Internet Protocol
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This document discusses the network layer in the internet. It covers the internet protocol (IP) which provides connectionless best-effort delivery of packets called internet datagrams. The transmission control protocol (TCP) provides reliable stream service using acknowledgments, while the user datagram protocol (UDP) provides connectionless datagram service. The document then describes the IP version 4 protocol, including the header fields, fragmentation, addressing, and subnetting techniques.
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Computer Networks- Introduction and Data Link Layer
Chapter02 -- networking standards and the osi model
Chapter02 -- networking standards and the osi model
Similar to Internet Protocol
I.p. protocol
Communication at the network layer is host-to-host (computer-to-computer). A computer somewhere in the world needs to communicate with another computer somewhere else in the world. For this communication, we need a global addressing scheme, called “logical addressing” Today, IP addresses are used to provide logical addresses in the network layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
IPV4 - The Internet addresses are 32 bits in length; this gives us a maximum of 2^32 addresses. These addresses are referred to as IPv4 (IP version 4) addresses or simply IP addresses. The need for more addresses, in addition to other concerns about the IP layer, motivated a new design of the IP layer called the new generation of IP or IPv6 (IP version 6).
In this version, the Internet addresses are 128 bits in length; this gives us a maximum of 2^128 addresses. 128-bit addresses give much greater flexibility in address allocation. These addresses are referred to as IPv6 (IP version 6) addresses.
Ip protocol
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the internet. They consist of a network portion and host portion. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, and C based on the number of bits used for the network portion. Class A uses 8 bits for the network portion, allowing up to 16 million hosts, Class B uses 16 bits for networks of 65,000 hosts, and Class C uses 24 bits for networks of 254 hosts. IP addresses are written in dotted decimal notation with each 8-bit octet represented as a number between 0-255.
Ipspk1
IP is the network layer protocol that provides an unreliable, connectionless, best-effort delivery service for transmitting data packets across networks. It operates by fragmenting large data packets into smaller fragments if needed to meet the maximum transmission unit size of the underlying data link layer. Key fields in the IP header include the identification field to identify fragments of the same packet, the fragment offset field to indicate the position of data in the original packet, and flags to indicate if a packet is a fragment or the last fragment.
Final Presentation
The document discusses IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and protocols. It provides:
1) IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in dotted decimal notation, consisting of a network and node identifier. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more networks and devices.
2) IPv4 is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery, while IPv6 includes improvements like larger addresses, better header format, new options, and more security.
3) Transition technologies like dual stack, NAT-PT, 6to4, and 4to6 allow migration from IPv4 to IPv6 networks.
Ip and icmp
This document discusses Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). It provides details on IPv4 including that it is an unreliable, connectionless protocol operating at layer 3. It describes IPv4 header fields and fragmentation. It also explains that ICMP is used for error reporting and network queries since IPv4 lacks these functions. Specific ICMP message types are outlined including echo request/reply, destination unreachable, and source quench.
network fundamental
Introduction
IPv4 header
calculation of header length
TCP flags
ICMP
TTL
TTL value for windows and linux
how to change ttl value for windows
10 coms 525 tcpip - internet protocol - ip
IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. It is a connectionless, best-effort protocol that does not guarantee delivery. IP packets can be fragmented into smaller units if their size exceeds the maximum transmission unit of the network. Fragmentation involves splitting the packet into multiple fragments that contain the same identification field but varying fragment offset and total length fields. The fragments are reassembled into the original packet at the destination.
IP Address
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
Ipv4 and Ipv6
This document provides information about IPv4 and IPv6 by comparing their key aspects. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for more available addresses. IPv4 addresses are represented in dotted decimal notation while IPv6 uses colon-separated hexadecimal. IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4 such as address space exhaustion and lack of security features. The document outlines differences between the two protocols in areas like packet fragmentation, checksums, and address types.
