Genetic transformation is the incorporation of naked DNA from the extracellular environment into bacterial cells. There are two types of transformation: natural transformation which occurs naturally in some bacteria, and artificial transformation which is done through chemical, physical, or enzymatic treatment in the laboratory. The basic procedure of transformation involves isolating naked donor DNA, mixing it with competent recipient bacterial cells, and allowing the donor DNA to enter the recipient cells and recombine with the recipient genome.

1. TRANSFORMATION IN
BACTERIA
PRESENTED BY
MONA ALBUREIKAN

2. What is transformation?
• Genetic transformation is the
incorporation of naked DNA
from the extracellular
environment.
• It is one of three possible
mechanisms of HGT (Horizontal
gene transfer)
• Cells that can be used for
transformation are called
competent.

3. Types of transformation ?
FIRST: Natural Transformation

4. Types of transformation ?
FIRST: Natural Transformation

5. Types of transformation ?
SECOND:Artificial Transformation
- chemical treatment.
- physical treatment.
- enzymatic treatment

6. Types of Competent Cells for
Transformation?
Chemically Competent Cells
- calcium chloride-treated = attachment of
the plasmid DNA
- heat-shocked in a water bath = opens the
pores of the cell membrane
- entry of plasmid DNA from the buffer.

7. Types of Competent Cells for
Transformation?
Electrocompetent Cells
- using electroporation
- create pores
- genetic material enters the cells.

8. What is The basic procedure of
transformation?
First:
Isolation of CELL-FREE
or NAKED DNA. The
cells are broken and the
DNA released. The cell-
free DNA is subsequently
isolated and collected.

9. What is The basic procedure of
transformation?
Second:
Mixing of Donor DNA
with Recipient
Competent Cells.
The naked donor
DNA is incubated
with the competent
recipient cells to
which it binds.

10. What is The basic procedure of
transformation?
Third:
Uptake and Recombination of
Donor DNA. Donor DNA
binds to competent recipient
cells, following which it
enters the recipient cells.
Portions of the donor DNA
align, at random, with genes
on the recipient DNA and
segments of the two DNA's
are exchanged. The exchange
inserts Donor genes into the
recipient cell"s DNA.

11. What is The basic procedure of transformation?

12. "Naked" DNA could be fragments of DNA or
plasmids
• "Naked" DNA is
generated when
fragments of DNA or
plasmids are released
from damaged or dying
cells. The fragments of
DNA are then taken up
by a living recipient cell
and recombined with the
recipient cell genome.

13. REFRENCES
• http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap9.html#Transformatio
n
• http://medicine.jrank.org/pages/2890/Transformation-Discovery-
Transformation.html
• http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/transformation/
• http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/Products-and-
Services/Applications/Cloning/Transformation.html
• http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/Products-and-
Services/Applications/Cloning/Transformation.html
• http://biology200.gsu.edu/houghton/4564%20'11/figures/lecture%203/transforma
tion.jpg
• http://www.pc.maricopa.edu/Biology/rcotter/BIO%20205/LessonBuilders/Chapter
%209%20LB/Ch9b_print.html
• http://textbookofbacteriology.net/resantimicrobial_3.html
• http://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/med/Transformation.jpg
• http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/fb/fb15/institute/inst-3-mol-biowiss/AK-
Averhoff/pictures/res1.png
• http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/sidh6h2/images/bgdiagram.gif

14. THANK YOU