The document discusses network layer functions in computer networks. It covers logical addressing, routing, encapsulation, fragmentation and reassembly, error handling, and the current and future versions of the Internet Protocol (IP). Specifically, it describes IP version 4 (IPv4) and some of its limitations. It then introduces IP version 6 (IPv6) as the next generation IP that aims to address these limitations through expanded addressing, simplified headers, autoconfiguration, security improvements, and other features.
IPv4 uses datagram switching at the network layer and is connectionless. It includes fields for identification, flags, fragmentation offset, and time to live. IPv6 was developed to address IPv4's inefficient address space, lack of security, and inability to support real-time audio/video. IPv6 features a larger 128-bit address space, better header format, extensions, flow labeling, and more security. A smooth transition involves dual stack, tunneling, or header translation methods.
The document discusses IPv6, including its features and transition plans from IPv4. IPv6 addresses many problems with IPv4, such as address exhaustion, and introduces features like auto-configuration, quality of service, security, and mobility support. The transition will be incremental, using dual stack systems and tunneling to foster interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 nodes as networks upgrade independently.
The document discusses IPv4 routing and routing protocols. It begins with an introduction to routing and how data flows between devices on the internet in the form of packets. It then covers routing components like path determination, routing tables, and routing protocols for both intra-domain (RIP, OSPF) and inter-domain (BGP) routing. It concludes with a discussion on the future of routing with IPv6 and a high-level summary of routing and routing protocols.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces compared to 32-bit in IPv4. The presentation discusses the various address formats and types in IPv6 including unicast, anycast, and multicast. It also covers the changes in IPv6 packet header format versus IPv4 as well as new features like flow labeling and extension headers. Key advantages of IPv6 are larger address space, simplified header format, improved support for extensions, and better mobility and security features.
This document provides an overview of the IPv6 header based on Chapter 4 of the book "Understanding IPv6, Third Edition". It describes the components of an IPv6 packet including the IPv6 header, extension headers, and upper-layer protocol data unit. The IPv6 header is a fixed size of 40 bytes and contains fields for version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, hop limit, source address, and destination address. Extension headers can be added after the IPv6 header and are used to expand IPv6's capabilities. The IPv6 header was designed to be more efficient than IPv4 by reducing the number of required fields and moving seldom-used fields to extension headers.
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the delivery mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols. IPv4 is an unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol & a best-effort delivery service means that IPv4 provides no error control or flow control (except for error detection on the header). IPv4 assumes the unreliability of the underlying layers and does its best to get a transmission through to its destination, but with no guarantees.ThesisScientist.com
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and has a limited address space, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses and has a much larger address space to support more devices. IPv6 integrates network security directly into its design using IPSec and uses extension headers to encode optional information. It also features stateless address autoconfiguration to simplify configuration, and allows communication with IPv4 nodes through mapping and tunneling.
IPv4 uses datagram switching at the network layer and is connectionless. It includes fields for identification, flags, fragmentation offset, and time to live. IPv6 was developed to address IPv4's inefficient address space, lack of security, and inability to support real-time audio/video. IPv6 features a larger 128-bit address space, better header format, extensions, flow labeling, and more security. A smooth transition involves dual stack, tunneling, or header translation methods.
The document discusses IPv6, including its features and transition plans from IPv4. IPv6 addresses many problems with IPv4, such as address exhaustion, and introduces features like auto-configuration, quality of service, security, and mobility support. The transition will be incremental, using dual stack systems and tunneling to foster interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 nodes as networks upgrade independently.
The document discusses IPv4 routing and routing protocols. It begins with an introduction to routing and how data flows between devices on the internet in the form of packets. It then covers routing components like path determination, routing tables, and routing protocols for both intra-domain (RIP, OSPF) and inter-domain (BGP) routing. It concludes with a discussion on the future of routing with IPv6 and a high-level summary of routing and routing protocols.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces compared to 32-bit in IPv4. The presentation discusses the various address formats and types in IPv6 including unicast, anycast, and multicast. It also covers the changes in IPv6 packet header format versus IPv4 as well as new features like flow labeling and extension headers. Key advantages of IPv6 are larger address space, simplified header format, improved support for extensions, and better mobility and security features.
This document provides an overview of the IPv6 header based on Chapter 4 of the book "Understanding IPv6, Third Edition". It describes the components of an IPv6 packet including the IPv6 header, extension headers, and upper-layer protocol data unit. The IPv6 header is a fixed size of 40 bytes and contains fields for version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, hop limit, source address, and destination address. Extension headers can be added after the IPv6 header and are used to expand IPv6's capabilities. The IPv6 header was designed to be more efficient than IPv4 by reducing the number of required fields and moving seldom-used fields to extension headers.
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the delivery mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols. IPv4 is an unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol & a best-effort delivery service means that IPv4 provides no error control or flow control (except for error detection on the header). IPv4 assumes the unreliability of the underlying layers and does its best to get a transmission through to its destination, but with no guarantees.ThesisScientist.com
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and has a limited address space, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses and has a much larger address space to support more devices. IPv6 integrates network security directly into its design using IPSec and uses extension headers to encode optional information. It also features stateless address autoconfiguration to simplify configuration, and allows communication with IPv4 nodes through mapping and tunneling.
IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, such as the depletion of available IPv4 addresses. IPv6 features a 128-bit address space providing vastly more addresses than IPv4. It uses a simplified header structure compared to IPv4, removing unnecessary fields and expanding others. IPv6 also supports stateless autoconfiguration allowing nodes to automatically assign themselves addresses. Extension headers provide additional optional information for areas like routing, fragmentation, security and more. IPv6 aims to resolve issues with IPv4 and build upon lessons learned from over 20 years of IPv4 usage on the internet.
Internet Protocol (IP) is used to carry data from source to destination hosts across the Internet by providing addressing, fragmentation and reassembly, packet timeouts, and prioritization of traffic. IP uses 32-bit addresses to identify sending and receiving hosts and allows packets to be split into smaller fragments if needed to travel across networks. Routers use the IP Time to Live field to discard packets that have been traveling too long to prevent flooding of networks.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet protocol that replaces IPv4. It features a vastly larger 128-bit address space to avoid future address exhaustion. IPv6 addresses are written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons and supports stateless autoconfiguration of hosts and other improvements over IPv4.
IPv4 uses a datagram format with a header and data. The header contains information for routing and delivery and is 20-60 bytes. It includes fields for the version, length, identification, fragmentation, protocol, and source/destination addresses. Datagrams can be fragmented into smaller pieces if their size exceeds the MTU of a network. Fragments are reassembled at the destination using the identification field. The time to live field limits the number of hops a packet can make to prevent endless routing.
The document discusses IPv6, the next generation Internet Protocol. It introduces IPv6 and describes some key differences from IPv4, including a much larger 128-bit address space compared to 32-bits in IPv4. It also describes some advantages IPv6 has over IPv4 such as built-in support for multicasting and stateless address autoconfiguration. The document outlines various mechanisms for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6, including dual stack implementations, tunneling protocols, and translation technologies.
