The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Limitations of IPv4 that IPv6 addresses such as limited address space and lack of security.
- Key features of IPv6 like a larger 128-bit address space, simpler header format, and built-in security.
- Protocols that support IPv6 functionality like Neighbor Discovery Protocol, Path MTU Discovery, and stateless and stateful address autoconfiguration.
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) developed to address the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. It features a vastly larger address space, simpler header format, and built-in security. The presentation provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and communication protocols, including the use of 128-bit addresses, address types and formats, special addresses, header structures, neighbor discovery, and transition from IPv4.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
Basics of IPv6 networking. Addressing, stateless autoconfiguration and other IPv6 features explained. We will introduce features supported by RouterOS and explain how to build dual-stack network. We will also show how to obtain your own IPv6 prefix in case where there no possibility to get IPv6 connectivity natively. Live examples of configuration of IPv6 routing protocols. Presentation will cover the features and differences between IPv4 and IPv6 implementations. Lecture focuses on OSPFv3 but we will also explain RIPng and BGP configuration.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) developed to address the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. It features a vastly larger address space, simpler header format, and built-in security. The presentation provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and communication protocols, including the use of 128-bit addresses, address types and formats, special addresses, header structures, neighbor discovery, and transition from IPv4.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
Basics of IPv6 networking. Addressing, stateless autoconfiguration and other IPv6 features explained. We will introduce features supported by RouterOS and explain how to build dual-stack network. We will also show how to obtain your own IPv6 prefix in case where there no possibility to get IPv6 connectivity natively. Live examples of configuration of IPv6 routing protocols. Presentation will cover the features and differences between IPv4 and IPv6 implementations. Lecture focuses on OSPFv3 but we will also explain RIPng and BGP configuration.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
IPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadbandAPNIC
IPv6 transition and coexistence techniques allow IPv6 and IPv4 to operate simultaneously on networks. There are three main categories: dual stack allows support for both IPv4 and IPv6; tunnels encapsulate IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets to pass through IPv4-only networks; and translation allows communication between IPv4-only and IPv6-only hosts. Common techniques include dual stack, 6in4 and 6to4 tunnels, and Teredo for hosts behind NATs. Softwires and 6RD aim to provide universal IPv6 connectivity over IPv4 networks.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- The expanded 128-bit addressing scheme and different address types like unicast, multicast, etc.
- Simplified header format compared to IPv4 and removal of checksumming at the network layer.
- Transition mechanisms between IPv4 and IPv6 like 6to4 and ISATAP addressing.
- Hierarchical and aggregatable global address allocation policies and interface identifier assignments.
- IPv6 header options and their processing model compared to IPv4.
The document summarizes the migration from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the increasing number of internet users and devices. IPv6 was created to support more addresses using a 128-bit system that supports up to 3.4*10^38 addresses. The key migration strategies discussed are dual stack, which supports both IPv4 and IPv6, and tunneling, which allows IPv6 packets to be sent over IPv4 networks. The advantages of IPv6 include a much larger address space, eliminating NAT, built-in IPSec support, and other security and networking improvements.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- The history and motivations for developing IPv6 due to IPv4 address exhaustion.
- An introduction to IPv6 addressing and prefixes.
- Transition technologies like tunnels to help with gradual IPv6 deployment.
- IPv6 control protocols for tasks like neighbor discovery and routing.
- Details on how IPv6 addresses are represented textually and allocated.
1.What is IP address
2.When & how it was devised
3.IPV4 Features & its functionality
4.Benefits of IPV4 & Devices supporting IPV4
5.Problems of IPV4 & What happened to IPV5
6.What led to IPV6
7.IPV6 Features & Functionality
8.Benefits of IPV6 & supporting devices
9.How transition from IPV4 to IPV6 will happen
10.Problems & challenges that are anticipated & Conclusion
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. Watch more: http://telecomacadmey.com/What-is-Ipv6/ ============================================================================================================ Join us on Site: http://telecomacadmey.com/ Join us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Telecom-Acad... Join us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TelecomAcad Join us on tumblr: https://www.tumblr.com/blog/telecomac... Join us on Quora: https://www.quora.com/profile/Telecom... Join us on Google +: https://plus.google.com/u/0/104392545... Join us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/telecomacad/ Join us on pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/hamzathenet...
This document provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6, including their differences, deficiencies of IPv4, advantages of IPv6, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses IPv4 and IPv6 address formats and header formats. It also covers deficiencies of IPv4 like address depletion and lack of security features, advantages of IPv6 like larger address space and better header format. The transition strategies covered are dual stack, tunneling, and header translation.
This document provides an introduction to IPv6, including an overview of its key features and differences from IPv4. It discusses how IPv6 was developed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 address space and larger routing tables. The core features covered are the new IPv6 header format, its large 128-bit address space, stateless and stateful address configuration, built-in security via IPsec, and improved support for areas like quality of service and network interactions through protocols like Neighbor Discovery.
The document discusses the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses and the need to transition to IPv6. It provides background on IPv6 including that it provides 128-bit addresses to solve exhaustion, utilizes extensions to DHCPv6 for home network prefix assignment, and can be implemented via dual stack, tunneling, or translation methods. Charts show the decreasing pool of available IPv4 addresses and acceleration in depletion rates. The document argues for early adoption of IPv6 to avoid risks from delayed transition and outlines a 3-tier strategy using technologies like dual stack, 6rd, NAT64, and Dual-Stack Lite.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and connectivity. It describes the various types of IPv6 addresses including global aggregateable unicast addresses, site-local addresses, unique local addresses, and link-local addresses. It also covers IPv6 address formats and special addresses like the unspecified, loopback, multicast, and solicited node multicast addresses. Transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6 are also briefly mentioned.
Presentation of ipv4 disadvantage,ipv6 advantage and transation from ipv4 to ...Iftikhar Wazir
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It outlines three main strategies for the transition: dual stacking, tunneling, and header translation. Dual stacking involves running both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously on a device. Tunneling encapsulates IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets to allow IPv6 communication through IPv4 networks. Header translation changes the header format of packets from IPv6 to IPv4 when needed to allow communication with IPv4-only systems. The transition is necessary due to deficiencies in IPv4 like limited address space and lack of security features, while IPv6 improves on areas like larger addresses, better headers, and added security functionality.
IPv6 Transition Strategies discusses various strategies available to service providers as IPv4 addresses run out, including doing nothing, extending the IPv4 network through NAT, and deploying IPv6 transition technologies. The document defines key terms like dual-stack, NAT, carrier grade NAT, and IPv6 transition methods. It then analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of strategies like doing nothing, NAT, dual-stack networks, and IPv6 transition techniques involving tunneling or translation.
IPv4 and IPv6 are the two main versions of Internet Protocol. IPv4 is the original and most widely used version, but it is limited to 4 billion addresses which may not be enough for future needs. IPv6 was developed in 1999 and provides a much larger address space to meet future demand. There are various transition strategies for moving from IPv4 to IPv6, including dual stacking, tunneling, and translation methods to allow devices and networks using the different protocols to communicate with each other during the changeover process.
This document provides an introduction and overview of IPv6, including:
- IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly larger address space and additional features.
- The key reasons for adopting IPv6 are that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the exponential growth of internet-connected devices, while IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses providing trillions of times more addresses.
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit compared to 32-bit IPv4 addresses, written in hexadecimal format divided into eight groups, and features include improved security, mobility, and traffic routing capabilities.
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of addresses to around 4 billion, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses allowing for a vast number of available addresses. Some techniques were used to extend IPv4 such as subnetting and NAT, but IPv6 was developed to provide a long-term solution and overcome IPv4's scaling limitations. IPv6 improves upon IPv4 in areas such as efficiency, security, auto-configuration, and header structure. Widespread adoption of IPv6 has been slowed due to compatibility issues and costs of upgrading systems.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and subnetting. It discusses IPv6 address representation and structure, including that addresses are 128 bits long and represented in hexadecimal. The addressing hierarchy from ISP to customer site to individual devices is covered. Different address types like link-local and global unicast are defined. IPv6 autoconfiguration and how devices generate interface IDs are summarized. The document concludes with an example of how to subnet a provider's IPv6 block and allocate /48 prefixes to multiple customers.
