This document discusses bacterial transformation, which is the process of transferring foreign DNA into bacterial host cells. It describes how the pGLO plasmid containing GFP and beta-lactamase genes is used to transform E. coli HB101 host cells. The process involves cutting the plasmid with restriction enzymes, joining it with DNA fragments using DNA ligase, making the host cells competent, and selecting transformed cells on antibiotic-containing media. GFP is used as a reporter to identify transformed cells expressing the plasmid genes.

1. Bacterial Transformation
RET Summer 2007

2. Overall Picture
Bio-Rad pGLO Transformation
Insertion of GFP gene into HB101 E. coli

3. Transformation
• The process of transferring foreign DNA
fragments into a recipient (host) cell for
growth and replication
• Our host cells: HB101 E. coli
• Our foreign DNA: GFP & -lactamase
genes (contained in the pGLO plasmid)

4. Plasmids
• Plasmids
– small (1-1000 kb)
– circular
– extrachromosomal DNA
• Growth is independent of the host’s cell cycle;
amplification of gene product
• A type of cloning vector used to carry a gene not
found in the bacterial host’s chromosome

5. Overall Transformation
Process
1. The plasmid vector must be cut with a
restriction endonuclease (aka: restriction
enzyme)
2. DNA ligase joins the DNA fragment & vector
DNA
3. Host cell is made competent so can plasmid can
enter
4. Transformed cells are grown on selection media

6. Overall Transformation
Process
1. The plasmid vector must be cut with a
restriction endonuclease (aka: restriction
enzyme)
2. DNA ligase joins the DNA fragment & vector
DNA
3. Host cell is made competent so can plasmid can
enter
4. Transformed cells are grown on selection media

7. Restriction Enzymes
• Endonucleases:
– in nature, they protect bacteria
from intruding DNA
– cut up (restrict) the viral DNA
– cut only at very specific
nucleotide sequences
• Restriction site:
recognition sequence for a
particular restriction enzyme
• Restriction fragments:
segments of DNA cut by
restriction enzymes in a
reproducible way
• DNA ligase:
joins the sticky ends of DNA
fragments

8. Overall Transformation
Process
1. The plasmid vector must be cut with a
restriction endonuclease (aka: restriction
enzyme)
2. DNA ligase joins the DNA fragment & vector
DNA
3. Host cell is made competent so can plasmid can
enter
4. Transformed cells are grown on selection media

9. Transformation of Bacteria
• Generally occurs through heat shock and
addition of a divalent cation to permeabilize
the membrane
• Competent cells are those capable of taking up
the plasmid

10. Overall Transformation
Process
1. The plasmid vector must be cut with a
restriction endonuclease (aka: restriction
enzyme)
2. DNA ligase joins the DNA fragment & vector
DNA
3. Host cell is made competent so can plasmid can
enter
4. Transformed cells are grown on selection media

11. Selection
• A selective medium is used to determine which
bacterial cells contain the antibiotic resistant
plasmid insert and which do not
• For example, a bacterium containing a plasmid
with resistance to a particular antibiotic
(ampicillin) will grow on medium that contains
that antibiotic
• In addition, our plasmid contains a regulatory
element that activates the GFP gene only in the
presence of arabinose

12. Selection Media
LB plates: Control (-pGLO)
LB + amp: Should contain only cells with the amp-
resistant pGLO plasmid; colonies appear
white (-pGLO, + pGLO)
LB + amp + ara: Should contain only cells with the
amp-resistant pGLO plasmid;
colonies floresce green (+pGLO)

13. Factors that Affect Yield and
Quality of Plasmid DNA
• Plasmid copy number
• Host strain used, carbohydrate production
• Culture medium, selection, and culture time
– Want to harvest during log growth phase

14. Transformation Applications

15. GFP Uses
• Use as a reporter molecule to • Can be directed to specific
follow changes in gene subcellular compartments
expression over time • Can combine GFP coding
region with the regulatory
• Nondestructive, nontoxic region for another gene and
• Coding sequence can be observe changes in gene
cloned into a variety of expression
vectors • Can be used to make a fusion
• GFP keeps its fluorescence in protein to study localization,
cells from different species turnover & intracellular
associations of native protein
• Can be tracked in living cells • GFP gene is switched on
over to time to study when cells are grown in the
development presence of arabinose