Comparative study of IPv4 & IPv6 Point to Point Architecture on various OS pl...IOSR Journals
This document provides a summary of a comparative study on the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols under different operating systems. The study analyzed bandwidth utilization, round trip time, and overhead for IPv4 and IPv6 in point-to-point configurations under Windows 2007, Mac OS, and Red Hat Linux. Experiments were conducted between 3 PCs configured for IPv4 and IPv6 communications over an unloaded network with 3 routers and 3 workstations. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as address length, header fields, and transition mechanisms are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to IPv6, including an overview of its key features and differences from IPv4. It discusses how IPv6 was developed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 address space and larger routing tables. The core features covered are the new IPv6 header format, its large 128-bit address space, stateless and stateful address configuration, built-in security via IPsec, and improved support for areas like quality of service and network interactions through protocols like Neighbor Discovery.
This document provides an introduction and overview of IPv6, including:
- IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly larger address space and additional features.
- The key reasons for adopting IPv6 are that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the exponential growth of internet-connected devices, while IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses providing trillions of times more addresses.
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit compared to 32-bit IPv4 addresses, written in hexadecimal format divided into eight groups, and features include improved security, mobility, and traffic routing capabilities.
IPv6 is the next-generation Internet protocol that replaces IPv4. It features a 128-bit address size allowing for many more IP addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses. IPv6 also includes improvements in routing, network autoconfiguration, security, quality of service, and extensibility. A transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway using mechanisms like dual stacking that allow both protocols to coexist on networks. While not yet widely deployed, IPv6 is expected to fully replace IPv4 in the coming years.
IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 due to IPv4's limited address space and other issues. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, providing vastly more unique addresses. It also includes improvements in areas like security, quality of service, and extension headers. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is still ongoing, with strategies like running both protocols simultaneously, tunneling IPv6 traffic over IPv4, and translating headers to allow ongoing communication as adoption increases.
This document compares and contrasts IPv4 and IPv6. It begins by defining Internet Protocol (IP) and its purpose of identifying hosts and enabling location addressing. It then describes IPv4, including its 32-bit address structure, address notation, and class-based allocation that resulted in address exhaustion issues. The document also covers IPv6's 128-bit addresses that provide vastly more capacity to address this problem. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are outlined, such as IPv6's elimination of NAT. The concepts of subnetting, supernetting, and private address ranges are also introduced to optimize IPv4 network design.
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of unique addresses, while IPv6 expanded the address space to 128 bits to accommodate many more devices. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and resolve issues like its diminishing available address space as more devices connect to the internet. Some key differences are that IPv6 addresses are much longer at 128 bits compared to 32 bits for IPv4, IPv6 has a larger address space to allow for more connections, and security features like IPSec are mandatory in IPv6.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Why IPv6 was created due to IPv4 address exhaustion and other limitations
- Key aspects of the IPv6 protocol such as larger 128-bit addresses, simplified fixed-length header, and extension headers
- Main IPv6 address types including global unicast, link-local, unique local, and multicast addresses
- Protocols that support IPv6 including Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), ICMPv6, and DHCPv6
- Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including dual stack and tunneling technologies.
This document provides an overview of IPv6, including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses and limitations of IPv4's classful addressing.
- Techniques used to extend IPv4 like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT.
- Key features of IPv6 like its larger 128-bit address space, stateless autoconfiguration, and security improvements.
- Differences between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and IPv6's use of extension headers.
- The presentation concludes that IPv6 builds upon IPv4's foundations but addresses its limitations.
Comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. Shourya Puri
This document provides a comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 performance on Windows and Linux operating systems. It introduces IPv4 and IPv6, compares their key differences, and experimentally measures performance metrics like throughput, delay, jitter and CPU usage for IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. The results show that for Windows and Linux, IPv4 generally has higher throughput and lower CPU usage than IPv6. However, IPv6 has advantages like a larger address space and increased security. Linux typically shows the highest CPU usage and TCP throughput for IPv6. The document also reviews several related works comparing IPv4 and IPv6 performance on different operating systems.
IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. It is a connectionless, best-effort protocol that does not guarantee delivery. IP packets can be fragmented into smaller units if their size exceeds the maximum transmission unit of the network. Fragmentation involves splitting the packet into multiple fragments that contain the same identification field but varying fragment offset and total length fields. The fragments are reassembled into the original packet at the destination.
PPT Slides explains about OSI layer, Internet Protocol(IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) & Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP). It focuses on Protocol Headers and the interpretation of various header fields.
PPT describes about how to detect malicious datagrams, packet filtering systems behaviors & anomalies causing due to fragmentation.
IPv4 was first developed in 1978 and has been deployed globally but will soon run out of addresses as it only provides 4 billion addresses. IPv6 was developed in 1993 to replace IPv4 and provides an immense 340 undecillion addresses to accommodate continued growth of the internet. IPv6 improves on IPv4 with a larger 128-bit address size, built-in security features, and auto-configuration to simplify network management. While IPv6 has been available since 1999, many networks and devices still rely on IPv4, but further IPv6 adoption will be necessary to sustain long term growth of internet connectivity.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
The document discusses IPv6 addressing and configuration, including IPv6 address formats and types, stateless address autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and security considerations for neighbor discovery. IPv6 aims to provide a huge number of addresses, simpler header format, and new features like anycast addresses and extension headers, while neighbor discovery handles tasks like address autoconfiguration and duplicate address detection without ARP.
This document discusses IPv6 and ICMPv6, the next generation internet protocols. It covers IPv6 addressing formats, the IPv6 packet format including extension headers, the functions of ICMPv6 including error reporting and neighbor discovery, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including running both protocols simultaneously. The document includes over 50 figures illustrating aspects of IPv6 and ICMPv6.
IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, such as the depletion of available IPv4 addresses. IPv6 features a 128-bit address space providing vastly more addresses than IPv4. It uses a simplified header structure compared to IPv4, removing unnecessary fields and expanding others. IPv6 also supports stateless autoconfiguration allowing nodes to automatically assign themselves addresses. Extension headers provide additional optional information for areas like routing, fragmentation, security and more. IPv6 aims to resolve issues with IPv4 and build upon lessons learned from over 20 years of IPv4 usage on the internet.
Internet Protocol (IP) is used to carry data from source to destination hosts across the Internet by providing addressing, fragmentation and reassembly, packet timeouts, and prioritization of traffic. IP uses 32-bit addresses to identify sending and receiving hosts and allows packets to be split into smaller fragments if needed to travel across networks. Routers use the IP Time to Live field to discard packets that have been traveling too long to prevent flooding of networks.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet protocol that replaces IPv4. It features a vastly larger 128-bit address space to avoid future address exhaustion. IPv6 addresses are written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons and supports stateless autoconfiguration of hosts and other improvements over IPv4.
IPv4 uses a datagram format with a header and data. The header contains information for routing and delivery and is 20-60 bytes. It includes fields for the version, length, identification, fragmentation, protocol, and source/destination addresses. Datagrams can be fragmented into smaller pieces if their size exceeds the MTU of a network. Fragments are reassembled at the destination using the identification field. The time to live field limits the number of hops a packet can make to prevent endless routing.