The “Hands on Experience with IPv6 Routing and Services” Techtorial will provide attendees an opportunity to configure, troubleshoot, design and implement an IPv6 network using IPv6 technologies and features such as: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 neighbor discovery, HSRPv6, static routing, OSPFv3, EIGRPv6 and BGPv6. You will be provided with a scenario made up of an IPv4 network where you will get the opportunity to configure and implement IPv6 based on the requirements on the network, i.e., where would you deploy dual stack, where it make sense to do funneling and how to deploy IPv6 routing protocols without impacting your existing Network infrastructure.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses used to identify nodes in an IPv6 network. They are conventionally written in hexadecimal colon notation, divided into eight sections of four hexadecimal digits each. IPv6 addresses have a hierarchical structure, with the type prefix in the first bits indicating the address category such as unicast, multicast, anycast, reserved, or local. Unicast addresses are used to identify a single interface, multicast for groups of interfaces, and anycast to select the nearest available node in a group.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 basics including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses with the rise of Internet of Things devices.
- IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format composed of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons.
- IPv6 addresses are categorized into different types including link-local, unique local, and global unicast addresses.
- IPv6 uses prefix lengths like CIDR notation to represent prefixes and subnets are based on dividing the 64-bit prefix.
- IPv6 addresses can be auto-configured using EUI-64 or randomly generated interface IDs, and DHCPv6 can assign addresses and options.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces compared to 32-bit in IPv4. The presentation discusses the various address formats and types in IPv6 including unicast, anycast, and multicast. It also covers the changes in IPv6 packet header format versus IPv4 as well as new features like flow labeling and extension headers. Key advantages of IPv6 are larger address space, simplified header format, improved support for extensions, and better mobility and security features.
You may have hoped to retire before IPv6 became a reality, but unfortunately the IPv4 address exhaustion came too fast. For the rest of us, we’re going to bite off a small piece of the 15-year old IPv6 pie and talk about how to get started!
• Address format refresher
• IPv4 and IPv6 protocol comparison
• IPv6 neighbor discovery and auto-configuration
• Current migration and coexistence strategies
• ICMPv6, DHCPv6, and DNSv6
• How to get started at home
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including addressing, routing, autoconfiguration, transition technologies, and Linux implementation. Key points covered include IPv6 address formats and types, stateless and stateful autoconfiguration using ICMPv6 and DHCPv6, static and adaptive routing protocols like RIPng and OSPFv3, DNS record formats, and dual stack and tunneling transition technologies. It also reviews how to configure an IPv6 router using the radvd daemon on Linux systems.
IPv6 Transition & Deployment, including IPv6-only in cellular and broadbandAPNIC
IPv6 transition and coexistence techniques allow IPv6 and IPv4 to operate simultaneously on networks. There are three main categories: dual stack allows support for both IPv4 and IPv6; tunnels encapsulate IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets to pass through IPv4-only networks; and translation allows communication between IPv4-only and IPv6-only hosts. Common techniques include dual stack, 6in4 and 6to4 tunnels, and Teredo for hosts behind NATs. Softwires and 6RD aim to provide universal IPv6 connectivity over IPv4 networks.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- The expanded 128-bit addressing scheme and different address types like unicast, multicast, etc.
- Simplified header format compared to IPv4 and removal of checksumming at the network layer.
- Transition mechanisms between IPv4 and IPv6 like 6to4 and ISATAP addressing.
- Hierarchical and aggregatable global address allocation policies and interface identifier assignments.
- IPv6 header options and their processing model compared to IPv4.
The document summarizes the migration from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the increasing number of internet users and devices. IPv6 was created to support more addresses using a 128-bit system that supports up to 3.4*10^38 addresses. The key migration strategies discussed are dual stack, which supports both IPv4 and IPv6, and tunneling, which allows IPv6 packets to be sent over IPv4 networks. The advantages of IPv6 include a much larger address space, eliminating NAT, built-in IPSec support, and other security and networking improvements.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- The history and motivations for developing IPv6 due to IPv4 address exhaustion.
- An introduction to IPv6 addressing and prefixes.
- Transition technologies like tunnels to help with gradual IPv6 deployment.
- IPv6 control protocols for tasks like neighbor discovery and routing.
- Details on how IPv6 addresses are represented textually and allocated.
1.What is IP address
2.When & how it was devised
3.IPV4 Features & its functionality
4.Benefits of IPV4 & Devices supporting IPV4
5.Problems of IPV4 & What happened to IPV5
6.What led to IPV6
7.IPV6 Features & Functionality
8.Benefits of IPV6 & supporting devices
9.How transition from IPV4 to IPV6 will happen
10.Problems & challenges that are anticipated & Conclusion
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. Watch more: http://telecomacadmey.com/What-is-Ipv6/ ============================================================================================================ Join us on Site: http://telecomacadmey.com/ Join us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Telecom-Acad... Join us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TelecomAcad Join us on tumblr: https://www.tumblr.com/blog/telecomac... Join us on Quora: https://www.quora.com/profile/Telecom... Join us on Google +: https://plus.google.com/u/0/104392545... Join us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/telecomacad/ Join us on pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/hamzathenet...
This document provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6, including their differences, deficiencies of IPv4, advantages of IPv6, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses IPv4 and IPv6 address formats and header formats. It also covers deficiencies of IPv4 like address depletion and lack of security features, advantages of IPv6 like larger address space and better header format. The transition strategies covered are dual stack, tunneling, and header translation.
This document provides an introduction to IPv6, including an overview of its key features and differences from IPv4. It discusses how IPv6 was developed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 address space and larger routing tables. The core features covered are the new IPv6 header format, its large 128-bit address space, stateless and stateful address configuration, built-in security via IPsec, and improved support for areas like quality of service and network interactions through protocols like Neighbor Discovery.
The document discusses the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses and the need to transition to IPv6. It provides background on IPv6 including that it provides 128-bit addresses to solve exhaustion, utilizes extensions to DHCPv6 for home network prefix assignment, and can be implemented via dual stack, tunneling, or translation methods. Charts show the decreasing pool of available IPv4 addresses and acceleration in depletion rates. The document argues for early adoption of IPv6 to avoid risks from delayed transition and outlines a 3-tier strategy using technologies like dual stack, 6rd, NAT64, and Dual-Stack Lite.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and connectivity. It describes the various types of IPv6 addresses including global aggregateable unicast addresses, site-local addresses, unique local addresses, and link-local addresses. It also covers IPv6 address formats and special addresses like the unspecified, loopback, multicast, and solicited node multicast addresses. Transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6 are also briefly mentioned.
Presentation of ipv4 disadvantage,ipv6 advantage and transation from ipv4 to ...Iftikhar Wazir
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It outlines three main strategies for the transition: dual stacking, tunneling, and header translation. Dual stacking involves running both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously on a device. Tunneling encapsulates IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets to allow IPv6 communication through IPv4 networks. Header translation changes the header format of packets from IPv6 to IPv4 when needed to allow communication with IPv4-only systems. The transition is necessary due to deficiencies in IPv4 like limited address space and lack of security features, while IPv6 improves on areas like larger addresses, better headers, and added security functionality.
IPv6 Transition Strategies discusses various strategies available to service providers as IPv4 addresses run out, including doing nothing, extending the IPv4 network through NAT, and deploying IPv6 transition technologies. The document defines key terms like dual-stack, NAT, carrier grade NAT, and IPv6 transition methods. It then analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of strategies like doing nothing, NAT, dual-stack networks, and IPv6 transition techniques involving tunneling or translation.
IPv4 and IPv6 are the two main versions of Internet Protocol. IPv4 is the original and most widely used version, but it is limited to 4 billion addresses which may not be enough for future needs. IPv6 was developed in 1999 and provides a much larger address space to meet future demand. There are various transition strategies for moving from IPv4 to IPv6, including dual stacking, tunneling, and translation methods to allow devices and networks using the different protocols to communicate with each other during the changeover process.
This document provides an introduction and overview of IPv6, including:
- IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly larger address space and additional features.
- The key reasons for adopting IPv6 are that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the exponential growth of internet-connected devices, while IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses providing trillions of times more addresses.
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit compared to 32-bit IPv4 addresses, written in hexadecimal format divided into eight groups, and features include improved security, mobility, and traffic routing capabilities.
