antifungal activity; (iii) the possibility of using plant defensin(s) genes to generate fungi resistant GM crops and biofungicides; and (iv) a brief discussion about the absence of products in the market containing plant antifungal defensins.
Plant phenolics are secondary metabolites that encompass several classes structurally diverse of natural products biogenetically arising from the shikimate-phenylpropanoids-flavonoids pathways. Plants need phenolic compounds for pigmentation, growth, reproduction, resistance to pathogens and for many other functions. Therefore, they represent adaptive characters that have been subjected to natural selection during evolution. Plants synthesize a greater array of secondary compounds than animals because they cannot rely on physical mobility to escape their predators and have therefore evolved a chemical defence against such predators. This article, after a short review of plant phenols and polyphenols as UV sunscreens, signal compounds, pigments, internal physiological regulators or chemical messengers, examines some findings in chemical ecology concerning the role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and phytophagous insects.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in suppression of desired genes. RNAi is now known as precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense technology for gene suppression. Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.
The simplest virions consist of two basic components: nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein coat, the capsid, which functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which during infection attaches the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell.
Rhizobia are symbiotic diazotrophs (prokaryotic organisms that carry out dinitrogen fixation) that form a symbiotic association with legumes. This association is symbiotic in that both the plant and rhizobia benefit. The plant supplies the rhizobia with energy in the form of amino acids and the rhizobia fix nitrogen from the atmosphere for plant uptake. The reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia is the second most important biological process on earth after photosynthesis (Sylvia, 2005). The actual process of dinitrogen fixation can only be carried out by diazotrophs that contain the enzyme dinitrogenase. Nitrogen is the most critical nutrient needed to support plant growth. Unfortunately, atmospheric dinitrogen (78% of air we breathe) is extremely stable due to triple bonds which can only be broken by energy intensive ways. These include electrical N2 fixation by lightning where oxides of N come to ground with rain, the Haber-Bosch process in industrial fertilizer production, and biological N2 fixation in legumes by bacterial symbionts such as Rhizobium etli. Biological fixation of nitrogen was the leading form of annual nitrogen input until the last decade of the 20th century (Russelle, 2008). It is gaining attention once again as sustainability becomes a central focus to feed a world population of over 7 billion people.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Although molecular nitrogen (N2) is abundant (i.e 78-80 % by volume) in
the earth's atmosphere, but it is chemically inert and therefore, can not be
utilized by most living organisms and plants.
Plants, animals and most microorganisms, depend - on a source of combined
or fixed nitrogen (eg. ammonia, nitrate) or organic nitrogen compounds for
their nutrition and growth.
Plants require fixed nitrogen (ammonia, nitrate) provided by
microorganisms, but about 95 to 98 % soil nitrogen is in organic form
(unavailable) which restrict the development of living organisms including
plants and microorganisms.
Therefore, cycling/transformation of nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds
mediated by soil microorganisms is of paramount importance in supplying
required forms of nitrogen to the plants and various nutritional classes of
organisms in the biosphere.
In nature, nitrogen exists in three different forms viz. gaseous / gas (78 to 80
% in atmosphere), organic (proteins and amino acids, chitins, nucleic acids
and amino sugars) and inorganic (ammonia and nitrates).
INTRODUCTION
3. Biological Nitrogen fixation
A. Symbiotic: Eg. Rhizobium (Eubacteria) legumes, Frankia
(Actinomycete) and Anabaena (cyanobacteria) non -
legumes
B. Non Symbiotic:
1.Free Living: eg. Azobacter, Derxia, Bejerinkia,
Rhodospirillum and BGA.
2.Associative: eg. Azospirillum, Acetobacter, Herbaspirillim.
Nutritional categories of N2 fixing Bacteria
1.Heterotrops
Photoautotrophs
4. Steps involved in Nitrogen Fixation
1. Proteolysis
2. Ammonification
3. Nitrification
4. Nitrate reduction and
5. Denitrification.
1. Proteolysis:
Plants use the ammonia produced by symbiotic and non-
symbiotic Nitrogen fixation to make their amino acids &
eventually plant proteins. Animals eat the plants and
convert plant proteins into animal proteins.
Upon death, plant and animals undergo microbial decay in
the soil and the nitrogen contained in their proteins is
released
5. Thus, the process of enzymatic breakdown of proteins by the
microorganisms with the help of proteolysis enzymes is known as
“proteolysis".
The breakdown of proteins is completed in two stages. In first stage
proteins are converted into peptides or polypeptides by enzyme
"proteinases" and in the second stage polypeptides / peptides are further
broken down into amino acids by the enzyme "peptidases".
Proteins ------------------------> Peptides ------------------------> Amino Acids
Proteinases Peptidases
The amino acids produced may be utilized by other microorganisms for the
synthesis of cellular components, absorbed by the plants through
mycorrhiza or may be de animated to yield ammonia.