The document discusses IPv6, the next generation Internet Protocol. It introduces IPv6 and describes some key differences from IPv4, including a much larger 128-bit address space compared to 32-bits in IPv4. It also describes some advantages IPv6 has over IPv4 such as built-in support for multicasting and stateless address autoconfiguration. The document outlines various mechanisms for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6, including dual stack implementations, tunneling protocols, and translation technologies.
Comparative study of IPv4 & IPv6 Point to Point Architecture on various OS pl...IOSR Journals
This document provides a summary of a comparative study on the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols under different operating systems. The study analyzed bandwidth utilization, round trip time, and overhead for IPv4 and IPv6 in point-to-point configurations under Windows 2007, Mac OS, and Red Hat Linux. Experiments were conducted between 3 PCs configured for IPv4 and IPv6 communications over an unloaded network with 3 routers and 3 workstations. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as address length, header fields, and transition mechanisms are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to IPv6, including an overview of its key features and differences from IPv4. It discusses how IPv6 was developed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 address space and larger routing tables. The core features covered are the new IPv6 header format, its large 128-bit address space, stateless and stateful address configuration, built-in security via IPsec, and improved support for areas like quality of service and network interactions through protocols like Neighbor Discovery.
This document provides an introduction and overview of IPv6, including:
- IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly larger address space and additional features.
- The key reasons for adopting IPv6 are that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the exponential growth of internet-connected devices, while IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses providing trillions of times more addresses.
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit compared to 32-bit IPv4 addresses, written in hexadecimal format divided into eight groups, and features include improved security, mobility, and traffic routing capabilities.
IPv6 is the next-generation Internet protocol that replaces IPv4. It features a 128-bit address size allowing for many more IP addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses. IPv6 also includes improvements in routing, network autoconfiguration, security, quality of service, and extensibility. A transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway using mechanisms like dual stacking that allow both protocols to coexist on networks. While not yet widely deployed, IPv6 is expected to fully replace IPv4 in the coming years.
IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 due to IPv4's limited address space and other issues. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, providing vastly more unique addresses. It also includes improvements in areas like security, quality of service, and extension headers. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is still ongoing, with strategies like running both protocols simultaneously, tunneling IPv6 traffic over IPv4, and translating headers to allow ongoing communication as adoption increases.
This document compares and contrasts IPv4 and IPv6. It begins by defining Internet Protocol (IP) and its purpose of identifying hosts and enabling location addressing. It then describes IPv4, including its 32-bit address structure, address notation, and class-based allocation that resulted in address exhaustion issues. The document also covers IPv6's 128-bit addresses that provide vastly more capacity to address this problem. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are outlined, such as IPv6's elimination of NAT. The concepts of subnetting, supernetting, and private address ranges are also introduced to optimize IPv4 network design.
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of unique addresses, while IPv6 expanded the address space to 128 bits to accommodate many more devices. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and resolve issues like its diminishing available address space as more devices connect to the internet. Some key differences are that IPv6 addresses are much longer at 128 bits compared to 32 bits for IPv4, IPv6 has a larger address space to allow for more connections, and security features like IPSec are mandatory in IPv6.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Why IPv6 was created due to IPv4 address exhaustion and other limitations
- Key aspects of the IPv6 protocol such as larger 128-bit addresses, simplified fixed-length header, and extension headers
- Main IPv6 address types including global unicast, link-local, unique local, and multicast addresses
- Protocols that support IPv6 including Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), ICMPv6, and DHCPv6
- Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including dual stack and tunneling technologies.
This document provides an overview of IPv6, including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses and limitations of IPv4's classful addressing.
- Techniques used to extend IPv4 like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT.
- Key features of IPv6 like its larger 128-bit address space, stateless autoconfiguration, and security improvements.
- Differences between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and IPv6's use of extension headers.
- The presentation concludes that IPv6 builds upon IPv4's foundations but addresses its limitations.
Comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. Shourya Puri
This document provides a comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 performance on Windows and Linux operating systems. It introduces IPv4 and IPv6, compares their key differences, and experimentally measures performance metrics like throughput, delay, jitter and CPU usage for IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. The results show that for Windows and Linux, IPv4 generally has higher throughput and lower CPU usage than IPv6. However, IPv6 has advantages like a larger address space and increased security. Linux typically shows the highest CPU usage and TCP throughput for IPv6. The document also reviews several related works comparing IPv4 and IPv6 performance on different operating systems.
IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. It is a connectionless, best-effort protocol that does not guarantee delivery. IP packets can be fragmented into smaller units if their size exceeds the maximum transmission unit of the network. Fragmentation involves splitting the packet into multiple fragments that contain the same identification field but varying fragment offset and total length fields. The fragments are reassembled into the original packet at the destination.
PPT Slides explains about OSI layer, Internet Protocol(IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) & Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP). It focuses on Protocol Headers and the interpretation of various header fields.
PPT describes about how to detect malicious datagrams, packet filtering systems behaviors & anomalies causing due to fragmentation.
IPv4 was first developed in 1978 and has been deployed globally but will soon run out of addresses as it only provides 4 billion addresses. IPv6 was developed in 1993 to replace IPv4 and provides an immense 340 undecillion addresses to accommodate continued growth of the internet. IPv6 improves on IPv4 with a larger 128-bit address size, built-in security features, and auto-configuration to simplify network management. While IPv6 has been available since 1999, many networks and devices still rely on IPv4, but further IPv6 adoption will be necessary to sustain long term growth of internet connectivity.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
The document discusses IPv6 addressing and configuration, including IPv6 address formats and types, stateless address autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and security considerations for neighbor discovery. IPv6 aims to provide a huge number of addresses, simpler header format, and new features like anycast addresses and extension headers, while neighbor discovery handles tasks like address autoconfiguration and duplicate address detection without ARP.
This document discusses IPv6 and ICMPv6, the next generation internet protocols. It covers IPv6 addressing formats, the IPv6 packet format including extension headers, the functions of ICMPv6 including error reporting and neighbor discovery, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including running both protocols simultaneously. The document includes over 50 figures illustrating aspects of IPv6 and ICMPv6.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
Este documento describe la interfaz entre el equipo terminal de datos (DTE) y el equipo de comunicaciones de datos (DCE). El DCE proporciona el servicio de comunicaciones, como un módem, mientras que el DTE es el dispositivo conectado, como una impresora o computadora personal. La interfaz define especificaciones mecánicas, eléctricas, funcionales y de proceso para permitir la comunicación entre estos dispositivos. Organizaciones como la UIT-T y EIA han establecido normas para estas interfaces.
1) The document discusses dynamics modeling for robotic manipulators using the Denavit-Hartenberg representation and Lagrangian mechanics. It describes using the Euler-Lagrange method to derive equations of motion for robotic links by computing kinetic and potential energy terms.
2) As an example, dynamics equations are derived for a simple 1 degree-of-freedom robotic arm. Kinetic and potential energy expressions are written and the Lagrangian is computed to obtain the equation of motion.
3) State-space modeling basics are reviewed using the example of a damped spring-mass system, showing how to write the system dynamics as state-space matrices to evaluate responses like step response.