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of addresses to around 4 billion, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses allowing for a vast number of available addresses. Some techniques were used to extend IPv4 such as subnetting and NAT, but IPv6 was developed to provide a long-term solution and overcome IPv4's scaling limitations. IPv6 improves upon IPv4 in areas such as efficiency, security, auto-configuration, and header structure. Widespread adoption of IPv6 has been slowed due to compatibility issues and costs of upgrading systems.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 addressing and subnetting. It discusses IPv6 address representation and structure, including that addresses are 128 bits long and represented in hexadecimal. The addressing hierarchy from ISP to customer site to individual devices is covered. Different address types like link-local and global unicast are defined. IPv6 autoconfiguration and how devices generate interface IDs are summarized. The document concludes with an example of how to subnet a provider's IPv6 block and allocate /48 prefixes to multiple customers.
The “Hands on Experience with IPv6 Routing and Services” Techtorial will provide attendees an opportunity to configure, troubleshoot, design and implement an IPv6 network using IPv6 technologies and features such as: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 neighbor discovery, HSRPv6, static routing, OSPFv3, EIGRPv6 and BGPv6. You will be provided with a scenario made up of an IPv4 network where you will get the opportunity to configure and implement IPv6 based on the requirements on the network, i.e., where would you deploy dual stack, where it make sense to do funneling and how to deploy IPv6 routing protocols without impacting your existing Network infrastructure.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses used to identify nodes in an IPv6 network. They are conventionally written in hexadecimal colon notation, divided into eight sections of four hexadecimal digits each. IPv6 addresses have a hierarchical structure, with the type prefix in the first bits indicating the address category such as unicast, multicast, anycast, reserved, or local. Unicast addresses are used to identify a single interface, multicast for groups of interfaces, and anycast to select the nearest available node in a group.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 basics including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses with the rise of Internet of Things devices.
- IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format composed of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons.
- IPv6 addresses are categorized into different types including link-local, unique local, and global unicast addresses.
- IPv6 uses prefix lengths like CIDR notation to represent prefixes and subnets are based on dividing the 64-bit prefix.
- IPv6 addresses can be auto-configured using EUI-64 or randomly generated interface IDs, and DHCPv6 can assign addresses and options.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces compared to 32-bit in IPv4. The presentation discusses the various address formats and types in IPv6 including unicast, anycast, and multicast. It also covers the changes in IPv6 packet header format versus IPv4 as well as new features like flow labeling and extension headers. Key advantages of IPv6 are larger address space, simplified header format, improved support for extensions, and better mobility and security features.
You may have hoped to retire before IPv6 became a reality, but unfortunately the IPv4 address exhaustion came too fast. For the rest of us, we’re going to bite off a small piece of the 15-year old IPv6 pie and talk about how to get started!
• Address format refresher
• IPv4 and IPv6 protocol comparison
• IPv6 neighbor discovery and auto-configuration
• Current migration and coexistence strategies
• ICMPv6, DHCPv6, and DNSv6
• How to get started at home
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including addressing, routing, autoconfiguration, transition technologies, and Linux implementation. Key points covered include IPv6 address formats and types, stateless and stateful autoconfiguration using ICMPv6 and DHCPv6, static and adaptive routing protocols like RIPng and OSPFv3, DNS record formats, and dual stack and tunneling transition technologies. It also reviews how to configure an IPv6 router using the radvd daemon on Linux systems.
The document discusses IPv6 addressing and configuration, including IPv6 address formats and types, stateless address autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and security considerations for neighbor discovery. IPv6 aims to provide a huge number of addresses, simpler header format, and new features like anycast addresses and extension headers, while neighbor discovery handles tasks like address autoconfiguration and duplicate address detection without ARP.
This document provides an overview of the IPv6 header based on Chapter 4 of the book "Understanding IPv6, Third Edition". It describes the components of an IPv6 packet including the IPv6 header, extension headers, and upper-layer protocol data unit. The IPv6 header is a fixed size of 40 bytes and contains fields for version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, hop limit, source address, and destination address. Extension headers can be added after the IPv6 header and are used to expand IPv6's capabilities. The IPv6 header was designed to be more efficient than IPv4 by reducing the number of required fields and moving seldom-used fields to extension headers.
This document discusses IPv6 and ICMPv6, the next generation internet protocols. It covers IPv6 addressing formats, the IPv6 packet format including extension headers, the functions of ICMPv6 including error reporting and neighbor discovery, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including running both protocols simultaneously. The document includes over 50 figures illustrating aspects of IPv6 and ICMPv6.
IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol. It features a 128-bit address space, compared to 32 bits in IPv4, allowing for many more IP addresses. IPv6 also includes features like stateless autoconfiguration of hosts, plug and play capability, built-in IP security, and mobility. Transition mechanisms like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation are needed for IPv6 hosts to communicate with IPv4 networks during the transition period. Most modern operating systems and applications now support IPv6.
- IPv4 addresses will be exhausted within 1000 days, so IPv6 adoption is urgently needed
- Getting IPv6 addresses from your LIR and setting up basic routing is straightforward using existing IPv4 knowledge and tools
- A sample IPv6 network deployment plan is outlined, including addressing schemes, interface configuration, routing protocols, and DNS/reverse DNS setup
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
OSPFv3 is a link-state routing protocol that uses link-state advertisements (LSAs) to exchange routing information. Routers running OSPFv3 generate different types of LSAs to advertise IPv6 address prefixes, network links, and routing information between areas. OSPFv3 supports multi-area configurations with a backbone area and regular areas connected via area border routers that generate summary LSAs.
1) The document discusses combining data mining techniques like the C4.5 classification algorithm with interactive cartographic visualization to analyze spatially-referenced data.
2) It proposes using interactive maps to both prepare data for data mining by allowing classification exploration, and to interpret data mining results by dynamically linking maps with result displays.
3) As an example, the C4.5 algorithm is used to generate a classification tree on spatially-classified world country data in maps, showing relationships between attributes like fertility and life expectancy.
C:\documents and settings\pc\my documents\การบ้านเฮีย\template\1 powerpoint t...sad
This PowerPoint template contains sections on the company strategy and competitors. It includes slides on the strengths and weaknesses relative to each competitor, as well as an introduction, conclusion, and tables of contents linking to related documents and charts. The template is designed to analyze a company's strategy and challenges from other businesses in a structured format.
The Internet industry is undergoing a fundamental change as it transitions from IPv4 to IPv6. These slides are from the May 2011 webcast which provided an introduction to IPv6, covering the various issues and concerns about this new protocol, as well as the opportunities it offers.
The webcast featured Limor Schafman and Dale Geesey, IPv6 experts, discussing what IPv6 is, why it’s different, its advantages, the transition period from IPv4 and how organizations should start preparing.
You can view the webcast on the Commtouch Slideshare page.
1) The document provides an overview of IPv6 including why it was developed, its key features and improvements over IPv4 such as a vastly larger address space, more efficient routing and security features built into the protocol.
2) It describes IPv6 addressing in detail including the different address types (unicast, multicast, anycast), address formats, interface identifiers and address autoconfiguration.
3) The header format, extension headers for optional information, and new fields for quality of service and flow identification are explained in comparison to IPv4.
4) Protocols for neighbor discovery, multicast listener discovery, and address resolution that replace functions in IPv4 are outlined.
This document provides an overview of IP addressing and covers IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses. It describes the structure of IPv4 addresses, including the use of subnet masks to define the network and host portions. It also covers the different types of IPv4 addresses such as unicast, broadcast, multicast, public vs private addresses. The document then discusses the need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 address space and larger 128-bit addressing in IPv6. It concludes by describing some methods for IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence such as dual-stack, tunneling, and translation techniques.
This document discusses considerations for internet service providers transitioning to IPv6. It covers common network architectural patterns like core/backbone, last mile, and border networks. It also discusses transition approaches like dual-stack and tunneling. The document outlines a multi-phase transition plan including obtaining IPv6 address space, setting up a testbed, enabling IPv6 routing and services, and addressing security considerations during the rollout.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 functionality and describes how to build an IPv6 environment. It outlines IPv6 addressing formats including unicast, multicast, anycast, and global unicast addresses. It also explains stateless and stateful autoconfiguration methods for IPv6 hosts to obtain addresses and configure themselves on the network. The document concludes by describing how to set up routers and hosts in IPv6 networks on Linux systems.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 fundamentals, including:
- Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as larger addressing space and elimination of NAT.