The most active microorganisms responsible for elaborating the proteolytic
enzymes (Proteinases and Peptidases) are Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Proteus,
Clostridium Histolyticum, Micrococcus, Alternaria, Penicillium etc.
6.
7. 2) Ammonification:
Amino acids released during proteolysis undergo deamination in which nitrogen
containing amino (-NH2) group is removed.
Thus, process of deamination which leads to the production of ammonia is termed as
"ammonification".
The process of ammonification is mediated by several soil microorganisms.
Ammonification usually occurs under aerobic conditions (known as oxidative
deamination) with the liberation of ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ions (NH4) which
are either released to the atmosphere or utilized by plants ( paddy) and
microorganisms or still under favorable soil conditions oxidized to form nitrites and
then to nitrates.
The processes of ammonification are commonly brought about by Clostridium sp,
Micrococcus sp, Proteus sp. etc. and it is represented as follows.
Alanine
CH3 CHNH2 COOH + 1/2 O2 -----------------> C H3COCOOH + NH3
Alanine deaminase Pyruvic acid ammonia
8. 3) Nitrification:
Ammonical nitrogen / ammonia released during ammonification are
oxidized to nitrates and the process is called “nitrification”.
Soil conditions such as well aerated soils rich in calcium carbonate, a
temperature below 30 ° C, neutral PH and less organic matter are
favorable for nitrification in soil.
Nitrification is a two stage process and each stage is performed by a
different group of bacteria as follows.
Stage I: Oxidation of ammonia of nitrite is brought about by ammonia
oxidizing bacteria viz. Nitrosomnonas europaea, Nitrosococcus nitrosus,
Nitrosospira briensis, Nitrosovibrio and Nitrocystis and the process is
known as nitrosification. The reaction is presented as follows.
2 NH3 + 1/2O2 -------------------> NO2 + 2 H + H2 O
Ammonia Nitrite
9. Stage II: In the second step nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by nitrite-
oxidizing bacteria such as Nitrobacter winogradsky .Nitrospira
gracilis, Nirosococcus mobiiis etc, and several fungi (eg. Penicillium,
Aspergillus) and actinomycetes (eg. Streptomyces, Nocardia).
NO2 (-) + ½ O2 ----------------------> NO3
Nitrite ions Nitrate ions
The nitrate thus, formed may be utilized by the microorganisms,
assimilated by plants, reduced to nitrite and ammonia or nitrogen
gas or lost through leaching depending on soil conditions.
The nitrifying bacteria (ammonia oxidizer and nitrite oxidizer) are
aerobic gram-negative and chemoautotrophic and are the common
inhabitants of soil, sewage and aquatic environment.
10. 4) Nitrate Reduction:
Several heterotrophic bacteria (E. coli, Azospirillum) are capable of
converting nitrates to nitrites and nitrites to ammonia.
Thus, the process of nitrification is reversed completely which is
known as nitrate reduction.
Nitrate reduction normally occurs under anaerobic soil conditions
(water logged soils) and the overall process is as follows:
Nitrate
HNO3 + 4 H2 --------------------> NH4 + 3 H20
Nitrate Reductase ammonium
Nitrate reduction leading to production of ammonia is called
"dissimilatory nitrate reduction" as some of the microorganisms
assimilate ammonium for synthesis of proteins and amino acid
11. This is the reverse process of nitrification.
During denitrification nitrates are reduced to nitrites and then to nitrogen
gas and ammonia.
Thus, reduction of nitrates to gaseous nitrogen by microorganisms in a
series of biochemical reactions is called “denitrification".
The process is wasteful as available nitrogen in soil is lost to atmosphere.
The overall process of denitrification is as follows:
NaR NiR NoR NoR
Nitrate -----> Nitrite ----> Nitric Oxide ----> Nitrous Oxide ------> Nitrogen gas
This process also called dissimilatory nitrate reduction as nitrate nitrogen is
completely lost into atmospheric air. In the soils with high organic matter
and anaerobic soil conditions (waterlogged or ill-drained) rate of
denitrification is more.
5) Denitrification:
12. Thus, rice / paddy fields are more prone to denitrification.
The most important denitrifying bacteria are Thiobacillus
denitrificans, Micrococcus denitrificans, and species of
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Achromobacter, Serrtatia paracoccus etc.
Denitrification leads to the loss of nitrogen (nitrate nitrogen) from
the soil which results into the depletion of an essential nutrient for
plant growth and therefore, it is an undesirable process / reaction
from the soil fertility and agricultural productivity.
Although, denitrification is an undesirable reaction from
agricultural productivity, but it is of major ecological importance
since, without denitrification the supply of nitrogen including N2
of the atmosphere, would have not got depleted and No3 (which
are toxic) would have accumulated in the soil and water.