El documento describe la historia y propósito de la señalización de telecomunicaciones, incluyendo el Sistema de Señalización N° 7 (SS7). SS7 proporciona señalización para las redes telefónicas públicas, redes digitales de servicios integrados y redes móviles. Las organizaciones como la UIT-T, ETSI y ANSI han establecido estándares para la señalización a nivel internacional, europeo y norteamericano respectivamente.
The document discusses digital data transmission, interfaces, and modems. It describes different transmission methods like parallel and serial transmission and synchronous and asynchronous transmission. It also explains DTE-DCE interfaces and common interface standards like EIA-232. Finally, it includes diagrams of digital data transmission setups and pin connections for interfaces with and without modems.
La recomendación V24 de la UIT-T establece las características funcionales y eléctricas de la interfaz entre el equipo terminal de datos (DTE) y el equipo de terminación del circuito de datos (DCE). Define una serie de circuitos de enlace para la transferencia de datos, señales de control y temporización. La interfaz se encuentra en un conector que une ambos equipos y permite la comunicación de datos síncrona y asíncrona a través de líneas arrendadas o redes conmutadas.
Jaimin chp-5 - network layer- 2011 batchJaimin Jani
The document discusses routing algorithms in computer networks. It provides an overview of Dijkstra's algorithm, a classic routing algorithm that finds the shortest paths between nodes in a graph. The summary describes how Dijkstra's algorithm works iteratively to determine the shortest path from a source node to all other nodes in the network by continuously updating path costs until all nodes have been reached.
Existen tres modos de transmisión de datos entre equipos de comunicación: conexión simplex, semi-duplex y duplex total. La transmisión puede ser en serie o paralela, así como síncrona o asíncrona. La dirección y simultaneidad de los intercambios definen el modo de transmisión.
1) The document provides an overview of IPv6 including why it was developed, its key features and improvements over IPv4 such as a vastly larger address space, more efficient routing and security features built into the protocol.
2) It describes IPv6 addressing in detail including the different address types (unicast, multicast, anycast), address formats, interface identifiers and address autoconfiguration.
3) The header format, extension headers for optional information, and new fields for quality of service and flow identification are explained in comparison to IPv4.
4) Protocols for neighbor discovery, multicast listener discovery, and address resolution that replace functions in IPv4 are outlined.
The document discusses the OSI model, which structures network communication into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It provides an overview of the functions of each layer, from the physical layer which transmits raw data up to electrical signals, to the application layer which provides services for file transfers, printing and other applications. Diagrams and examples are included to illustrate how data moves through each layer of the OSI model during network communication.
Datacom module 5 (UART, USRT, Serial Interface, Modem)Jeffrey Des Binwag
A discussion on the fundamental concepts of Data Communication covering topics on the UART, USRT, Serial Interface, and Modems as outlined in Chapter 22 of the book Electronic Communication Systems, 5th Ed. by Wayne Tomasi
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Limitations of IPv4 that IPv6 addresses such as limited address space and lack of security.
- Key features of IPv6 like a larger 128-bit address space, simpler header format, and built-in security.
- Protocols that support IPv6 functionality like Neighbor Discovery Protocol, Path MTU Discovery, and stateless and stateful address autoconfiguration.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 functionality and describes how to build an IPv6 environment. It outlines IPv6 addressing formats including unicast, multicast, anycast, and global unicast addresses. It also explains stateless and stateful autoconfiguration methods for IPv6 hosts to obtain addresses and configure themselves on the network. The document concludes by describing how to set up routers and hosts in IPv6 networks on Linux systems.
X.25 is a protocol that defines how nodes can interface with a packet-switched network for communication. It specifies three layers: the network packet layer, data link frame layer, and physical layer. The frame layer involves three phases of communication - link set up, data and control transfer, and link disconnection. X.25 uses virtual circuits to transfer data between DTEs using logical channel numbers to identify the circuit. It allows up to 4096 virtual channels between each DTE and DCE but has limitations in addressing, data rates, error-prone links, and supporting bursty traffic.
This document discusses digital data transmission and its components. It begins by comparing analog and digital signals, with digital signals taking on discrete values. The main components of a digital communication system are described as sampling, quantization, encoding, and decoding. Different coding techniques like ASK, PSK, and FSK are explained. The document also covers topics like baseband data transmission, receiver structure, probability of error analysis, and performance metrics for digital communication systems.
This document discusses digital communication systems and line coding. It covers topics such as multiplexing techniques, line coders for baseband transmission, regenerative repeaters, examples of line coding schemes including NRZ, RZ, Manchester, AMI, and mBnL codes. It also discusses related topics like data rate vs signal rate, self-synchronization, bandwidth requirements, and clock recovery.
Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11koolkampus
The document discusses digital data transmission interfaces and modems. It describes the DTE-DCE interface standard used for communication between data terminal equipment and data circuit-terminating equipment. The EIA-232 interface standard is examined in detail, including descriptions of its various data, control, timing and other pins used for serial transmission. Synchronous full-duplex transmission and pin connections with and without modems are also illustrated.
The document discusses how to access the internet via a cable network using a cable modem. A cable modem connects a computer to the internet through a cable TV network connection and converts cable signals for transmission over the coaxial cable. While cable modems can theoretically receive data up to 30-40 Mbps, real-world performance is reduced due to limitations of other devices and bandwidth sharing. Cable internet access provides high-speed connectivity without affecting phone lines and allows multiple computers to connect through an Ethernet network.
This document provides information about the CS352 course on Internetworking Protocols. It discusses the topics that will be covered in Unit III, including IPv6 transition issues, IPsec, addressing, extension headers, routing, autoconfiguration, and more. It lists the course instructor and their details. It then provides background on problems with IPv4 and advantages of IPv6. Several sections define IPv6 headers and addressing, describing the fixed header, extension headers, address notation, and network/node addressing splits.
The document provides an introduction to computer networks and covers several key topics:
- It describes common networking protocols like TCP/IP and compares IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes.
- It explains IP addressing formats including classes A, B, C, D and E and how routing is used to transmit packets across networks.
- Interior and exterior routing protocols are defined, including examples like RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
- The roles of the Domain Name System (DNS) in mapping names to network resources and its hierarchical namespace are outlined.
The network layer routes packets between devices on a network through multiple hops. It must address scalability issues around representing addresses and routing packets as networks grow large. Routers connect multiple local area networks, which may use different link layer technologies. IP addresses use a hierarchical structure to improve routing scalability. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) allows arbitrary allocation of addresses and subnets to minimize routing tables.
The document discusses IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and protocols. It provides:
1) IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in dotted decimal notation, consisting of a network and node identifier. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more networks and devices.
2) IPv4 is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery, while IPv6 includes improvements like larger addresses, better header format, new options, and more security.
3) Transition technologies like dual stack, NAT-PT, 6to4, and 4to6 allow migration from IPv4 to IPv6 networks.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 and how it addresses limitations in IPv4. IPv6 features a 128-bit address size allowing for more addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses. This growth is needed as IPv4 addresses are being depleted. IPv6 also supports mobility, security features like IPsec, and multicast and anycast addressing. While IPv4 uses Network Address Translation to work around its limited address space, IPv6 removes this need through its expanded addressing.
