Biogeochemical cycles
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This document summarizes several key biogeochemical cycles. It describes how carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles move these elements through organisms and the biosphere. Microbes play an essential role in converting nutrients between organic and inorganic forms so they can be used by other organisms. The carbon cycle involves carbon dioxide being taken up by plants and released by respiration and volcanic activity. In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is fixed by bacteria, converted between nitrate and nitrogen gas by other bacteria, and used by plants and microbes to make amino acids.
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Several bacteria like cynobacteria and other purple-sulfer bacteria have capacity to generate energy by photosynthesis without chlorophyll.
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NALINI-SWC 502 {Soil and water management in agroforestry }.pptx
NALINI-SWC 502 {Soil and water management in agroforestry }.pptx
B.Sc Micro II Microbial physiology Unit 1 Bacterial Photosynthesis
B.Sc Micro II Microbial physiology Unit 1 Bacterial Photosynthesis
More from Microbiology
7 food hygiene, sanitation legislation
Food hygiene and legislation in Pakistan aims to protect consumers from contaminated or unsafe food. The key laws include the Pure Food Ordinance which regulates food production and prohibits adulterants. The Cantonment Pure Food Act has similar provisions for military areas. The Hotels and Restaurants Act regulates hygienic food preparation and service in establishments. Proper cleaning and sanitation of surfaces and utensils helps prevent food poisoning. Current food safety oversight involves both federal import standards and provincial production standards and enforcement.
Immune Response to HIV Infection
This document summarizes the immune response to HIV infection. It discusses how CD4 T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells, and antigen presenting cells respond to HIV. Cytotoxic T-cells target many HIV proteins but often cannot eliminate the virus due to epitope escape, exhaustion, or suboptimal responses. Antibody responses have difficulty neutralizing HIV due to properties of the gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins. The immune response ultimately fails to clear HIV because the virus can integrate into genes, mutate, and impair antigen presenting cell function.
The T-Cell Antigen Receptor Complex
The document summarizes key points about the T-cell antigen receptor complex:
1) The T-cell receptor (TCR) is highly variable between individuals due to small changes in charge and shape at its ends, which allows it to recognize a diverse range of peptide antigens bound to MHC molecules.
2) TCR diversity is generated through combinatorial and junctional mechanisms similar to immunoglobulin genes, including the use of multiple variable, diversity and joining gene segments.
3) Unlike antibodies, TCRs do not undergo somatic mutation, which helps prevent autoimmunity by ensuring TCRs maintain recognition of peptide-MHC complexes.
T-cell activation
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Processing and presentation mid
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Food preservation in warm countries
This document discusses various methods for food preservation in warm climates. It describes creating an evaporative cooler using terra cotta pots to keep food fresh. It also discusses reducing the four enemies of food storage - light, heat, oxygen, and moisture. Methods covered include dehydrating and vacuum sealing food, canning in mason jars or mylar bags with oxygen absorbers, and freezing, though freezing has drawbacks of requiring electricity and refrigeration. With proper storage reducing oxygen, moisture and light, food can typically be preserved for 3-5 years even in warm climates.
Extinction
Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. Natural Causes of Extinction.
Exsitu and in situ conservation
Difference between In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation
Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources helps protect, maintain and recover endangered animal and plant species. There are mainly two strategies for the conservation of wildlife: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation. Although, both the strategies aim to maintain and recover endangered species, they are different from each other. Let us see how they differ from each other!
Microbial Evolution
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Loss of genetic diversity
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
Gene environment interaction
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Subtle differences in one person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure as another person. As a result, some people may develop a disease after being exposed to something in the environment while others may not.
As scientists learn more about the connection between genes and the environment, they pursue new approaches for preventing and treating disease that consider individual genetic codes.
How to store food in hot
How to store food in hot
The Good News
To maximize benefit of preservation, keep your food as fresh as possible for as long as possible. You can do this, even in the heat, by creating a “cooler” made from two basic terra cotta pots, one larger than the other. Put the smaller pot in the larger one, fill the gap with sand, and saturate the sand with water. Then cover it with a cloth. To add additional insulation from the heat, bury the pot up to its rim. The evaporation of moisture from the wet sand will cool the air around the food and help keep it fresh.
IUPAC naming and formulae
What is IUPAC naming?
In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
Basic iupac organic nomenclature
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC nomenclature uses the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the basic root name of the compound. The root name is then modified due to the presence of different functional groups which replace hydrogen or carbon atoms in the parent structure.
Geometry of hybridiztion
Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view. For a tetrahedral coordinated carbon (e.g. methane CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms.
