This is a presentation about the role of micro-organisms in the decay of bodies etc. for the purposes of A2 biology edexcel unit 4.
a way of revising
information collected from the a2 snab textbook and other online resources
enjoy!
The document discusses different types of biofertilizers and their production. It describes biofertilizers as microbial inoculants that establish symbiotic relationships with plants to enrich soil nutrients and promote crop growth. Major biofertilizers include rhizobia, azotobacter, algae, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Rhizobium and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are discussed in detail, outlining their role in nitrogen fixation and methods for mass production, including trough, pit and field methods.
This document discusses the microbial flora of soil. It defines soil microflora as microorganisms that contribute to the biological properties of soil, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. The five major groups interact and form a soil food web, with bacteria and fungi serving important roles in decomposition. Physical and chemical factors like pH and nutrients influence the growth and activity of soil microflora. The microflora are then classified and examples are given of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and their functions in the soil ecosystem.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Microbes play an essential role in soil properties and plant growth. They are responsible for decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and managing soil stability through various biochemical processes. The four main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and algae. Each group serves important functions like nutrient cycling, organic matter breakdown, and maintaining balances in the soil environment. Microbes also influence soil structure by producing compounds that bind soil particles together and form stable aggregates.
This document discusses the use of microbes in agriculture. It provides examples of microbes like bacteria and fungi that can be used as biological control agents against pests and as biofertilizers to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus in soil. Biological control agents like Beauveria fungus and NPV virus can control insects like aphids and caterpillars respectively. Biofertilizers include nitrogen fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and algae like Anabaena. Effective Microorganisms solution contains lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria that enhances crop growth and improves soil health. In conclusion, bio-control agents and biofertilizers are safer, cheaper and renewable alternatives to chemical pesticides
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to remove pollution from soil, water, and air. There are two types of bioremediation - in situ, which treats pollution at the site, and ex situ, which treats pollution off site. In situ bioremediation can be intrinsic, using native microbes, or engineered, by adding nutrients or microbes. Ex situ involves removing contaminated material and treating it through methods like slurry phase bioremediation, which mixes soil and water, or solid phase bioremediation using land farming or piles. Bioremediation is effective but performance is difficult to evaluate and volatile organic compounds remain challenging to degrade.
The document discusses different types of biofertilizers and their production. It describes biofertilizers as microbial inoculants that establish symbiotic relationships with plants to enrich soil nutrients and promote crop growth. Major biofertilizers include rhizobia, azotobacter, algae, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Rhizobium and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are discussed in detail, outlining their role in nitrogen fixation and methods for mass production, including trough, pit and field methods.
This document discusses the microbial flora of soil. It defines soil microflora as microorganisms that contribute to the biological properties of soil, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. The five major groups interact and form a soil food web, with bacteria and fungi serving important roles in decomposition. Physical and chemical factors like pH and nutrients influence the growth and activity of soil microflora. The microflora are then classified and examples are given of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and their functions in the soil ecosystem.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Microbes play an essential role in soil properties and plant growth. They are responsible for decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and managing soil stability through various biochemical processes. The four main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and algae. Each group serves important functions like nutrient cycling, organic matter breakdown, and maintaining balances in the soil environment. Microbes also influence soil structure by producing compounds that bind soil particles together and form stable aggregates.
This document discusses the use of microbes in agriculture. It provides examples of microbes like bacteria and fungi that can be used as biological control agents against pests and as biofertilizers to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus in soil. Biological control agents like Beauveria fungus and NPV virus can control insects like aphids and caterpillars respectively. Biofertilizers include nitrogen fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and algae like Anabaena. Effective Microorganisms solution contains lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria that enhances crop growth and improves soil health. In conclusion, bio-control agents and biofertilizers are safer, cheaper and renewable alternatives to chemical pesticides
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to remove pollution from soil, water, and air. There are two types of bioremediation - in situ, which treats pollution at the site, and ex situ, which treats pollution off site. In situ bioremediation can be intrinsic, using native microbes, or engineered, by adding nutrients or microbes. Ex situ involves removing contaminated material and treating it through methods like slurry phase bioremediation, which mixes soil and water, or solid phase bioremediation using land farming or piles. Bioremediation is effective but performance is difficult to evaluate and volatile organic compounds remain challenging to degrade.