This document provides an overview and introduction to IPv6, the next generation Internet Protocol. It discusses the need for a new IP due to the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. Some key highlights include: IPv6 features a 128-bit address size providing vastly more addresses than IPv4; it has a simplified header format; and it allows for easy address autoconfiguration and integration of mobility. The transition to IPv6 is important to support new technologies and continued growth of the Internet.
The document describes the headers for IPv4 and IPv6 packets. IPv6 packet headers are simpler than IPv4 headers, with fewer fields but larger source and destination addresses. IPv6 also introduces extension headers to replace IPv4 options and allow additional optional information to be included. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will involve dual-stack implementations and tunneling IPv6 packets in IPv4 networks using special address types.
IPv6 is the newest version of the Internet Protocol that provides a 128-bit addressing system to replace IPv4 and address the problem of looming address exhaustion, featuring a vastly expanded address space, simplified header format, and security improvements to meet future networking needs. It was developed by the IETF and became an internet standard in 2017 to support continued growth of devices connected to the internet by providing trillions of addresses for devices using hexadecimal notation groups separated by colons.
This document discusses the network layer in the internet. It covers the internet protocol (IP) which provides connectionless best-effort delivery of packets called internet datagrams. The transmission control protocol (TCP) provides reliable stream service using acknowledgments, while the user datagram protocol (UDP) provides connectionless datagram service. The document then describes the IP version 4 protocol, including the header fields, fragmentation, addressing, and subnetting techniques.
Introduction to the Network Layer: Network layer services, packet switching, network layer performance, IPv4 addressing, forwarding of IP packets, Internet Protocol, ICMPv4, Mobile IP Unicast Routing: Introduction, routing algorithms, unicast routing protocols. Next generation IP: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 protocol, ICMPv6 protocol, transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Introduction to the Transport Layer: Introduction, Transport layer protocols (Simple protocol, Stop-and-wait protocol, Go-Back-n protocol, Selective repeat protocol, Bidirectional protocols), Transport layer services, User datagram protocol, Transmission control protocol
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including problems with IPv4, features of IPv6, and how IPv6 addresses some of IPv4's limitations. It discusses that IPv4 addresses will exhaust in the next 5 years and lacks features like quality of service support, security, and mobility. IPv6 supports a longer 128-bit address, simplified header format, auto-configuration, security, and quality of service capabilities through flow labeling. Key aspects of IPv6 include longer addresses, stateless auto-configuration, and extension headers to allow for optional features.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
The document outlines key concepts related to IPv4 and IPv6 including:
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses. IPv6 simplifies the header format and introduces extension headers.
- It describes IP address classes in IPv4 and differences between IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, header formats, and features like built-in security.
- Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 poses challenges around increased management complexity, interoperability problems, and security concerns due to shared communication resources between the protocols.
The document discusses the key aspects of the Internet Protocol (IP) including its connectionless delivery service, packet format and processing by routers. IP provides end-to-end delivery of packets across interconnected networks, with each packet containing a header for routing. Routers examine packet headers to forward packets via the best path towards the destination based on routing tables. IP itself provides a best-effort delivery service, while higher level protocols implement reliable connections.
IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol that provides identification and location for computers on networks. It was developed to address the problem of IPv4 address exhaustion, as IPv4 addresses were running out. IPv6 is intended to eventually replace IPv4 and provides a vastly larger 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses. Key features of IPv6 include new header format, large address space, built-in security, prioritized traffic delivery, autoconfiguration, and mobility support.
Complete notes of computer networks. Bca or bsc studentssreejasethu1
The document discusses several topics related to networking including IP addresses, IP protocols, DNS, remote login, MIME protocol, and the World Wide Web. It provides details on:
- What an IP address is and the different types (IPv4 and IPv6)
- Components of an IPv4 and IPv6 packet header
- How DNS works to translate domain names to IP addresses
- The process of remote login using Telnet
- How MIME allows non-ASCII data to be sent via email by encoding and decoding it
- Key components of the World Wide Web including browsers, servers, and URLs
The document discusses TCP/IP networking fundamentals including:
- The TCP/IP protocol suite model with layers for internet, transport, and applications.
- Key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP that operate at each layer.
- IP addressing and routing protocols like RIP and OSPF.
- Network applications that use TCP/IP like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
- Networking services like DHCP, NAT, and firewalls.
- Emerging technologies like IPv6 that expand addressing and add new features.
Subnetting of IPv4 ip address that help you to solve every type of ip address with any one of the class you want to subnet,and have a basic introduction of IPv6 ,and why, Ipv5 is not used.
IPSec provides a framework for securing communications over IP networks by authenticating and encrypting IP packets. It includes protocols for authentication headers and encapsulating security payloads to provide integrity, authentication, and confidentiality. Key management protocols like Oakley and ISAKMP are used to securely establish security associations between communicating parties to protect data flows.
Message authentication provides a way to verify that a received message is from the alleged source and has not been altered. It includes mechanisms for non-repudiation by the source. Authentication functions include lower level authenticators and higher level functions that use authenticators to verify message authenticity. Message authentication codes are appended to messages by the sender and verified by the receiver recomputing the code. MAC attacks aim to find the key or authenticate incorrect messages without finding the key. Hash functions map messages to fixed length values to verify integrity.
S-HTTP is a secure protocol designed to work with HTTP that provides encryption and authentication. It allows for secure transactions between clients and servers through symmetric and asymmetric cryptography without requiring public key certificates. S-HTTP preserves the existing HTTP model while adding security features like encrypting form data and digital signatures. It supports a variety of cryptographic standards and algorithms to be negotiated between clients and servers.
SSL and TLS provide secure communication over the internet using encryption. SSL uses public key encryption to establish a secure connection and exchange keys to encrypt data sent between a client and server. It defines sessions which allow parameters like encryption algorithms to be shared for multiple connections. TLS is an updated version of SSL that uses similar record and handshake protocols. SET is an open standard that uses digital certificates and dual signatures to securely conduct credit card transactions over the internet between cardholders, merchants, issuers and payment gateways.
- The document discusses IPv6 addressing formats including 128-bit addresses divided into eight 16-bit blocks written in hexadecimal with colons as delimiters and the ability to suppress leading zeros.
- It describes different types of IPv6 addresses including unicast addresses, link-local addresses, site-local addresses, and special addresses like the unspecified and loopback addresses.
- The process of address autoconfiguration is outlined where a node derives a tentative link-local address, performs duplicate address detection using neighbor solicitation messages, and obtains network prefixes and configuration from router advertisements.
Anycast is a new address type in IPv6 that refers to one among many interfaces with the same address. It is used to identify sets of routers or servers. Anycast addresses are allocated from unicast space and packets sent to an anycast address are routed to the nearest interface. Multicast addresses use a class D range in IPv4 from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 and have a specific format in IPv6 to identify multicast groups and are mapped to Ethernet addresses for multicast transmission.
TCP uses several algorithms to control congestion:
- Slow start exponentially increases the congestion window after each ACK to probe available bandwidth. It is used when connections are first established or after congestion.
- Congestion avoidance linearly increases the window when no packet loss occurs to avoid overloading the network. It takes over from slow start once the window reaches the slow start threshold.