- Details of the IPv6 header format and use of extension headers for additional functions.
- The IPv6 addressing architecture including the various address types and formats.
- Protocols for autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and multicast in IPv6 networks.
8-Lect_8 Addressing the Network.tcp.pptxZahouAmel1
Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing
IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 due to IPv4's limited address space and other issues. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, providing vastly more unique addresses. It also includes improvements in areas like security, quality of service, and extension headers. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is still ongoing, with strategies like running both protocols simultaneously, tunneling IPv6 traffic over IPv4, and translating headers to allow ongoing communication as adoption increases.
Module 4: Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 TCP/IP
This module introduces you to IPv6, a technology that will help ensure that the Internet can support a growing user base and the increasingly large number of IP-enabled devices. The current Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) has served as the underlying Internet protocol for almost thirty years. Its robustness, scalability, and limited feature set is now challenged by the growing need for new IP addresses, due in large part to the rapid growth of new network-aware devices.
Lessons
Overview of IPv6
IPv6 Addressing
Coexistence with IPv6
IPv6 Transition Technologies
Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6
Lab : Configuring an ISATAP Router
Configuring a New IPv6 Network and Client
Configuring an ISATAP Router to Enable Communication Between an IPv4 Network and an IPv6 Network
Lab : Converting the Network to Native IPv6
Transitioning to a Native IPv6 Network
After completing this module, students will be able to:
Describe the features and benefits of IPv6.
Implement IPv6 addressing.
Implement an IPv6 coexistence strategy.
Describe and select a suitable IPv6 transition solution.
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
Troubleshoot an IPv6-based network.
IPv6 was developed to address the limitations of IPv4, such as its limited 32-bit address space that is nearly exhausted. IPv6 features a 128-bit address space providing vastly more addresses. It allows for automatic configuration of addresses, simpler header format, and built-in security features. IPv6 addresses are represented through eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons. The address space is hierarchically allocated into global unicast, unique local, link-local, multicast, and unspecified addresses.
This document provides an overview of implementing IPv6 and includes the following key points:
- IPv6 was developed to address the shortage of IPv4 addresses and includes improvements like larger address space, better support for mobility and security.
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and are written in hexadecimal separated by colons. They can be autoconfigured or assigned through DHCPv6.
- Transition technologies like ISATAP, 6to4 and Teredo allow IPv6 to communicate over IPv4 networks during the transition period.
- DNS records need to be updated to support name resolution for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses during coexistence.
IPv6 Community Event: IPv6 Protocol ArchitectureAPNIC
APNIC Training Delivery Manager Terry Sweetser gives a technical overview of IPv6 at the IPv6 Community Event, held on 8 June 2023 in Nuku'alofa, Tonga.
The document discusses IPv4 and IPv6 addressing. It notes that IPv4 provides 4.3 billion addresses while IPv6 provides 3.4 undecillion addresses. It then outlines some limitations of IPv4 including limited addresses and lack of built-in security. Improvements in IPv6 are discussed such as built-in security, more efficient routing, and vastly increased address space. Examples of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are provided. The document also discusses IPv6 addressing formats, types of IPv6 addresses including unicast, anycast and multicast, and IPv6 transition technologies.
The document discusses IPv6 addressing and how it addresses limitations in IPv4. It notes that IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, allowing for many more available addresses. It also describes IPv6 address representation and types, including unicast, multicast, and anycast addresses. Key techniques for IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence like dual stack, tunneling, and translation are summarized. The differences between IPv6 global and link-local unicast addresses are also highlighted.
The document discusses IPv6, the successor to IPv4. It provides 3 key points:
1) IPv6 supports vastly more IP addresses than IPv4 to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 supports 340 undecillion addresses.
2) IPv6 has advantages over IPv4 like larger address space, easier configuration, greater mobility, and more secure communications.
3) The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 requires methods like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation to allow coexistence and interoperability between the two protocols during the lengthy changeover process.
IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, such as the 32-bit address space running out. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space to provide vastly more IP addresses. It features a simplified, fixed-length packet header and optional extension headers. IPv6 also improves security, quality of service, and mobility support compared to IPv4. The larger address space and other features are aimed at accommodating continued growth of the Internet.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the
Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that
provides an identification and location system for computers
on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
IPv4 & IPv6 are not designed to be interoperable, complicating
the transition to IPv6. However, several IPv6 transition
mechanisms have been devised to permit communication
between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts.
1. The host will automatically generate a link-local address starting with fe80::.
2. It will perform duplicate address detection to ensure the address is unique on the local link.
3. If the address is unique, it is assigned to the interface.
4. The host will send a router solicitation to discover network prefixes advertised by routers.
5. Upon receiving a router advertisement with network prefixes, the host will autoconfigure an IPv6 address by combining the prefix with its interface ID.
IPv4 was first developed in 1978 and has been deployed globally but will soon run out of addresses as it only provides 4 billion addresses. IPv6 was developed in 1993 to replace IPv4 and provides an immense 340 undecillion addresses to accommodate continued growth of the internet. IPv6 improves on IPv4 with a larger 128-bit address size, built-in security features, and auto-configuration to simplify network management. While IPv6 has been available since 1999, many networks and devices still rely on IPv4, but further IPv6 adoption will be necessary to sustain long term growth of internet connectivity.
The document provides information on IPv6 addressing architecture and formats. It discusses IPv6 address types including unicast, multicast, and link-local addresses. It also covers IPv6 header formats, extension headers, and address autoconfiguration processes.
The document discusses IPv6 addressing, including historical aspects, types of IPv6 addresses like unicast and multicast, interface identifiers, and address deployment schemes. It provides details on aggregatable global unicast addresses which aim to minimize the global routing table size through allocation hierarchies. The Abilene network's IPv6 allocations and procedures for obtaining addresses are also summarized.
The document provides an agenda and overview of key topics related to networking essentials including the network layer, IPv4 and IPv6 packets and addresses, and network address translation (NAT). Specifically, it discusses network layer characteristics such as addressing, encapsulation, routing and de-encapsulation. It also examines IPv4 packet headers, fragmentation, and maximum transmission units. IPv6 is introduced as improving on IPv4 by providing increased address space and simplified packet handling. Network address translation is defined as a method for mapping an IP address space to overcome IPv4 address depletion.
This document provides information about the CS352 course on Internetworking Protocols. It discusses the topics that will be covered in Unit III, including IPv6 transition issues, IPsec, addressing, extension headers, routing, autoconfiguration, and more. It lists the course instructor and their details. It then provides background on problems with IPv4 and advantages of IPv6. Several sections define IPv6 headers and addressing, describing the fixed header, extension headers, address notation, and network/node addressing splits.
IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, primarily the limited available address space. IPv6 features a 128-bit address space, providing vastly more addresses than IPv4. It also has a simplified header format and built-in support for security. The document discusses the need for IPv6 due to growth of internet-connected devices. It describes IPv6 addressing formats, types of addresses, and how addresses are represented. IPv6 enables more efficient routing through larger address space and built-in mobility and security features.
The document introduces IPv6 and defines IPv6 addressing. It explains that IPv6 was developed to address the limitations of IPv4, including its limited 32-bit address space. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space to provide vastly more addresses. It describes the different address types in IPv6, including unicast, multicast, and anycast addresses. It also explains features like stateless address autoconfiguration that make IPv6 more flexible and scalable than IPv4.
IPv6 was created as a replacement for IPv4 to address its shortcomings like limited address space. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to 32-bit in IPv4, allowing for a vastly larger number of available addresses. It was designed with features like auto-configuration, IPsec security, prioritization support, and mobility in mind. The IPv6 header was also simplified compared to IPv4 to enable faster routing while still providing necessary routing information.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
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“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
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Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
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2. Agenda
IPV6 Introduction
Limitation of IPV4
Features of IPV6
Difference between IPV4 and
IPV6
Benefit in case of deploying
IPV6
IPV6 address syntax and packet
Types of IPv6 addresses.