This document discusses organic matter decomposition in soil. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the decomposition process, factors affecting it, microorganisms involved, and plant nutrient cycles. It then covers properties of soil, the major microorganism groups in soil, essential plant nutrients and their sources in soil, and the basic plant nutrient cycle. Finally, it discusses decomposition of organic matter in depth, including the decomposers, the three processes of decomposition, and factors like temperature, moisture, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratios that influence the rate of decomposition.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Importance of microorganisms in nutrient managementsanthiya kvs
The document discusses the important role of soil microorganisms in nutrient management and cycling. It explains that microbes are actively involved in decomposing organic matter, producing humus, and increasing the availability of nutrients like phosphorus. Certain microbes also support plant growth by producing vitamins, hormones, and stimulating natural defenses against pathogens. Microorganisms are key players in soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization. The document also discusses different types of biofertilizers containing beneficial microbes.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
This document defines key terms related to petroleum biodegradation and bioremediation. It discusses how bioremediation uses microorganisms to transform pollutants like oil spills into less toxic forms through biodegradation. Several factors influence bioremediation, including the presence of microbes that can degrade pollutants, availability of the pollutants to the microbes, and environmental conditions like temperature, pH, oxygen, and nutrients. The document also provides examples of microbes involved in hydrocarbon degradation and outlines the principles and processes of bioremediation.
This document discusses various strategies for pollution mitigation through bioremediation. It begins with an introduction to bioremediation and outlines different bioremediation strategies including in situ and ex situ approaches. In situ bioremediation strategies discussed include intrinsic bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation. Ex situ strategies include composting, land farming, and biopile systems. The document also discusses factors that influence bioremediation effectiveness such as microorganisms, environmental conditions, and contaminant type. It provides examples of contaminants that are bio-degradable, partially degradable, and recalcitrant.
There are different types of nutritional bacteria that are important for human health. Some bacteria in the gut help with digestion and produce vitamins. Maintaining a balance of good bacteria is important for overall wellness.
The document provides an introduction to aeromicrobiology, which is the study of microorganisms present in air. It discusses the composition of air and how it lacks nutrients and water, making it an unfavorable environment for microbial growth. However, microbes can become suspended in air within water droplets or dust particles. The document outlines the different physical habitats of microbes in the air, including the layers of the atmosphere and clouds. It also describes the types of microorganisms that can be found as bioaerosols and discusses their potential to cause disease. Sources of airborne microbes and factors influencing their survival are summarized.
This document provides a history of microbiology, beginning with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery and observation of microbes in the late 17th century. Important figures who contributed to establishing microbiology include Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others during the "Golden Age of Microbiology" from 1860-1910. They developed germ theory, techniques for isolating and culturing microbes, and related specific microbes to diseases. Modern microbiology is interdisciplinary and uses microbes for applications in medicine, industry, and space exploration through techniques like genetic engineering.
Microorganisms are commonly found suspended in air, including bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, and protozoa. The most important factors affecting the types and numbers of airborne microorganisms are temperature, humidity, and air currents. While air is not suitable for microbial growth, it acts as a transport medium for microbes picked up from environmental sources like soil, water, and human activities like coughing and sneezing. Methods to isolate microorganisms from air samples include impingement onto solid or into liquid collection media, followed by incubation and counting of colonies.
This document provides an overview of the nitrogen cycle presented by Manisha Thakur. It discusses the key processes in the nitrogen cycle including nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. Nitrogen fixation involves the conversion of nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonia or organic nitrogen compounds. Assimilation is the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into organic molecules by plants and other organisms. Ammonification and nitrification convert nitrogen waste into plant-usable forms through the action of microbes. Denitrification completes the cycle by converting nitrates back to nitrogen gas. Microbes play an essential role in these transformations that circulate nitrogen between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
Role of microorganisms in Biodegradation of Organic Wasterasikapatil26
Microorganisms play a key role in biodegradation by breaking down dead organic matter into simpler substances. They decompose industrial and household waste, recycling nutrients in the environment. The document discusses the roles of microbes in various biodegradation processes, such as aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pollutants. It also outlines considerations for efficient biological treatment of industrial waste and examples of processes that use microbes, such as aerobic biodegradation and oil biodegradation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about plant-microbe interactions given by Manisha Thakur. It discusses how plants constantly encounter biotic and abiotic stresses. Microbes that colonize plants can have pathogenic, symbiotic, or associative relationships. Specific examples provided include mutualistic relationships like rhizobia in root nodules, and types of pathogenic relationships such as necrotrophy and biotrophy. The document also discusses concepts like the rhizosphere and how root exudates influence microbial communities in and around plant roots and leaves.