- Fast retransmit retransmits a lost segment after receiving 3 duplicate ACKs to recover quickly from single losses without waiting for a timeout.
- Fast recovery then adds the retransmitted segment to the window and continues transmission without reducing to slow start, to maintain high throughput during moderate congestion.
Congestion occurs when routers receive packets faster than they can forward them, causing their queues to fill up. There are two ways routers deal with congestion - by preventing additional packets from entering the congested region until packets can be processed, or by discarding queued packets to make room for new ones. Congestion control techniques like warning bits, choke packets, and load shedding help detect and recover from congestion on a global scale across an entire subnet, while flow control operates on a point-to-point basis between individual senders and receivers.
TCP uses a retransmission queue and timers to reliably retransmit lost data segments. Each sent segment is placed on the queue and given a retransmission timer. If an acknowledgment is not received before the timer expires, the segment is retransmitted. There are different policies for handling retransmissions of subsequent outstanding segments. TCP also adapts retransmission timers dynamically based on measurements of the round-trip time between devices to account for varying network conditions. The window size advertised by a receiving device controls the amount of outstanding data and affects the sending rate.
The document discusses several algorithms used for congestion control in TCP/IP networks, including slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, fast recovery, random early discard (RED), and traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Slow start and congestion avoidance control the transmission rate by adjusting the congestion window size. Fast retransmit and fast recovery allow quicker retransmission of lost packets without waiting for timeouts. RED proactively discards packets before buffer overflow. Leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms shape traffic flow through use of buffers and tokens to smooth bursts and control transmission rates.
TCP has no knowledge of the structure or purpose of data sent by applications. It treats all data as an unstructured stream of bytes and chooses when and how to send data based solely on the sliding window system. The push function allows applications to immediately send data without waiting for more to accumulate. The urgent function allows applications to send critical data with higher priority than other data by setting the URG flag and urgent pointer field in TCP segments.
TCP has two key requirements: reliability through acknowledgments and retransmissions, and flow control to manage data transmission rates. The sliding window mechanism tracks bytes sent and received, and allows the sender to transmit more data as acknowledgments are received by sliding the window. The receive window size can be adjusted by the receiver to control transmission speed and prevent buffer overflows.
The document discusses transport layer protocols and their functions. Transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP provide services to applications to allow communication over an internetwork. They are responsible for establishing and maintaining connections between services on different machines and act as a bridge between the needs of applications and the underlying network layer protocols. Transport layer protocols are tightly tied to and designed to work with the specific network layer protocol below them.
Transport layer protocols provide services like reliable data transfer and connection establishment between applications on networked devices. They address this need through protocols like TCP and UDP. TCP provides reliable, ordered data streams using mechanisms like three-way handshake, sequence numbers, acknowledgments, retransmissions, flow control via sliding windows, and connection termination handshaking. UDP provides simple datagram transmissions without reliability or flow control.
Transport layer protocols provide services like reliable data transfer and connection establishment between applications on networked devices. They address this need through protocols like TCP and UDP. TCP provides reliable, ordered data streams using mechanisms like three-way handshake, sequence numbers, acknowledgments, retransmissions, flow control via sliding windows, and connection termination handshaking. UDP provides simple datagram transmissions without reliability or flow control.
T/TCP solves two TCP performance problems for transaction-oriented communications:
1) It bypasses the three-way handshake to reduce latency by including a connection count in packets.
2) It shortens the TIME_WAIT state delay after closing connections to improve transaction rates by including a connection count in FIN packets.
Anycast is a new address type in IPv6 that refers to one among many interfaces with the same address. It is used to identify sets of routers or servers. Anycast addresses are allocated from unicast space and packets sent to an anycast address are routed to the nearest interface. Multicast addresses use a class D range in IPv4 from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 and have a specific format in IPv6 to identify multicast groups and allow delivery of packets to many destinations.
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) allows hosts to dynamically join multicast groups and routers to manage delivery of multicast data packets. IGMP version 1 uses query and report messages between routers and hosts to discover which hosts belong to which multicast groups on local networks. Version 2 and 3 added new message types and formats to more efficiently manage group membership and enhance security.
Mobile IPv6 integrates mobility support directly into IPv6 and offers improvements over Mobile IPv4 such as no need for foreign agents, auto-configuration of care-of addresses, support for multiple care-of addresses, and route optimization as a fundamental part of the protocol. Security measures in Mobile IPv6 include using hash-based message authentication codes and nonces to authenticate nodes and prevent replay attacks during registration and data forwarding.
MLD is the IPv6 equivalent of IGMPv2 for IPv4. It uses ICMPv6 messages to enable routers to discover the set of multicast addresses for which there are listening nodes on each attached interface. MLD messages include Multicast Listener Query to query for listeners, Multicast Listener Report for listeners to report interest, and Multicast Listener Done for listeners to inform routers they are no longer listening.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdfTechgropse Pvt.Ltd.
In this blog post, we'll delve into the intersection of AI and app development in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the food delivery sector. We'll explore how AI is revolutionizing the way Saudi consumers order food, how restaurants manage their operations, and how delivery partners navigate the bustling streets of cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Through real-world case studies, we'll showcase how leading Saudi food delivery apps are leveraging AI to redefine convenience, personalization, and efficiency.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
53. Mapping IPv6 Multicast Addresses to Ethernet Addresses When sending IPv6 multicast packets on an Ethernet link, the corresponding destination MAC address is 33-33-mm-mm-mm-mm where mm-mm-mm-mm is a direct mapping of the last 32 bits of the IPv6 multicast address, as shown in Figure above
Why a Layered Network model? (A conceptual model) Reduce complecity (one big problem to seven smaller ones) Standardizes interfaces Facilitates modular engineering Assures interoperable technology Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning Open architecture Implementations can very from one system to another. For interoperability one has to adhere to MUST criteria.