ICMPv6
Path MTU Discovery
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Tunnelling
DHCPv6
RIPng
OSPFv3
BGP4+
IPv6 Filtering (Access Control Lists)
IPv6 firewall Handling
IPv4-v6 Co-existence/Transition
IPv6 Support – Operating Systems
IPv6 Deployment Analysis
Deployment Issues
3. IPv6
• An Internet Layer protocol for packet-
switched internetworks. Designated as
the successor of IPv4
4. Limitation of IPv4
• Recent exponential growth of the Internet and the impending exhaustion
of the IPv4 address space
• Need for simpler configuration: Most current IPv4 implementations are
either manually configured or use a stateful address configuration
protocol such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
• No security at the Internet layer
• Need better support for prioritized and real-time delivery of data
5. Features of IPv6
• Simplification of header format:
The IPv6 header is much simpler than the IPv4 header and has a fixed
length of 40 bytes. This allows for faster processing. It basically
accommodates two times16 bytes for the Source and Destination
address and only 8 bytes for general header information.
• Large address space :
• IPv6 has 128-bit (16-byte) source and destination addresses
• Improved support for options and extensions
IPv4 integrates options in the base header, whereas IPv6 carries
options in so called extension headers, which are inserted only if
they’re needed. Again, this allows for faster processing of packets. The
base specification describes a set of six extension headers, including
headers for routing, Mobile IPv6, and quality of service and security.
• Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure
• Stateless and stateful address configuration
6. Features of IPV6 (contd.)
• Better support for prioritized delivery :
• Traffic Class field and Flow Label field in header helps in supporting
prioritized delivery.
• New protocol for neighboring node interaction :
• The Neighbor Discovery protocol replaces and extends the Address
Resolution Protocol, ICMPv4 Router Discovery, and ICMPv4 Redirect
messages with efficient multicast and unicast Neighbor Discovery
messages.
.
7. Difference between IPv6 and IPv4
IPv4
• Source and destination addresses
are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length.
• IPsec header support is optional
• No identification of packet flow
for prioritized delivery handling
by routers is present within the
IPv4 header.
• Fragmentation is performed by
the sending host and at routers,
slowing router performance.
IPv6
• Source and destination addresses
are 128 bits (16 bytes) in length.
• IPsec header support is required.
• Packet flow identification for
prioritized delivery handling by
routers is present within the IPv6
header using the Flow Label field.
• Fragmentation is performed only
by the sending host.
8. Difference between IPv6 and IPv4 (contd.)
IPv4
• Has no link-layer packet-size
requirements, and must be able
to reassemble a 576-byte packet
• Header includes a checksum.
• Header includes options.
• ARP uses broadcast ARP Request
frames to resolve an IPv4 address
to a link-layer address.
IPv6
• Link layer must support a 1280-
byte packet and be able to
reassemble a 1500-byte packet.
• Header does not include a
checksum.
• All optional data is moved to IPv6
extension headers.
• ARP Request frames are replaced
with multicast Neighbor
Solicitation messages.
9. Difference between IPv6 and IPv4 (contd.)
IPv4
• Broadcast addresses are used to
send traffic to all nodes on a
subnet.
• Must be configured either
manually or through DHCP for
IPv4.
IPv6
• There are no IPv6 broadcast
addresses. Instead, a link-local
scope all-nodes multicast address
is used.
• Does not require manual
configuration or DHCP for IPv6.
10. Benefits in the case to deploy IPv6
• Solves the Address Depletion Problem
• Solves the Disjoint Address Space Problem
• Solves the International Address Allocation Problem
• Restores End-To-End Communication
• Uses Scoped Addresses and Address Selection
• Has More Efficient Forwarding
• Has Support for Security and Mobility
11. IPv6 Address Syntax
An IPv6 address has 128 bits, or 16 bytes. The address is divided into eight 16-
bit
hexadecimal blocks separated by colons. For example:
2001:DB8:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329
To make life easier, some abbreviations are possible. For instance, leading zeros in a
16-bit block can be skipped. The example address now looks like this:
2001:DB8:0:0:202:B3FF:FE1E:8329
A double colon can replace consecutive zeros or leading or trailing zeros within the
address. If we apply this rule, our address looks as follows:
2001:DB8::202:B3FF:FE1E:8329.
More than one double-colon abbreviation in an address is invalid
So the IPv6 address 2001:DB8:0000:0056:0000:ABCD:EF12:1234 can be represented
in the following ways (note the two possible positions for the double colon):
2001:DB8:0000:0056:0000:ABCD:EF12:1234
2001:DB8:0:56:0:ABCD:EF12:1234
2001:DB8::56:0:ABCD:EF12:1234
2001:DB8:0:56::ABCD:EF12:1234
12. IPv6 Address Syntax (contd.)
IPv6 address in binary form
00100000000000010000110110111000000000000000000000101111001110
1 0000001010101010000000001111111111111110 001010001 0
01110001011010
Divided along 16-bit boundaries
0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000
0010111100111011 0000001010101010 0000000011111111
1111111000101000 1001110001011010
Each 16-bit block is converted to hexadecimal and delimited by using colons
2001:0DB8:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A
Suppress leading zeros within each block
2001:DB8:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
13. Prefix Representation
Representation of prefix is just like CIDR
In this representation you attach the prefix length
Like IPv4 address:198.10.0.0/16
IPv6 address is represented the same way: 2001:db8:12::/40
16. Packet Description
Version
Version 6 (4-bit IP version).
Traffic class
Packet priority (8-bits). Priority values subdivide into ranges: traffic
where the source provides congestion control and non-congestion
control traffic.
Flow label
QoS management (20 bits). For real time applications
Payload length
Payload length in bytes (16 bits).
Next header
Specifies the next encapsulated protocol.
Hop limit
Replaces the time to live field of IPv4 (8 bits).
Source and destination addresses
128 bits each.
18. Types of IPv6 addresses
Unicast
• A unicast
address uniquely
identifies an
interface of an
IPv6 node. A
packet sent to a
unicast address
is delivered to
the interface
identified by
that address.
Multicast
• A multicast
address
identifies a
group of IPv6
interfaces. A
packet sent to a
multicast
address is
processed by all
members of the
multicast group.
Anycast
• An anycast
address is
assigned to
multiple
interfaces
(usually on
multiple nodes).
• A packet sent to
an anycast
address is
delivered to only
one of these
interfaces,
usually the
nearest one.No
more broadcast
Address
20. Global Unicast Addresses
• Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses
• Globally routable and reachable
• Scope is the entire IPv6 Internet
21. Link-local Unicast Addresses
Link-Local Addresses Used For:
• Mandatory Address for Communication between two IPv6 device (Like
ARP but at Layer 3).
• Automatically assigned by Router as soon as IPv6 is enabled.
• Also used for Next-Hop calculation in Routing Protocols.
• Only Link Specific scope.
• Remaining 54 bits could be Zero or any manual configured value.
22. Site-local Unicast Addresses
Do not have a global scope and can be reused. Scope is site.
Used between nodes communicating with other nodes in the same
organization
Not automatically configured and must be assigned either through
stateless or stateful address auto configuration
This is specially used for two purpose, for the replacement of ARP, and
DAD.
23. Unique Local Addresses
• Provide a private addressing alternative to global addresses for intranet
traffic
• Address unique across all the sites of the organization
• Used For Local communications and Inter-site VPNs
• Not routable on the Internet
24. Special IPv6 Addresses
• Unspecified address
• The unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used only to indicate
the absence of an address
• Used as a source address when a unique address has not yet been
determined
• Never assigned to an interface or used as a destination address.
• Equivalent to the IPv4 unspecified address of 0.0.0.0
• Loopback Address
• The loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) is assigned to a loopback
interface, enabling a node to send packets to itself.
• Equivalent to the IPv4 loopback address of 127.0.0.1
• Packets addressed to the loopback address must never be sent on a
link or forwarded by an IPv6 router
25. Multicast IPv6 Addresses
• Cannot be used as source addresses or as intermediate destinations in
a Routing extension header
26. Multicast IPv6 Addresses (contd.)
• Flag
• first low-order bit is the Transient (T) flag.0 -> permanent address. 1->
temporary address
• second low-order bit is for the Prefix (P) flag, which indicates whether
the multicast address is based on a unicast address prefix.
• The third low-order bit is for the Rendezvous Point Address (R) flag,
which indicates whether the multicast address contains an embedded
rendezvous point address.