This document provides information about mycorrhizae, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhizae and describes the two main types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae are formed between fungi and the roots of about 10% of plant families, mainly woody plants. They involve a fungal sheath surrounding the root. Endomycorrhizae penetrate the root cells and include arbuscular mycorrhizae, the most common type, characterized by structures called arbuscules and vesicles. The relationship benefits both the plant, which receives increased nutrient and water absorption, and the fungus, which receives
The rhizosphere is the region of soil surrounding plant roots that is influenced by root secretions like mucilage, exudates, and lysates. It contains many microorganisms in complex relationships with the plant roots. Root secretions, collectively known as rhizodeposition, enrich the soil environment and stimulate microbial growth in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, as measured by the R:S ratio of microorganisms. Rhizodeposition includes a variety of organic compounds that influence soil nutrients and microbes.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
A pure culture theoretically contains a single bacterial species. There are a number of procedures available for the isolation of pure cultures from mixed populations. A pure culture may be isolated by the use of special media with specific chemical or physical agents that allow the enrichment or selection of one
organism over another.
This document provides a summary of soil microorganisms and their functions in 3 sentences or less:
Soil is teeming with life including bacteria, fungi, protists, and animals that carry out essential functions like decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots. There can be thousands of species of microbes like bacteria and fungi, and dozens of species of larger organisms like earthworms, mites and nematodes in a single handful of healthy soil. These diverse soil microorganisms interact and carry out critical processes in the soil ecosystem that support plant growth and agricultural production.
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil health and fertility. They are involved in nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and carrying out other biochemical processes. The main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Soil microbes affect soil structure, plant growth, and carry out important processes like nitrogen fixation, nutrient availability, and degradation of pollutants. However, human activities like agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change threaten soil microbes by reducing organic matter, increasing salinity, and introducing pollutants. Proper management is needed to protect these vital soil microorganisms.
This document discusses organic matter decomposition in soil. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the decomposition process, factors affecting it, microorganisms involved, and plant nutrient cycles. It then covers properties of soil, the major microorganism groups in soil, essential plant nutrients and their sources in soil, and the basic plant nutrient cycle. Finally, it discusses decomposition of organic matter in depth, including the decomposers, the three processes of decomposition, and factors like temperature, moisture, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratios that influence the rate of decomposition.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Importance of microorganisms in nutrient managementsanthiya kvs
The document discusses the important role of soil microorganisms in nutrient management and cycling. It explains that microbes are actively involved in decomposing organic matter, producing humus, and increasing the availability of nutrients like phosphorus. Certain microbes also support plant growth by producing vitamins, hormones, and stimulating natural defenses against pathogens. Microorganisms are key players in soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization. The document also discusses different types of biofertilizers containing beneficial microbes.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
This document defines key terms related to petroleum biodegradation and bioremediation. It discusses how bioremediation uses microorganisms to transform pollutants like oil spills into less toxic forms through biodegradation. Several factors influence bioremediation, including the presence of microbes that can degrade pollutants, availability of the pollutants to the microbes, and environmental conditions like temperature, pH, oxygen, and nutrients. The document also provides examples of microbes involved in hydrocarbon degradation and outlines the principles and processes of bioremediation.
This document discusses various strategies for pollution mitigation through bioremediation. It begins with an introduction to bioremediation and outlines different bioremediation strategies including in situ and ex situ approaches. In situ bioremediation strategies discussed include intrinsic bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation. Ex situ strategies include composting, land farming, and biopile systems. The document also discusses factors that influence bioremediation effectiveness such as microorganisms, environmental conditions, and contaminant type. It provides examples of contaminants that are bio-degradable, partially degradable, and recalcitrant.
There are different types of nutritional bacteria that are important for human health. Some bacteria in the gut help with digestion and produce vitamins. Maintaining a balance of good bacteria is important for overall wellness.
The document provides an introduction to aeromicrobiology, which is the study of microorganisms present in air. It discusses the composition of air and how it lacks nutrients and water, making it an unfavorable environment for microbial growth. However, microbes can become suspended in air within water droplets or dust particles. The document outlines the different physical habitats of microbes in the air, including the layers of the atmosphere and clouds. It also describes the types of microorganisms that can be found as bioaerosols and discusses their potential to cause disease. Sources of airborne microbes and factors influencing their survival are summarized.