TCP/IP Protocol Architeture
The document describes the TCP/IP protocol stack and its layers, including the application, transport, internet, and link layers. It explains the roles and functions of each layer, such as how the application layer provides access to network resources, the transport layer prepares data for transport, and the internet layer handles logical addressing and routing. Key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and Ethernet are also discussed in relation to how they operate within the TCP/IP model and enable communication across networks and the internet.
Custom_IP_Network_Protocol_and_Router
This document describes a custom network protocol designed to improve throughput performance compared to traditional TCP/IP protocols. The custom protocol uses a simplified 8-byte header containing only essential fields like source/destination addresses and port numbers, and sequence number. Tests of the custom protocol transferring a 10MB file between nodes achieved throughputs up to 902kbps, significantly higher than when using smaller packet sizes. By removing unnecessary TCP/IP header fields and processing, the custom protocol reduces overhead and improves throughput.
07 - TCP_IP and the DoD Model.ppt
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model created by the Department of Defense (DoD) and compares it to the OSI reference model. The DoD model consists of four layers - Process/Application, Host-to-Host, Internet, and Network Access - which correspond to a condensed version of the seven-layer OSI model. The document describes the functions of each layer and some of the key protocols that operate at each layer, such as TCP, IP, ARP, and Ethernet. It also covers topics like IP addressing, private vs public addresses, broadcast vs unicast traffic, and network access technologies.
tcpheader-151221111244.pdf
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and the headers used at each layer.
It describes that TCP works to divide files into packets and send them to workstations, while IP handles routing packets through networks. The TCP header includes fields like source/destination port numbers, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. The IP header treats the TCP header+data as a datagram and adds its own header fields like version, length, identification, flags, time to live, and source/destination addresses.
An Authentication Header can also be added for security purposes to authenticate senders and protect against modification of packets.
Tcp header/IP Header/Authentication header
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and the headers used at each layer.
It describes that TCP works to divide files into packets and send them to workstations, while IP handles routing packets through networks. The TCP header includes fields like source/destination port numbers, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. The IP header treats the TCP header+data as a datagram and adds its own header fields like version, length, identification, flags, time to live, and source/destination addresses.
An Authentication Header can also be added for security purposes to authenticate senders and protect against modification of packets.
IP Address
IP is the protocol that governs how data is sent between devices on the internet. Each device has a unique IP address that is used to route data packets to the correct destination. IP addresses are numerical identifiers composed of four groups of numbers separated by periods. IP provides an unreliable connectionless delivery service and handles fragmentation of data into packets that may arrive out of order.
IPv6 - The Next next generation protocol
explaination of IPv6 - The Next next generation protocol, IPng and IPv4 description also, In this security feauture of ipv6 is include, IPse.
Exploration network chapter_5_modified
The document discusses the role and functions of the Network layer (OSI Layer 3) in data networks. It examines the Internet Protocol (IP) as the most widely used Network layer protocol. IP provides connectionless and best-effort delivery of data packets across networks. The document also discusses how networks are logically grouped and addressed in a hierarchical manner to allow communication between large numbers of devices across interconnected networks. Key concepts covered include addressing, routing, encapsulation, next hop forwarding, and the use of static and dynamic routing to build routing tables.
Linux Internals - Interview essentials 2.0
This document provides an overview of Linux networking concepts relevant for interviews, including TCP/IP and socket programming. It begins with definitions of LAN, MAN, and WAN networks. It then covers the OSI and TCP/IP models, differences between hub/switch/router, TCP/IP addressing concepts like MAC addresses, IP addresses, ports, and IPv4 vs IPv6. Next it explains TCP/IP protocols like SNMP, ICMP, ARP/RARP, DNS, and DHCP. Finally it discusses socket programming concepts like sockets, client-server programming, and synchronous I/O using select().
Hardware9
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols developed in the 1970s to connect dissimilar networks. It includes the two main protocols TCP and IP. TCP functions at the transport layer to provide reliable data transmission through connections. IP functions at the network layer to route packets by addressing each device with a unique IP address. TCP/IP is commonly used today and supports communication over the internet through protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
Network Protocol Analysis
This document discusses network protocol analysis. It provides an introduction to network protocols, packet sniffing, and the structure of IP packets and TCP segments. Specifically, it outlines the key components of IP packet headers including version, header length, total length, identification, flags, time to live, protocol, and source and destination addresses. It also describes the fields in a TCP segment header, including source/destination ports, sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and urgent pointers. Finally, it briefly explains the three-way handshake used to establish connections in TCP.