Version – Indicates the version of IP and is set to 4. The size of this field is 4 bits. Internet Header Length – Indicates the number of 4-byte blocks in the IPv4 header. The size of this field is 4 bits. Because an IPv4 header is a minimum of 20 bytes in size, the smallest value of the Internet Header Length (IHL) field is 5. IPv4 options can extend the minimum IPv4 header size in increments of 4 bytes. If an IPv4 option does not use all 4 bytes of the IPv4 option field, the remaining bytes are padded with 0’s, making the entire IPv4 header an integral number of 32-bits (4 bytes). With a maximum value of 0xF, the maximum size of the IPv4 header including options is 60 bytes (15´4). Type of Service – Indicates the desired service expected by this packet for delivery through routers across the IPv4 internetwork. The size of this field is 8 bits, which contain bits for precedence, delay, throughput, and reliability characteristics. Total Length – Indicates the total length of the IPv4 packet (IPv4 header + IPv4 payload) and does not include link layer framing. The size of this field is 16 bits, which can indicate an IPv4 packet that is up to 65,535 bytes long. Identification – Identifies this specific IPv4 packet. The size of this field is 16 bits. The Identification field is selected by the originating source of the IPv4 packet. If the IPv4 packet is fragmented, all of the fragments retain the Identification field value so that the destination node can group the fragments for reassembly. Flags – Identifies flags for the fragmentation process. The size of this field is 3 bits, however, only 2 bits are defined for current use. There are two flags—one to indicate whether the IPv4 packet might be fragmented and another to indicate whether more fragments follow the current fragment. Fragment Offset – Indicates the position of the fragment relative to the original IPv4 payload. The size of this field is 13 bits. Time to Live – Indicate the maximum number of links on which an IPv4 packet can travel before being discarded. The size of this field is 8 bits. The Time-to-Live field (TTL) was originally used as a time count with which an IPv4 router determined the length of time required (in seconds) to forward the IPv4 packet, decrementing the TTL accordingly. Modern routers almost always forward an IPv4 packet in less than a second and are required by RFC 791 to decrement the TTL by at least one. Therefore, the TTL becomes a maximum link count with the value set by the sending node. When the TTL equals 0,an ICMP Time Expired message is sent to the source IPv4 address and the packet is discarded. Protocol – Identifies the upper layer protocol. The size of this field is 8 bits. For example, TCP uses a Protocol of 6, UDP uses a Protocol of 17, and ICMP uses a Protocol of 1. The Protocol field is used to demultiplex an IPv4 packet to the upper layer protocol. Header Checksum – Provides a checksum on the IPv4 header only. The size of this field is 16 bits. The IPv4 payload is not included in the checksum calculation as the IPv4 payload and usually contains its own checksum. Each IPv4 node that receives IPv4 packets verifies the IPv4 header checksum and silently discards the IPv4 packet if checksum verification fails. When a router forwards an IPv4 packet, it must decrement the TTL. Therefore, the Header Checksum is recomputed at each hop between source and destination. Source Address – Stores the IPv4 address of the originating host. The size of this field is 32 bits. Destination Address – Stores the IPv4 address of the destination host. The size of this field is 32 bits. Options – Stores one or more IPv4 options. The size of this field is a multiple of 32 bits. If the IPv4 option or options do not use all 32 bits, padding options must be added so that the IPv4 header is an integral number of 4-byte blocks that can be indicated by the Internet Header Length field.
Table 30-1 Reference Information About the Five IP Address Classes IP Address Class Format Purpose High-Order Bit(s) Address Range No. Bits Network/Host Max. Hosts A N.H.H.H Few large organizations 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 7/24 16,777, 214 (2 24 - 2) B N.N.H.H Medium-size organizations 0 128.1.0.0 to 191.254.0.0 14/16 65, 543 (2 16 - 2) C N.N.N.H Relatively small organizations 0 192.0.1.0 to 223.255.254.0 22/8 254 (2 8 - 2) D N/A Multicast groups (RFC 1112) 0 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 N/A (not for commercial use) N/A E N/A Experimental 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255 N/A N/A Efficiency Ratio because of wastage of bits The basic result from this is that the current Internet using 32-bit Internet addresses are estimated to have a practical maximum of less than 250 million nodes in the IPv4 Internet!
Version – Indicates the version of IP and is set to 4. The size of this field is 4 bits. Internet Header Length – Indicates the number of 4-byte blocks in the IPv4 header. The size of this field is 4 bits. Because an IPv4 header is a minimum of 20 bytes in size, the smallest value of the Internet Header Length (IHL) field is 5. IPv4 options can extend the minimum IPv4 header size in increments of 4 bytes. If an IPv4 option does not use all 4 bytes of the IPv4 option field, the remaining bytes are padded with 0’s, making the entire IPv4 header an integral number of 32-bits (4 bytes). With a maximum value of 0xF, the maximum size of the IPv4 header including options is 60 bytes (15´4). Type of Service – Indicates the desired service expected by this packet for delivery through routers across the IPv4 internetwork. The size of this field is 8 bits, which contain bits for precedence, delay, throughput, and reliability characteristics. Total Length – Indicates the total length of the IPv4 packet (IPv4 header + IPv4 payload) and does not include link layer framing. The size of this field is 16 bits, which can indicate an IPv4 packet that is up to 65,535 bytes long. Identification – Identifies this specific IPv4 packet. The size of this field is 16 bits. The Identification field is selected by the originating source of the IPv4 packet. If the IPv4 packet is fragmented, all of the fragments retain the Identification field value so that the destination node can group the fragments for reassembly. Flags – Identifies flags for the fragmentation process. The size of this field is 3 bits, however, only 2 bits are defined for current use. There are two flags—one to indicate whether the IPv4 packet might be fragmented and another to indicate whether more fragments follow the current fragment. Fragment Offset – Indicates the position of the fragment relative to the original IPv4 payload. The size of this field is 13 bits. Time to Live – Indicate the maximum number of links on which an IPv4 packet can travel before being discarded. The size of this field is 8 bits. The Time-to-Live field (TTL) was originally used as a time count with which an IPv4 router determined the length of time required (in seconds) to forward the IPv4 packet, decrementing the TTL accordingly. Modern routers almost always forward an IPv4 packet in less than a second and are required by RFC 791 to decrement the TTL by at least one. Therefore, the TTL becomes a maximum link count with the value set by the sending node. When the TTL equals 0,an ICMP Time Expired message is sent to the source IPv4 address and the packet is discarded. Protocol – Identifies the upper layer protocol. The size of this field is 8 bits. For example, TCP uses a Protocol of 6, UDP uses a Protocol of 17, and ICMP uses a Protocol of 1. The Protocol field is used to demultiplex an IPv4 packet to the upper layer protocol. Header Checksum – Provides a checksum on the IPv4 header only. The size of this field is 16 bits. The IPv4 payload is not included in the checksum calculation as the IPv4 payload and usually contains its own checksum. Each IPv4 node that receives IPv4 packets verifies the IPv4 header checksum and silently discards the IPv4 packet if checksum verification fails. When a router forwards an IPv4 packet, it must decrement the TTL. Therefore, the Header Checksum is recomputed at each hop between source and destination. Source Address – Stores the IPv4 address of the originating host. The size of this field is 32 bits. Destination Address – Stores the IPv4 address of the destination host. The size of this field is 32 bits. Options – Stores one or more IPv4 options. The size of this field is a multiple of 32 bits. If the IPv4 option or options do not use all 32 bits, padding options must be added so that the IPv4 header is an integral number of 4-byte blocks that can be indicated by the Internet Header Length field.