Scope
• Indicates the scope of the IPv6 network for which the multicast traffic
is intended to be delivered .Ex 2-> link local scope,5->site local scope,
E-> global scope
27. Solicited-Node Address
• Facilitates the efficient querying of network nodes during link-layer
address resolution
• IPv6 uses the Neighbor Solicitation message to perform link-layer
address resolution which uses solicited-node multicast address
• The solicited-node multicast address is constructed from the prefix
FF02::1:FF00:0/104 and the last 24 bits (6 hexadecimal digits) of a
unicast IPv6 address
28. Anycast Address Assignment
• Routers along the path to the destination just process the packets based
on network prefix.
• Routers configured to respond to anycast packets will do so when they
receive a packet send to the anycast address.
• Anycast allows a source node to transmit IP datagrams to a single
destination node out of a group destination nodes with same subnet id
based on the routing metrics
32. ICMPv6
ICMPv6, while similar in strategy to ICMPv4, has changes that makes it
more suitable for IPv6. ICMPv6 has absorbed some protocols that were
independent in version 4.
One of the fundamental differences between IPv6 ND and its IPv4
counterpart suite of protocols (ARP, IPCP, and so on) is the positioning in
the IP protocol stack. Although IPv4 same-link-related protocols are split
between ARP/RARP, right above the link layer, and ICMP, running above IP,
IPv6 ND is implemented entirely within ICMPv6.
34. Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) for IPv6
Fragmentation in IPv6 is not performed by intermediary
routers.
The source node may fragment packets by itself only when
the path MTU is smaller than the packets to deliver.
36. Example of PMTUD for IPv6 used by a source
node.(cont)
First, the source node that sends the first IPv6 packet to a destination
node uses 1500 bytes as the MTU value (1). Then, the intermediary
Router A replies to the source node using an ICMPv6 message Type 2,
Packet Too Big, and specifies 1400 bytes as the lower MTU value in the
ICMPv6 packet (2). The source node then sends the packet but instead
uses 1400 bytes as the MTU value; the packet passes through Router A
(3). However, along the path, intermediary Router B replies to the
source node using an ICMPv6 message Type 2 and specifies 1300 bytes
as the MTU value (4). Finally, the source node resends the packet using
1300 bytes as the MTU value. The packet passes through both
intermediary routers and is delivered to the destination node (5). The
session is now established between source and destination nodes, and
all packets sent between them use 1300 bytes as the MTU value (6).
37. Neighbor Discovery (ND)
Protocol built on top of ICMPv6 (RFC 2463)
The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (ND) is a protocol in the Internet Protocol
Suite used with Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). It operates at the
Network Layer of the Internet model and is responsible for address
autoconfiguration of nodes, discovery of other nodes on the link,
determining the Link Layer addresses of other nodes, duplicate address
detection, finding available routers and Domain Name (DNS) servers,
address prefix discovery, and maintaining reachability information about
the paths to other active neighbor nodes
Combination of IPv4 protocols (ARP, ICMP, IGMP,…)
38. IPv6 nodes use Neighbor Discovery for the
following purposes
Router discovery: hosts can locate routers residing on attached links.
Prefix discovery: hosts can discover address prefixes that are on-link for
attached links.
Parameter discovery: hosts can find link parameters (e.g., MTU).
Address autoconfiguration: stateless configuration of addresses of
network interfaces.
Address resolution: mapping between IP addresses and link-layer
addresses.
Next-hop determination: hosts can find next-hop routers for a destination.
Neighbor unreachability detection (NUD): determine that a neighbor is no
longer reachable on the link.
Duplicate address detection (DAD): nodes can check whether an address is
already in use.
Redirect: router can inform a node about better first-hop routers.
39. ICMPv6 Messages Defined for NDP
Router Solicitation
Router Advertisement
Neighbor Solicitation
Neighbor Advertisement
Redirect
40. Router Solicitation (RS)
When an interface becomes enabled, hosts may send out Router
Solicitations that request routers to generate Router Advertisements
immediately rather than at their next scheduled time.
RS is ICMPv6 type 133 and Code 0
Source address of the IPv6 Packet encapsulating the RS can be one of the
two
1. IPv6 address of the originating interface
2. Unspecified address ::/0 (All Zeros) if the host interface has not yet
been assigned an IPv6 address
The destination address is the All-Routers multicast address which is
FF02::2
The options field can carry the following information
1. Link layer address of the RS originating interface
2. If the source IPv6 address is sent as unspecified then the link layer
address is not included in the options field
41. Router Advertisement (RA)
Routers advertise their presence together with various link and Internet
parameters either periodically, or in response to a Router Solicitation
message.
RA is ICMPv6 Type 134 and Code 0.
Source address of the Ipv6 packet encapsulating the RA is always IPv6 Link-
Local address of the interface.
The Destination address can be either the link-local address of the host which
sent an RS requesting for an RA or ALL-Nodes multicast address FF02::1 for
the RA generated periodically by the router with the default being
600Seconds (can be set between 4 and 1800 seconds) and the minimum
period between advertisement of RAs is 200 Seconds by default).
Unsolicited RAs are to be generated periodically by the router to make the
presence of the router known on the link. The Period between transmission
of the RAs can be between 4 and 1800 seconds, and the default is 600
seconds. Also the minimum period between advertisement of RAs is 200
seconds by default.
42. Neighbor Solicitation (NS)
Sent by a node to determine the link-layer address of a neighbor, or to verify
that a neighbor is still reachable via a cached link-layer address. Neighbor
Solicitations are also used for Duplicate Address Detection.
NS is ICMPv6 Type 135 and Code 0
Source address of the IPv6 Packet encapsulating the NS can be one of the two
1. IPv6 address of the originating interface
2. Unspecified address ::/0 (All Zeros) if the NS is sent for Duplicate Address
Detection
The destination address of NS can be one of the two
1. Solicited-Node Multicast Address corresponding to the the target address
2. The Target address itself
note: Target address is the IPv6 address of the target of the solicitation and is
never a multicast address.
Options Field of the NS can contain the link-layer address of the interface
originating the NS
43. Neighbor Advertisement (NA)
A response to a Neighbor Solicitation message. A node may also send
unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements to announce a link-layer address
change..
NA is ICMPv6 Type 136 and Code 0
Source Address of the IPv6 packet encapsulating the NS is always the IPv6
address of the originating interface.
The Destination address can be one of the Two
1. Source address of the packet containing the NS for which the NA is being
sent in response.
2. All-Nodes Multicast Address FF02::1
Flags:
R: The Router Flag, is set when the originator of the NA is a router.
S: The Solicited Flag, is set when the NA is being sent in response to an NS
O: The override Flag, is set to indicate that the information in this NA should
override any existing neighbor cache entry and update the link layer address.
When O bit is cleared the NA will not override the existing neighbor cache
entry
44. Neighbor Advertisement (NA) (contd.)
Target Address: IS the address to which the NA is directed to, so it will be
the source address of the NS to which the NA is being sent to as a
response.
If the NA is being sent as an Unsolicited NA (that is not in response to any
NS), then the target address is the originator's address. An Unsolicited NA
is sent only to advertise a change, that is if the node has changed its link
layer address then to advertise it , an unsolicited NA is sent, and therefor
lists its own address as the target address.
The Options field of the NA can contain the target link-layer address, the
link layer address of the NA's originating interface.
45. Redirect
Used by routers to inform hosts of a better first hop for a destination
Redirect is ICMPv6 Type 137 and Code 0.
Source Address of the IPv6 packet encapsulating the Redirect message is always
the Link-Local IPv6 address of the interface which has originated the Redirect.
The Destination address is always the source address of the packet which triggered
the Redirect.
The Target address of the Redirect is usually the Link-Local address of another
router on the same link.
The Destination address Field in the Redirect message will contain the IPv6 address
of the destination that will be redirected to the target address.
The Options field will contain the link layer address of the target.
The Options field will have a value of Type/Length/Value (TLV) triplets. The TLV
consists of 8-Bit Type which specifies the type of information its carrying, 8 Bit
length which specifies the length in units of 8 octets of the value field, and it also
contains the variable length value field.
The Redirect message can contain a max value of 1280 bytes.
49. Differences between IPv6 ND and its IPv4
counterpart suite of protocols
One of the fundamental differences between IPv6 ND and its IPv4 counterpart
suite of protocols (ARP, IPCP, and so on) is the positioning in the IP protocol stack.
Although IPv4 same-link-related protocols are split between ARP/RARP, right above
the link layer, and ICMP, running above IP, IPv6 ND is implemented entirely within
ICMPv6.