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World is beautiful ... ...
Two ill men shared a hospital room, one by the window and one confined to his bed. Each afternoon, the man by the window described the beautiful scenery outside to his roommate, who lived vicariously through the descriptions. After some time, the man by the window passed away, and the other man asked to move by the window. However, when he looked outside, he saw only a blank wall. The nurse informed him that the deceased man had been blind and could not see outside at all - he had simply been trying to encourage and broaden the perspective of his roommate.
My Presentation On Ajax
AJAX allows for updating portions of a web page without reloading the entire page. It uses a combination of technologies including HTML, CSS, XML, JavaScript, and the XMLHttpRequest object. This improves responsiveness by reducing unnecessary data transfer and allowing asynchronous data retrieval and updating of specific elements after page load. Some benefits are more desktop-like interfaces, reduced bandwidth usage, and improved productivity by eliminating full page reloads between user actions. Potential disadvantages include increased development complexity and debugging challenges.
Sorting
The document discusses various sorting algorithms including selection sort, insertion sort, merge sort, quick sort, heap sort, and external sort. It provides descriptions of each algorithm, examples of how they work, and discusses implementation in languages like C++. Key steps and properties of each algorithm are outlined. Implementation details like pseudocode and functions are also described.
How A Computer Works
This document discusses the basic components and workings of a computer. It covers binary number representation, data and instruction processing, the central processing unit (CPU) and its role, the basic sections of a CPU including memory, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and output unit. The CPU contains a program counter, memory address register, instruction register, control unit, accumulator, ALU, and output register to process instructions and data.
For Loop
The document discusses for loops in C programming language. It explains the basic structure of a for loop with three expressions - initialization, condition, and increment/decrement. Several examples are provided to illustrate how to use for loops to print numbers, tables, patterns and perform calculations like factorials using nested for loops.
Exponential and Logarthmic funtions
The document is a lecture on exponential and logarithmic functions containing sample exercises. It discusses an investment of $200,000 earning 8% annual interest compounded continuously. The exponential function for the investment amount over time t is given. It is also stated that the investment will grow to $384,000 after 5 years and $676,480 after 10 years. Another exercise asks to determine the length of time required for the investment to double and quadruple in value.
Exponential and Logarthmic funtions (1)
The document discusses exponential decay functions related to drug excretion from the bloodstream over time. It provides an example where an initial 300mg dosage of a drug is half excreted from the bloodstream every 4 hours. It asks the reader to determine the exponential function that models the drug amount A over time t measured in 4 hour increments, and uses that function to calculate the remaining drug amounts after specific time periods.
Functions
This document discusses representing functions graphically and introduces the vertical line test. It focuses on graphical representation of functions and how the vertical line test is used to determine if a relation is a function or not by ensuring that each x-value has only one y-value.
Quadratic And Polinomial Function
This document discusses quadratic and polynomial functions. It provides examples of quadratic functions, their graphical representations, intercepts, and the quadratic formula. It examines when the coefficient a is greater than or less than 0. Examples are given to demonstrate finding the intercepts and using the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations. Exercises are included at the end to practice these concepts.
Quadratic And Polinomial Function
This document discusses quadratic and polynomial functions. It provides examples of quadratic functions, their graphical representations, intercepts, and the quadratic formula. It examines when the coefficient a is greater than or less than 0. Examples are given to demonstrate finding the intercepts and using the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations. Exercises are included at the end to practice these concepts.
Exponentioal And Logarthmic Functions
This document is a lecture on exponential and logarithmic functions that includes definitions and properties of exponential functions with various bases as well as examples and exercises. It introduces exponential functions where b>1 and 0<b<1 and their characteristics. It also covers the base-e exponential function, converting between bases, and applications of exponential functions through examples such as population growth, radioactive decay, and compound interest. The document concludes with a series of exercises related to exponential functions and their applications.