This document provides a history of microbiology, beginning with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery and observation of microbes in the late 17th century. Important figures who contributed to establishing microbiology include Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others during the "Golden Age of Microbiology" from 1860-1910. They developed germ theory, techniques for isolating and culturing microbes, and related specific microbes to diseases. Modern microbiology is interdisciplinary and uses microbes for applications in medicine, industry, and space exploration through techniques like genetic engineering.
Microorganisms are commonly found suspended in air, including bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, and protozoa. The most important factors affecting the types and numbers of airborne microorganisms are temperature, humidity, and air currents. While air is not suitable for microbial growth, it acts as a transport medium for microbes picked up from environmental sources like soil, water, and human activities like coughing and sneezing. Methods to isolate microorganisms from air samples include impingement onto solid or into liquid collection media, followed by incubation and counting of colonies.
This document provides an overview of the nitrogen cycle presented by Manisha Thakur. It discusses the key processes in the nitrogen cycle including nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. Nitrogen fixation involves the conversion of nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonia or organic nitrogen compounds. Assimilation is the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into organic molecules by plants and other organisms. Ammonification and nitrification convert nitrogen waste into plant-usable forms through the action of microbes. Denitrification completes the cycle by converting nitrates back to nitrogen gas. Microbes play an essential role in these transformations that circulate nitrogen between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
Role of microorganisms in Biodegradation of Organic Wasterasikapatil26
Microorganisms play a key role in biodegradation by breaking down dead organic matter into simpler substances. They decompose industrial and household waste, recycling nutrients in the environment. The document discusses the roles of microbes in various biodegradation processes, such as aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pollutants. It also outlines considerations for efficient biological treatment of industrial waste and examples of processes that use microbes, such as aerobic biodegradation and oil biodegradation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about plant-microbe interactions given by Manisha Thakur. It discusses how plants constantly encounter biotic and abiotic stresses. Microbes that colonize plants can have pathogenic, symbiotic, or associative relationships. Specific examples provided include mutualistic relationships like rhizobia in root nodules, and types of pathogenic relationships such as necrotrophy and biotrophy. The document also discusses concepts like the rhizosphere and how root exudates influence microbial communities in and around plant roots and leaves.
This document provides information about mycorrhizae, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhizae and describes the two main types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae are formed between fungi and the roots of about 10% of plant families, mainly woody plants. They involve a fungal sheath surrounding the root. Endomycorrhizae penetrate the root cells and include arbuscular mycorrhizae, the most common type, characterized by structures called arbuscules and vesicles. The relationship benefits both the plant, which receives increased nutrient and water absorption, and the fungus, which receives
The rhizosphere is the region of soil surrounding plant roots that is influenced by root secretions like mucilage, exudates, and lysates. It contains many microorganisms in complex relationships with the plant roots. Root secretions, collectively known as rhizodeposition, enrich the soil environment and stimulate microbial growth in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, as measured by the R:S ratio of microorganisms. Rhizodeposition includes a variety of organic compounds that influence soil nutrients and microbes.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
A pure culture theoretically contains a single bacterial species. There are a number of procedures available for the isolation of pure cultures from mixed populations. A pure culture may be isolated by the use of special media with specific chemical or physical agents that allow the enrichment or selection of one
organism over another.
This document provides a summary of soil microorganisms and their functions in 3 sentences or less:
Soil is teeming with life including bacteria, fungi, protists, and animals that carry out essential functions like decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots. There can be thousands of species of microbes like bacteria and fungi, and dozens of species of larger organisms like earthworms, mites and nematodes in a single handful of healthy soil. These diverse soil microorganisms interact and carry out critical processes in the soil ecosystem that support plant growth and agricultural production.
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil health and fertility. They are involved in nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and carrying out other biochemical processes. The main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Soil microbes affect soil structure, plant growth, and carry out important processes like nitrogen fixation, nutrient availability, and degradation of pollutants. However, human activities like agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change threaten soil microbes by reducing organic matter, increasing salinity, and introducing pollutants. Proper management is needed to protect these vital soil microorganisms.
This document discusses properties of visible light. It states that light is a form of electromagnetic energy that allows us to see objects. Light travels in straight lines at about 300,000 km/s through space from a light source. Objects can be luminous sources that emit light, like the sun, or reflective objects that appear luminous by reflecting light, like the moon. Light interacts with objects in different ways - it can pass through transparent objects, be partially transmitted through translucent objects, or be blocked by opaque objects. Shadows are formed when light rays do not travel in straight lines.