The exhaustion of the class B network number could be counterweighted by allocating a number of class C networks instead. The drawback was that allocating more than one network number to an organization necessitated more than one entry in the routing tables to advertise connectivity. This allocation policy gave cause to extreme growth in the forwarding tables of central routers, a growth that was so immense that it was termed the routing table explosion. In fact it was growing at a rate about 1.5 times as fast as memory technology at the time [RFC-1752] ! The answer to the problem was a migration from classfull (A/B/C) routing to Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR). The cornerstone of CIDR is the introduction of supernets. Like the division of a network into subnets with subnet masks, a set of small networks could be combined into one supernet. Consecutive network numbers could be aggregated with a common subnet mask, and advertised as a single classless network address. An example is shown in gure 4.2 where four Class C networks are combined to form a supernet using a subnet mask that says how many networks (two bits equals four networks) and a base network number 192.0.8.0 (a starting point) which identies them as 192.0.8.0, 192.0.9.0, 192.0.10.0 and 192.0.11.0. Classfull routing 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 Inherent subnet mask 192.0.10.0 192.0.11.0 192.0.09.0 Classless routing (CIDR) 192.0.08.0 Base network/prefix 192.0.8.0/22 4 Class C networks Subnet mask (252d=11111100b) Supernet 192.0.08.0 255.255.252.0 Figure 4.2: Route aggregation: four becomes one When describing classless addresses it is enough to specify the base network number and the prex length, since the network mask is required to have consecutive ones in the most signicant places. The single classless network address in the above example which has a prex of 22 can thus be uniquely described as 192.0.8.0/22 or 192.0.8/22. The other part of CIDR was the distributed allocation of address space. The idea was that instead of individual organization requesting addresses from a central authority, the central authority should allocate a block of Class C network numbers to each Internet service provider (ISP). The providers themselves would then allocate network numbers from this range to their customers. In the perfect world all customers of an ISP would have addresses in the providers routing domain - resulting in optimal aggregation and only a single classless network address, the one allocated by the central authority, would be advertised in routers upstream from the ISP. In the real world organizations change network providers or receive service from several ISPs. When changing provider it would be preferable, from an Internet point of view, to renumber according to the new providers allocation, which is why address autoconguration is also becoming an important issue here. Organizations connected to more than one ISP, multi-homed organizations, may also limit the effect of proper CIDR aggregation, because routes to the organization might have to be advertised by all connected ISPs. The resulting routing cost depends on the actual conguration, but is no worse than before implementation of CIDR. In fact the routes advertised might be aggregated at a higher level. If the organization is connected to two ISPs in the same country, the routes could possibly be aggregated on a country level. Addresses on the Internet is currently being allocated such that aggregation is maximized and the lifetime of the IPv4 address space is extended. This very cumbersome procedure is in my opinion leading some people to believe that IPv4 addresses are not running out - and they might be right altogether. The cost however is that some applications are not introduced in the current Internet at all because they need more addresses - more than IPv4 can accommodate.
Larger Address Space: IPv6 can ideally offer about 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses which can provide over 1027 globally unique addresses to every individual on the earth in the year 2050. With this large address space IPv6 can offer end-to-end (E2E) connectivity to all hosts
Decimal Keyword Version References ------- ------- ------- ---------- 0 Reserved [JBP] 1-3 Unassigned [JBP] 4 IP Internet Protocol [RFC-791,JBP] 5 ST ST Datagram Mode [RFC-1190,JWF] 6 SIP Simple Internet Protocol [RH6] 7 TP/IX TP/IX: The Next Internet [RXU] 8 PIP The P Internet Protocol [PXF] 9 TUBA TUBA [RXC] 10-14 Unassigned [JBP] 15 Reserved [JBP]
The fields in the IPv6 header are: Version – 4 bits are used to indicate the version of IP and is set to 6. Traffic Class – Indicates the class or priority of the IPv6 packet. The size of this field is 8 bits. The Traffic Class field provides similar functionality to the IPv4 Type of Service field. In RFC 2460, the values of the Traffic Class field are not defined. However, an IPv6 implementation is required to provide a means for an application layer protocol to specify the value of the Traffic Class field for experimentation. Flow Label – Indicates that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of packets between a source and destination, requiring special handling by intermediate IPv6 routers. The size of this field is 20 bits. The Flow Label is used for non-default quality of service connections, such as those needed by real-time data (voice and video). For default router handling, the Flow Label is set to 0. There can be multiple flows between a source and destination, as distinguished by separate non-zero Flow Labels. Payload Length – Indicates the length of the IPv6 payload. The size of this field is 16 bits. The Payload Length field includes the extension headers and the upper layer PDU. With 16 bits, an IPv6 payload of up to 65,535 bytes can be indicated. For payload lengths greater than 65,535 bytes, the Payload Length field is set to 0 and the Jumbo Payload option is used in the Hop-by-Hop Options extension header. Next Header – Indicates either the first extension header (if present) or the protocol in the upper layer PDU (such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6). The size of this field is 8 bits. When indicating an upper layer protocol above the Internet layer, the same values used in the IPv4 Protocol field are used here. Changes Longer address - 32 bits 128 bits Fragmentation field moved to separate header Header checksum removed Header length removed (fixed length header) Length field excludes IPv6 header Time to live Hop limit Protocol Next header 64-bit field alignment TOS replaced by flow label, traffic class
The fields in the IPv6 header are: Version – 4 bits are used to indicate the version of IP and is set to 6. Traffic Class – Indicates the class or priority of the IPv6 packet. The size of this field is 8 bits. The Traffic Class field provides similar functionality to the IPv4 Type of Service field. In RFC 2460, the values of the Traffic Class field are not defined. However, an IPv6 implementation is required to provide a means for an application layer protocol to specify the value of the Traffic Class field for experimentation. Flow Label – Indicates that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of packets between a source and destination, requiring special handling by intermediate IPv6 routers. The size of this field is 20 bits. The Flow Label is used for non-default quality of service connections, such as those needed by real-time data (voice and video). For default router handling, the Flow Label is set to 0. There can be multiple flows between a source and destination, as distinguished by separate non-zero Flow Labels. Payload Length – Indicates the length of the IPv6 payload. The size of this field is 16 bits. The Payload Length field includes the extension headers and the upper layer PDU. With 16 bits, an IPv6 payload of up to 65,535 bytes can be indicated. For payload lengths greater than 65,535 bytes, the Payload Length field is set to 0 and the Jumbo Payload option is used in the Hop-by-Hop Options extension header. Next Header – Indicates either the first extension header (if present) or the protocol in the upper layer PDU (such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6). The size of this field is 8 bits. When indicating an upper layer protocol above the Internet layer, the same values used in the IPv4 Protocol field are used here.
Hop Limit – Indicates the maximum number of links over which the IPv6 packet can travel before being discarded. The size of this field is 8 bits. The Hop Limit is similar to the IPv4 TTL field except that there is no historical relation to the amount of time (in seconds) that the packet is queued at the router. When the Hop Limit equals 0, an ICMPv6 Time Exceeded message is sent to the source address and the packet is discarded. Source Address –Stores the IPv6 address of the originating host. The size of this field is 128 bits. Destination Address – Stores the IPv6 address of the current destination host. The size of this field is 128 bits. In most cases the Destination Address is set to the final destination address. However, if a Routing extension header is present, the Destination Address might be set to the next router interface in the source route list.
Here are the extension headers listed in order. Note that the two security headers (AH and ESP) come after Routing and Fragmentation. That is, when we prepare a packet, they are at a higher layer and done first. So, this means the routing headers are processed after IPsec has been applied and what we are securing is a full, unfragmented, end-to-end IPv6 datagram. One can see from the example how the chaining works: first comes the IPv6 header with its next header set to Routing; then comes the Routing Header with its Next Header set to Fragment; then the Fragment Header has its Next Header ESP for security. ESP has Next Header TCP, but this value is actually encrypted “on the wire.” The headers are chained together; most have fixed, known lengths, which are defined in RFCs. The exception is destination options which are encoded as TLVs.