Introduction to Computer Networks
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 of a computer networks course. It introduces key topics that will be covered, including network hardware, network software, reference models (OSI and TCP/IP), example networks (Novell Netware, ARPANET, NSFNET, Internet), and example data communication services. It discusses concepts like layers, protocols, interfaces, services, and connection-oriented vs connectionless networks at a high level.
Control Structures
There are three main types of control structures in computer programming: sequential logic, selection logic, and iteration logic. Sequential logic executes code line-by-line. Selection logic (e.g. if/else statements) allows executing code conditionally. Iteration logic (e.g. for loops) repeats code execution in loops. The document provides examples of if/else, nested if, switch statements, and the conditional operator for implementing various control structures in C programming.
Input And Output
The document discusses input and output functions in C programming. It describes getchar() and putchar() for character input/output, printf() and scanf() for formatted input/output, and gets() and puts() for string input/output. It provides examples of using these functions to read input from the keyboard and display output to the screen.
Surfaces
The document discusses different types of surfaces that can be represented with polygonal meshes, including:
1) Discretely swept surfaces of revolution which are created by rotating a base polygon or profile around an axis.
2) Implicit and parametric representations of surfaces using functions of x, y, and z coordinates.
3) Ruled surfaces where every point lies on a straight line on the surface, such as cones, cylinders, and surfaces swept by a moving line.
4) Quadric surfaces which are 3D analogs of conic sections and have traces that are conic sections when cut by a plane.
Vector Tools
This document summarizes key concepts in vector tools and geometry. It discusses vector spaces, operations on vectors like linear combinations and dot products, and representations of lines, planes, and polygons using parametric and point normal forms. It also describes algorithms for finding intersections between lines, rays and planes, and clipping lines to convex polygons.
Drawing Tools
The document discusses various concepts related to drawing in computer graphics such as world coordinates, windows, viewports, window-viewport mapping, clipping lines, regular polygons, circles, arcs, parametric and polar curves. It provides details on setting the window and viewport, Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm, drawing figures based on regular polygons, parametric representations of lines, ellipses and superellipses. It also describes the canvas class for drawing and examples of drawing polygons, spirals, rosettes and other shapes.
Drawing Figures
The document discusses getting started with computer graphics and OpenGL. It covers setting up an OpenGL environment, drawing basic graphics primitives like points and lines, and creating more complex shapes. Some key topics include using callback functions for event-driven graphics, establishing a window and coordinate system, drawing dots, lines, and polygons, and parameterizing shapes. Functions like glBegin, glEnd, and glVertex are introduced for drawing graphics.
Computer Graphics Introduction
This document summarizes the contents of Chapter 1 from the book "Computer Graphics Using OpenGL" by F. Hill. The chapter introduces computer graphics, describing where it is used in fields like art, entertainment and publishing. It outlines some basic elements of pictures created in CG like polylines, text, filled regions and raster images. It also discusses graphics display and input devices, covering line drawing, raster displays, color depth, video monitors, flat panel displays and hard-copy printers.
3 D Graphics
This document provides an overview of 2D and 3D graphics transformations including:
1. 2D affine transformations like translation, rotation, scaling and shearing and their properties such as preserving lines and ratios.
2. Representing transformations with matrices and composing multiple transformations.
3. Drawing 3D wireframe models using projections including orthogonal and perspective projections.
4. 3D affine transformations and their elementary forms as well as composing rotations in 3D.
5. Non-affine transformations like fish-eye and false perspective distortions.
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Internet Protocol
- 1. Computer Networks Network Layer In The Internet by Abdul Ghaffar
- 2. Network Layer In The Internet Overview This section is TCP specific, It’s how the Internet works. Defined by RFC 791. Most Popular Layer 3.
- 18. Network Layer In The Internet IPV4 Addresses
- 23. Network Layer In The Internet Subnets
- 24. Network Layer In The Internet Subnets