50. IPv6 and DNS
IPv4 IPv6
Hostname to
IP address
A record:
www.abc.test. A
192.168.30.1
AAAA record:
www.abc.test AAAA 3FFE:B00:C18:1::2
IP address to
hostname
PTR record:
1.30.168.192.in-addr.arpa.
PTR www.abc.test.
PTR record:
2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.8.1
.c.0.
0.0.b.0.e.f.f.3.ip6.arpa PTR
www.abc.test.
51. DHCPv6
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) has been updated to support
IPv6. DHCPv6 can provide stateful autoconfiguration to IPv6 hosts. DHCPv6
handles the addressing architecture and new features of the IPv6 protocol
as follows:
It enables more control on nodes than stateless autoconfiguration.
It can be used concurrently on networks where stateless
autoconfiguration is available.
It can provide IPv6 addresses to hosts in the absence of routers on a
network.
It can be used to delegate /48 or /64 prefixes to Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE) routers such as a home gateway.
DHCPv6 Addressing
All_DHCP_Agents: ff02::1:2
All_DHCP_Servers: ff05::1:3
52. IPv6 auto-configuration
IP configuration in IPV6 is carried out by IPV6 auto-
configuration
IPv6 auto-configuration
Stateless
nodes configure addresses themselves with information from
routers (if available);
no managed addresses
Stateful
nodes use DHCPv6 to obtain addresses.
Duplicate address detection (DAD) used to avoid duplicated
addresses
54. DHCPv6 Message Type Options
Message Type Meaning
SOLICIT(1) A client sends a Solicit message to locate servers.
ADVERTISE (2) A server sends an Advertise message to indicate that it is
available for DHCP service, in response to a Solicit message
received from a client.
REQUEST (3) A client sends a Request message to request configuration
parameters, including IP addresses, from a specific server.
REPLY (4) A server sends a Reply message containing assigned addresses
and configuration parameters in response to a Solicit, Request,
Renew, Rebind message received from a Client.
RENEW (5) A client sends a Renew message to the server that originally
provided the client's addresses and configuration parameters to
extend the lifetimes on the addresses assigned to the client.
REBIND (6) A client sends a Rebind message to any available server to
extend the lifetimes on the addresses assigned to the client.
56. DHCP Messages
Messages exchanged using UDP
Client port – udp/546
Server Port – udp/547
Client uses Link-Local address or addresses determined using other
methods to transmit and receive DHCP messages.
Server receives messages from clients using a reserved, Link-Scoped
multicast address.
57. DHCP Multicast Addresses
All_DHCP_Relay_Agents_and_Servers
Link-scoped multicast address used by a client to communicate with
on-link relay agents and servers
FF02::1:2
All_DHCP_Servers
Site-scoped multicast address used by a relay agent to communicate
with servers
FF05::1:3
58. DHCPv6 option format and base option
Option-code Option length
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Options data(option –len octets)
• Client Identifier
• Server Identifier
• Identity Association for Non-temporary
Addresses
• Identity Association for Temporary
Addresses
• IA Address
• Option Request
• Preference
• Elapsed Time
• Relay Message
• Authentication
• Server Unicast
• Status Code
• Rapid Commit
• User Class
• Vendor Class
• Vendor-specific Information
• Interface-Id
• Reconfigure Message
• Reconfigure Accept
59. DHCP Unique Identifer (DUID)
Each DHCP client and server has a DUID. DHCP servers use DUIDs to
identify clients for the selection of configuration parameters and in client
Identity Associations.
Unique across all clients and servers
Should not change over time (if possible)
Must be < 128 octets long
60. Identity Association
An identity association (IA) is a construct through which a server and client
can identify, group, and manage a set of related IP addresses.
Client must associate at least one distinct IA with each network
interface requesting assignment of IP addresses from DHCP server
(IAID)
Must be associated with exactly one interface
Must be consistent across restarts by the client
63. Dhcpv6 operation
Client sends messages to link-local multicast address
Server unicasts response to client
Information-Request / Reply - provide client configuration information but
no addresses
Confirm / Reply - assist in determining whether client moved
Reconfigure - allow servers to initiate a client reconfiguration
Basic client/server authentication capabilities in base standard.
DHCP Unique Identifier (DUID) used to identify clients & servers
Identity Association ID (IAID) used to identify a collection of addresses
Relay Agents used when server not on-link
Relay Agents may be chained
64. DHCPv6 Installation (Linux)
Dhcpv6 server :
Update with dhcpv6-0.10-11_FC3.i386.rpm using
# rpm -U dhcpv6-0.10-11_FC3.i386.rpm
Create a database directory
#mkdir /var/db/dhcpv6
Copy sample server configuration file
# cp dhcp6s.conf /etc/dhcp6s.conf
Start the server daemon using
# dhcp6s –dDf eth0
65. DHCPv6 Installation (Linux) (contd.)
Dhcpv6 client :
Update with dhcpv6_client-0.10-11_FC3.i386.rpm using
# rpm -U dhcpv6_client-0.10-11_FC3.i386.rpm
Copy sample client configuration file
# cp dhcp6c.conf /etc/dhcp6c.conf
Start the client daemon using
# dhcp6c –dDf eth0
66. DHCPv6 Configuration
In Fedora core 3 following files are configured :
Server configuration :
/etc/sysconfig/dhcp6s
/etc/dhcp6s.conf
File : /etc/sysconfig/dhcp6s
Specify the interface for dhcp6s
DHCP6SIF=eth0
67. DHCPv6 Server configuration...
File : /etc/dhcp6s.conf
interface eth0 {
server-preference 255;
renew-time 60;
rebind-time 90;
prefer-life-time 130;
valid-life-time 200;
allow rapid-commit;
link BBB {
pool{
range 2001:0E30:1402:2::4 to 2001:0E30:1402:2::ffff/64;
prefix 2001:0E30:1402::/48;
};
};
};
69. Testing DHCPv6
Start the server daemon in debug mode in foreground
#dhcp6s –dDf eth0
Restart the network service of client
#service network restart
See the address assignment
#ifconfig
70. RIPng
Routing Information Protocol next generation (RIPng) is the counterpart of
RIPv2, but for IPv6. As defined in RFC 2080, RIPng for IPv6, RIPng has most of
the same capabilities of RIPv2
Distance vector—RIPng is a distance vector protocol based on the
Bellman-Ford algorithm.
Radius of operation—Like RIP, RIPng is limited to a radius of 15 hops.
UDP-based protocol—RIPng uses UDP datagrams to send and receive
routing information.
Broadcast information—Periodic broadcasts can be sent using
multicast addresses to reduce traffic on nodes that are not listening to
RIP messages.
71. Updates Added in RIPng
Destination prefix—Destination prefixes are based on 128-bit instead of
32-bit (as in IPv4).
Next-hop address—Next-hop addresses are based on 128-bit instead of
32-bit (as in IPv4).
Transport—RIPng messages are sent over IPv6 packets.
UDP port number—The standard UDP port number for IPv6 is 521 instead
of 520, as in IPv4.This UDP port sends and receives routing information
between RIPng routers.
Link-local address—RIPng updates are sent to adjacent RIPng routers
using the link-local address FE80::/10 as the source address.
Multicast address—The standard multicast address used with RIPng is
FF02::9, instead of 224.0.0.9 in IPv4. The FF02::9 represents the all-RIP-
routers multicast address on the link-local scope.
72. OSPFv3
The OSPFv3 specification is mainly based on OSPFv2, but with some
enhancements. Adding IPv6 support in the OSPFv2 protocol required
important rewrites of the code to remove the IPv4 dependencies, such as the
multicast IPv4 addresses 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6, which are not useful in
IPv6. After having been updated to support IPv6, OSPFv3 can distribute IPv6
prefixes and run natively over IPv6. Both OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 can be used
concurrently, because each address family has a separate SPF.
73. OSPFv3 has some similarities to OSPFv2
OSPFv3 uses the same basic packet types as OSPFv2 such as hello, DBD
(also called DDP database description packets), LSR (link-state request),
LSU (link-state update), and LSA (linkstate advertisement).
Mechanisms for neighbor discovery and adjacency formation are identical.
Operations of OSPFv3 over the RFC-compliant nonbroadcast multiaccess
(NBMA) and point-to-multipoint topology modes are supported.
LSA flooding and aging are the same for both OSPFv2 and OSPFv3.
