This document compares and contrasts IPv4 and IPv6. It begins by defining Internet Protocol (IP) and its purpose of identifying hosts and enabling location addressing. It then describes IPv4, including its 32-bit address structure, address notation, and class-based allocation that resulted in address exhaustion issues. The document also covers IPv6's 128-bit addresses that provide vastly more capacity to address this problem. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are outlined, such as IPv6's elimination of NAT. The concepts of subnetting, supernetting, and private address ranges are also introduced to optimize IPv4 network design.

1. IPv4 vs IPv6
Presented Devang Doshi on: Aug 27, 2015

2. Index
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• IPv4
• IPv6

3. What is Internet Protocol (IP)?
• As defined in Wikipedia, an Internet
Protocol address (IP address) is
• a numerical label assigned to each device
(e.g., computer, printer)
• participating in a computer network that uses
the Internet Protocol for communication
• with two Principal functions:
• host or network interface identification
• location addressing
• Physical Address: MAC
• Logical Address: IP Address
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
Image source: http://blog.vuze.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/vuze_how_to_configure_envelope.png

4. Internet Protocol (IP) Versions
• Versions in use:
• IP Version 4 (IPv4: 172.16.254.1)
• IP Version 6 (IPv6: 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1)
• The generic term IP address typically refers to IPv4
• Version number 5:
• Assigned to experimental Internet Stream Protocol in 1979
• Never referred to as IPv5
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6

5. IPv4 Address
• IPv4 addresses are 32 bits
• ~4 Million address
(232 = 4294967296)
• Dotted-decimal notation
• 4 decimal numbers
• Ranging from 0 to 255
• Separated by dots (.)
• Each part represents a group of
8 bits (octet) of the address
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address#/media/File:Ipv4_address.svg

6. Classes
IP
Class
IP Range
From
IP Range
To
Default Subnet
Mask
Possible
Networks
Possible Hosts
(per network)
A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 128 (27) 16,777,216 (224)
B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0 16,384 (214) 65,536 (216)
C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 2,097,152 (221) 256 (28)
D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 Multicast
E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 Experimental
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6

7. Reserved Private IPs
• The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space
for private internets:
• 10/8
• 172.16/12
• 192.168/16
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
IP Class IP Range From IP Range To
A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
Loopback
127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
(127.0.0.1)

8. Subnet Mask
• Subnet mask: reveal
additional information
about IP
• Network and Host
• 255: 11111111
• 0: 00000000
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
IP: 10.1.0.217
00001010.00000001.00000000.11011001
Subnet: 255.0.0.0
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

9. Subnet Mask
• Default Subnet Mask
• Decimal to Subnet Conversion Table
*Total of Rows = Total of Columns = 256
Subnet 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255
DW 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
IP
Class
IP Range
From
IP Range
To
Default Subnet
Mask
Possible
Networks
Possible Hosts
(per network)
A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 128 (27) 16,777,216 (224)
B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0 16,384 (214) 65,536 (216)
C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 2,097,152 (221) 256 (28)

10. Subnetting
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
• Create more networks by
allocating a part of the
host address space to
network addresses
• Get most out of the
limited 32-bit IPv4
addressing space
• Reduce the size of the
routing tables
• Class A, class B, class C,
doesn't matter
Image source: http://iblog.dearbornschools.org/bazziart/wp-content/uploads/sites/625/2015/03/folded-paper-300x386.jpg

11. Subnetting: Class C Network
Create two subnet (192.168.1.0 /24)
192.168.1.0
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Two networks, 1 fold = 1 bit to borrow
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
Increment:128
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
Subnet 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255
DW 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Net Id Valid IP Range LBA*
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.129 192.168.1.244 192.168.1.255
*Local Broadcast Address

12. Supernetting
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
• Supernetting, aka,
• Route aggregation OR
• Summarization
• Opposite of Subnetting
• Router announce what
they have, to other routers
• So that all the routers in an
area come to know entire
topology or the part of it
which is relevant to them
• Routers should talk as little
as possible
Image source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Supernetting_-_Esquema_1_resuelto.jpg

13. IPv6
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
• Why IPv6?
• IPv4 is 32 bit address
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111)
• Capacity ~4 Million address
(232 = 4294967296)
• Shortage of IPv4
• IPv6 address are 128 bit
• Capacity
3.4028236692093846346337460743177e+38
(2128 = 2.4 x 1038)
• Dotted-decimal notation
• 8 hexadecimal
• Ranging from 0 to F
• Separated by dots (.)
Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6#/media/File:Ipv6_address_leading_zeros.svg

14. IPv6: Different from IPv4
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
• IPv6 has multicast and anycast addresses
• No broadcast addresses
• IPv6 has no secondary addresses, though it can have
multiple live IPv6 addresses on an interface
• No private addresses
• There is a link local or Personal IP address like 169.254.x.x
• Starts with fe80::9880:3bfe:75c:4121%11
• IPv6 address for the world to use starts from 2001
• 2001:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx
• Elimination of network address translation (NAT) in IPv6

15. IPv6: Different from IPv4
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 IPv6
Image source: http://www.certiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/IPV6-vs-IPV4.jpg

16. Reference: Websites
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address
• https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918
• http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-0916/ipconfig-
31/index.html
• http://www.certiology.com/computing/computer-
networking/ipv6-vs-ipv4.html

17. Reference: Lynda.com online courses
• Understanding IP Address (with Mark Jacob)
http://www.lynda.com/iP-tutorials/Understanding-IP-Addressing/184145-2.html
• Everything You Need to Know about Subnetting
(with Mark Jacob) http://www.lynda.com/MyPlaylist/Watch/5460783/187391?autoplay=true
• Getting to Know IPv6 (with Mark Jacob)
http://www.lynda.com/MyPlaylist/Watch/5460783/189176?autoplay=true
 0h 36m
 2h 22m
 0h 56m

18. Questions?

19. Thank you for your time