Soil microbiology and cycles of the elementsCara Molina
Soil is formed over long periods of time from weathered rock and decayed organic matter. It consists of minerals like sand, silt, and clay as well as organic matter and hosts a diverse array of microorganisms. Soil microorganisms play important roles in nutrient cycling, decomposition, and supporting plant growth. The most abundant microbes are bacteria and fungi, which break down organic residues. Other microbes like actinomycetes and mycorrhizal fungi also contribute to soil fertility. Protists and nematodes regulate microbe populations as predators. Overall, the complex web of soil microorganisms drives key ecosystem functions.
This document discusses the various microorganisms found in soil, including their classification and roles. There are several types of microbes in soil, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and actinomycetes. These soil microbes play both beneficial and harmful roles. Beneficially, they decompose organic matter, recycle nutrients, and aid plant growth. However, some bacteria and other microbes can also harm plants by immobilizing nutrients, inhibiting growth, and inducing diseases. The diverse microbe populations in soil are crucial to agriculture and ecosystems.
Soil microbiology is the study of microorganisms in soil such as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa. These microorganisms are important because they affect soil structure and fertility through organic matter decomposition, nutrient transformations, and symbiotic relationships with plants. The four major groups of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and algae, each playing an important role in soil health and plant growth.
The stages of human decomposition include pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis, livor mortis, putrefaction, and skeletonization. Putrefaction is the decomposition of proteins by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in the production of gases that cause the body to bloat and release foul odors. As putrefaction progresses, the skin and tissues break down and the body's color changes until only bones remain. Understanding the chemical processes of putrefaction is important for determining time of death in forensic investigations and embalming seeks to delay decomposition through chemical preservation.
The document discusses microorganisms and their effects on living things. It provides classifications of microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, and viruses. It describes their characteristics such as size, shape, structure, nutrition, reproduction, and habitats. The document also discusses factors that affect microorganism growth and useful applications of microorganisms such as in digestion, decay, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur as essential elements for growth. Additional minerals like potassium, calcium and iron are also needed in trace amounts. Organic growth factors like vitamins also support bacterial growth. Environmental factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure and nutrients availability influence the growth of bacteria. Bacterial growth follows distinct phases - lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase and death phase as seen in a bacterial growth curve. Continuous culture techniques help maintain bacteria in the exponential growth phase.
Determination of time since death/ postmortem time intervalATUL ABHISHEK
1. Several post-mortem changes can help estimate time since death, including algor mortis (body cooling), rigor mortis (muscle stiffening), livor mortis (post-mortem lividity), and decomposition.
2. Changes also occur in the skin, eyes, and internal organs after death. Pupil dilation occurs initially but contractions occur with rigor mortis. The vitreous potassium level rises and can indicate time since death.
3. Insect evidence, including the development of blowfly larvae, can help estimate minimum post-mortem interval based on temperature-dependent insect life cycles.
introduction of environment engineering,structures of atmosphere, its type , classification of microorganisms and growth pattern, roll of microorganisms
This document discusses the growth and nutritional requirements of bacteria. It states that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and various minerals to grow. Some bacteria can synthesize their own food while others require organic growth factors obtained from their environment. The document also outlines various environmental factors that affect bacterial growth, such as temperature, oxygen levels, pH and osmotic pressure. It describes the bacterial growth curve and different growth phases including lag, log, stationary and decline. Maintaining bacteria in continuous culture can keep them in the exponential growth phase.
Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Bacteria were first observed in 1674 and include diverse species found in many habitats. Prokaryotes are single-celled without internal membranes and reproduce through binary fission. Major groups include eubacteria like E. coli and archaea found in extreme environments like hot springs or salt lakes. Bacteria play important roles in ecosystems through processes like nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis.
The document discusses the stages of human decomposition after death. It notes there are typically five stages: fresh, bloated, decay, post-decay, and dry/skeletal. Each stage is associated with physical changes to the body over time and influenced by various environmental factors. Understanding the decomposition process can help estimate time of death and factors that affect the rate of decomposition.
Bacteria come in a variety of shapes, including rods and spheres. They are classified based on cell wall structure and how they take stain. Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus for growth. They multiply by binary fission, with growth occurring in lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases according to a growth curve. Temperature, pH, oxygen, salt concentration, and nutrients all impact bacterial growth rates.