Hybridization
INTRODUCTION:
Hybrid Orbitals
Developed by Linus Pauling, the concept of hybrid orbitals was a theory created to explain the structures of molecules in space. The theory consists of combining atomic orbitals (ex: s,p,d,f) into new hybrid orbitals (ex: sp, sp2, sp3).
Why Firefly give light during night?
1. Why Firefly give light during night?
2. Why atomic mass and Atomic numbers are given to elements ?
3. Why elements have been characterized and classified into different groups?
4. What is the transition of elements and what they play their role in elements stability?
OXYGEN CYCLE
Ali Hyder presented on the oxygen cycle to the Microbiology and Biotechnology department. The presentation covered definitions of key terms like biogeochemical cycles and oxygen. It explained that oxygen is produced primarily through photosynthesis by plants and some through interactions with sunlight and water vapor. Oxygen gets used up through respiration by animals and organisms, decomposition of dead matter, rusting of metals, and combustion. The oxygen cycle occurs as plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis during the day, which is then used by organisms for respiration and releases carbon dioxide, which plants then use again at night through photosynthesis, repeating the cycle.
billion tree tsunami
The Billion Trees Tsunami Afforestation Project in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa aims to rehabilitate forests and increase the forest resource base. It establishes central and private nurseries to grow over 500 million saplings, which are planted on 10,000 hectares of land. The project also focuses on protecting newly planted forests by training and hiring local communities as forest guards. Overall, the project has planted over 872 million seedlings across the province by 2017, with a high survival rate of 88.75%.
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Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
原版制作(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Presented by James Reed at "9th Landscape Sustainability Science Forum" on 11 May 2024
快速办理(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Biogeochemical cycles
- 1. 1 Amjad Khan Afridi Biogeochemical Cycles What is Biogeochemical Cycles? Biogeochemical Cycles or Nutrient cycles: Is how elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another. Types of Biogeochemical Cycle: • Atmospheric- carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle • Sedimentary - phosphorus cycle and Sulphur cycle Biogeochemical cycles • Matter can neither be created or destroyed. • A constant amount of matter in the environment must be recycled. • Microbes are essential in the conversion of nutrients into organic and usable formats. • Microbes are essential in the conversion of nutrients into the inorganic form. A. The carbon cycle Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue. In the atmosphere, carbon is present as carbon dioxide gas, CO2. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by, Volcanic activity, respiration, Human activities The Plants take in carbon dioxide and use the carbon to build carbohydrates during photosynthesis. The carbohydrates are passedalong food webs to animals and other consumers. In the ocean, carbon is also found, along with calcium and oxygen, in calcium carbonate, which is formed by many marine organism decomposition of organic matter.
- 2. 2 Amjad Khan Afridi The Carbon Cycle B. The nitrogen cycle Microbes decompose proteins form dead cells and release amino acids. Ammonia is liberated by microbial ammonification of amino acids. Ammonia is oxidized to produce nitrates for energy by nitrifying bacteria. Denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrogen in nitrates to molecular nitrogen. N2 is converted into ammonia by nitrogen fixing bacteria Ammonium and nitrate are used by bacteria and plants to synthesize amino acids.
- 3. 3 Amjad Khan Afridi C. Sulfur cycle Plants and certain microbes can use SO42- to make amino acids. H2S is oxidized to form SO42-. D. The Phosphorus Cycle Inorganic phosphorus is solubilized by microbial acids. Made available to plants and other microbes Is soluble in water Combines with calcium in calcium phosphate .
- 4. 4 Amjad Khan Afridi Life Without Sunshine • Primary producers in most ecosystems are photoautotroph's. • Primary producers in deep ocean and endolithic communities are chemoautotrophic bacteria. Oxygenic photosynthesis Algae, cyanobacteria, aerobic heterotrophs – CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 H2O is a source of electrons – CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O Aerobic respiration An oxygenic photosynthesis H2S oxidizers CO2 + H2S CH2O + S + H2O H2S is a source of electrons Cyanobacteria Tremendous ecological importance in the C, O and N cycles. Evolutionary relationship to plants. Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobilins. Cyanobacteria are very similar to the chloroplasts of red algae (Rhodophyta). Several species of cyanobacteria are symbionts of liverworts, ferns, cycads, flagellated protozoa, and algae. Example: There is also an example of a cyanobacterium as endosymbionts of plant cells. Dr. Kashif Bashir Notes: M.PHIL (Microbiology), 2nd Semester Chapter # 02 Date: 25th September, 2019 Made By Amjad Khan Afridi