The document discusses the growth and nutrition requirements of bacteria. It states that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and various minerals to grow. It describes the different environmental factors that affect bacterial growth such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure and light exposure. It also explains the bacterial growth curve and the different phases of bacterial growth: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase and death phase.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist in three basic shapes - rods (called bacilli), spheres (called cocci), or spirals. They reproduce through binary fission and consume nutrients in various ways. Bacteria are classified based on several factors including their shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, environment, and cell wall composition. Some key groups of bacteria include phototrophic bacteria, gliding bacteria, sheathed bacteria, and spirochetes.
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. It involves the exchange of carbon between living things and the environment in its various forms. Key points:
1) Carbon dioxide is taken up by plants through photosynthesis and incorporated into organic molecules. It then moves through food chains as animals consume plants and other animals.
2) Carbon returns to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.
3) Slow geological processes also contribute to the carbon cycle through the formation of sedimentary rock and fossil fuels over millions of years.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (bacterial shapes, arrangement and staining t...Hussein Al-tameemi
This document discusses bacterial shapes, arrangements, staining techniques, and colonial morphology. It begins by describing the three basic bacterial shapes as coccus (round), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral. Common arrangements of coccus and bacillus cells are then outlined. The document also explains smear preparation and different staining techniques, including simple staining, Gram staining, and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Gram staining allows differentiation of bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative. Ziehl-Neelsen staining is used to identify acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, colonial morphology characteristics that can help in bacterial identification are presented.
1. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds by autotrophs through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. These compounds provide nutrients for heterotrophs.
2. Upon death, heterotrophs decompose organic matter and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, completing the carbon cycle.
3. Carbon is also removed from the cycle when it is incorporated into calcium carbonate and fossil fuels. The carbon cycle is essential for life and involves the exchange of carbon between living organisms and the nonliving environment.
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The Role of Micro-Organisms in the Decomposition of Organic Matter and the Recycling of Carbon
1. THE ROLE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS
IN THE DECOMPOSITION OF
ORGANIC MATTER AND THE
RECYCLING OF CARBON
2. TRUE OR FALSE?
1. Decomposition is described as having three components
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(True/False)
The skin turns to different shades of brown and green
during decomposition (True/False)
Bacteria produce gases causing the body to bloat
(True/False)
The Salmonella bacteria is found on a corpse (True/False)
Decomposition isn’t a part of the carbon cycle
(True/False)
Carbon Dioxide is released into the atmosphere by
respiring decomposers (True/False)
Answers: 1. False (there are only two) 2. True 3.True 4. True 5. False 6. True
3. ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN
THE DECOMPOSITION OF
ORGANIC MATTER
Decomposition refers to the breakdown of the
body which occurs following a death
4. Two Components of Decomposition
• Decomposition is described as having two components;
autolysis and putrefaction.
• Autolysis refers to the situation where the body’s own enzymes
are acting on itself, causing cellular and tissue destruction.
• Putrefaction refers to the situation where microorganisms
(especially bacteria and fungi) feed on and break down the
tissues of the dead body.
5. Process of Decomposition by Microorganisms
• Within a very short time period microorganisms can breakdown and
digest a large amount of soft tissue, resulting in a large production of
gas and ‘decomposition fluid’
• As decomposition proceeds, the skin
begins to darken to various shades of
green and brown. This is usually first
seen within the right lower abdominal
quadrant (image below)
• The body becomes somewhat bloated due to the decomposition gases
produced, and the decomposition fluid is frequently expelled from the
mouth, nose or other opening in the presence of a red-brown fluid
7. Other decomposers
• Insects are not the only organisms involved in decomposition of
•
•
•
•
•
a body.
Bacteria also plays a major role.
Those found in the gut invade the dead tissues after death of a
body as well as other fungi and bacteria from surroundings
colonising the corpse.
This in turn leads to decay.
There is no set succession on the particular sequence of
succession however genera often found on corpses include
Bacillus, Candida and Argobacterium.
These are collectively known as decomposers.
8. Microorganisms Found on Corpses
Early Stages of decomposition:
• Bacillus
• Staphylococcus
• Candida
• Streptococcus
Followed by:
• Salmonella
• Cytophaga
• Agrobacterium
Bacillus
Streptococcus
Salmonella
9. Microorganisms are Collectively known as
Decomposers
• Decomposers obtain a great source of energy from the body
such as proteins, fats, organic carbohydrates and nucleic acids
which are used as a food source.
• This energy is then released through aerobic/anaerobic
respiration.
• This energy allows rapid multiplication which leads to more
decomposition.