74. Differences between OSPFv3 and OSPFv2
OSPFv3 runs over a link—The network statement in the router subcommand
mode of OSPFv2 is replaced by an OSPFv3 command to apply to the interface
configuration. It is possible to have multiple instances per link.
Router ID—This 32-bit number indicates that the router is not IPv6-specific.
The router ID number is still based on 32-bit. This router ID identifies the
OSPFv3 router. As for BGP4+, when no IPv4 address is configured, a router ID
must be set.
Link ID—This 32-bit number indicates that the links are not IPv6-specific. The
link ID number is still based on 32-bit.
Link-local address—OSPFv3 uses IPv6's link-local addresses to identify the
OSPFv3 adjacency neighbors.
New LSA types—The Link-LSA and Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA types are added in
OSPFv3:
Link-LSA (LSA type 0x0008)—There is one Link-LSA per link. This new type
provides the router's link-local address and lists all IPv6 prefixes attached to
the link.
75. Differences between OSPFv3 and OSPFv2
(contd)
Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA (LSA type 0x2009)—There are multiple LSAs with
different link-state IDs. The area flooding scope can be an associated prefix
with the transit network referencing a Network-LSA, or it can be an associated
prefix with a router or a stub referencing a Router-LSA.
Transport—OSPFv3 messages are sent over IPv6 datagrams, allowing the
configuration across IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnels.
Multicast address—Two standard multicast addresses are used with OSPFv3:
FF02::5—Represents all SPF routers on the link-local scope. This multicast
address is equivalent to 224.0.0.5 in OSPFv2.
FF02::6—Represents all Designated Router (DR) routers on the link-local
scope. This multicast address is equivalent to 224.0.0.6 in OSPFv2.
Security—OSPFv3 uses Authentication Headers (IPSec AH) and Encapsulating
Security Payload (IPSec ESP) extension headers as an authentication
mechanism instead of the variety of authentication schemes and procedures
defined in OSPFv2.
77. Fields of the OSPF header
• Version (1 byte)
OSPF for IPv6 uses version number 3.
• Type (1 byte)
Defines the type of OSPF messages.
• Packet length (2 bytes)
This is the length of the OSPF protocol packet in bytes, including the OSPF
header.
• Router ID (4 bytes)
The Router ID of the router originating this packet. Each router must have
a unique Router ID, a 32-bit number normally represented in dotted
decimal notation.The Router ID must be unique within the entire AS.
78. Fields of the OSPF header (contd)• Area ID (4 bytes)
The Area ID identifies the area to which this OSPF packet belongs.
• Checksum (2 bytes)
OSPF uses the standard checksum calculation for IPv6 applications.
The checksum is computed using the 16-bit one’s complement of the
one’s complement sum over the entire packet. The checksum field in
the OSPF packet header is set to 0.
• Instance ID (1 byte)
Identifies the OSPF instance to which this packet belongs. The Instance
ID is an 8-bit number assigned to each interface of the router. The
default value is 0. The Instance ID enables multiple OSPF protocol
instances to run on a single link. If the receiving router does not
recognize the Instance ID, it discards the packet. For example, routers
A, B, C, and D are connected to a common link n. A and B belong to an
AS different from the one to which C and D belong. To exchange OSPF
packets, A and B will use a different Instance ID from C and D. This
prevents routers from accepting incorrect OSPF packets. In OSPF for
IPv4, this was done using the Authentication field, which no longer
exists in OSPF for IPv6.
79. Two renamed LSAs
1. Interarea prefix LSAs for area border routers (ABRs) (type 3)
Type 3 LSAs advertise internal networks to routers in other areas
(interarea routes).
Type 3 LSAs may represent a single network or a set of networks
summarized into one advertisement.
Only ABRs generate summary LSAs.
In OSPF for IPv6, addresses for these LSAs are expressed as prefix,
prefix length instead of address, mask.
The default route is expressed as a prefix with length 0.
2. Interarea router LSAs for ASBRs (type 4)
Type 4 LSAs advertise the location of an ASBR.
Routers that are trying to reach an external network use these
advertisements to determine the best path to the next hop.
ASBRs generate type 4 LSAs
80. Two new LSAs
1. Link LSAs (type 8)
Information which is only significant to two directly connected neighbors.
Type 8 LSAs have link-local flooding scope and are never flooded beyond the
link with which they are associated.
Link LSAs provide the link-local address of the router to all other routers
attached to the link.
Link LSAs also inform other routers attached to the link of a list of IPv6 prefixes
to associate with the link, and allow the router to assert a collection of options
bits to associate with the network LSA that will be originated for the link.
2. Intra-area prefix LSAs (type 9)
Carries Prefixes for a referenced Link State ID.
Prefix changes in OSPFv2 (sent in Router and Network LSAs) causes an
SPF recalculation), but because they do not affect SPF tree, does not cause SPF
recalculation in OSPFv3.
Makes OSPFv3 more scalable for large networks with large number of
frequently changing prefixes
82. BGP Multiprotocol Extension for IPv6
BGP4+
BGP-4 carries only three pieces of information that are truly IPv4-specific:
NLRI (feasible and withdrawn) in the UPDATE message contains an IPv4
prefix.
NEXT_HOP path attribute in the UPDATE message contains an IPv4
address.
BGP Identifier is in the OPEN message and in the AGGREGATOR attribute.
To make BGP-4 available for other network layer protocols, the multiprotocol
NLRI and its next hop information must be added. RFC 2858 extends BGP to
support
multiple network layer protocols. IPv6 is one of the protocols supported, as
emphasized in a separate document (RFC 2545).
83. Changes in BGP for IPv6 support To accommodate the new requirement for multiprotocol support, BGP-4 adds
two new attributes to advertise and withdraw multiprotocol NLRI. The BGP
Identifier stays unchanged. BGP-4 routers with IPv6 extensions therefore still
need a local IPv4 address. To establish a BGP connection exchanging IPv6
prefixes, the peering routers need to advertise the optional parameter BGP
capability to indicate IPv6 support. BGP connections and route selection
remain unchanged. Each implementer needs to extend the RIB to
accommodate IPv6 routes. Policies need to take IPv6 NLRI and next hop
information into consideration for route selection.
An UPDATE message advertising only IPv6 NLRI sets the unfeasible route
length field to 0 and carries no IPv4 NLRI. All advertised or withdrawn IPv6
routes are carried within the MP_REACH_NLRI and MP_UNREACH_NLRI. The
UPDATE must carry the path attributes ORIGIN and AS_PATH; in IBGP
connections it must also carry LOCAL_PREF.
The NEXT_HOP attribute should not be carried. If the UPDATE message
contains the NEXT_HOP attribute, the receiving peer must ignore it. All other
attributes can be carried and are recognized.
84. Changes in BGP for IPv6 support (contd)
An UPDATE message can advertise both IPv6 NLRI and IPv4 NLRI having
the same path attributes. In this case, all fields can be used. For IPv6 NLRI,
however, the NEXT_HOP attribute should be ignored. IPv4 and IPv6 NLRI
are separated in the corresponding RIB.
MP_REACH_NLRI path attribute
This optional nontransitive attribute allows the exchange of feasible IPv6
NLRI to a peer, along with its next hop IPv6 address. The NLRI and the
next hop are delivered in one attribute.
MP_UNREACH_NLRI path attribute
This optional nontransitive attribute allows the sending peer to withdraw
multiple IPv6 routes that are no longer valid.
86. IPv6 Filtering (Access Control Lists)
IPv6 Standard Access Control Lists
• IPv6 access-lists (ACL) are used to filter traffic and restrict access to the
router
• IPv6 prefix-lists are used to filter routing protocol updates.
• IPv6 Standard ACL (Permit/Deny)
IPv6 source/destination addresses
IPv6 prefix-lists
On Inbound and Outbound interfaces
87. IPv6 Extended ACL
Adds support for IPv6 option header and upper layer filtering
Only named access-lists are supported for IPv6
IPv6 and IPv4 ACL functionality
Implicit deny any any as final rule in each ACL.
A reference to an empty ACL will permit any any.
ACLs are NEVER applied to self-originated traffic.
88. IPv6 ACL Implicit Rules
Implicit permit rules, enable neighbor discovery
The following implicit rules exist at the end of each IPv6 ACL to allow
ICMPv6 neighbor discovery:
permit icmp any any nd-na
permit icmp any any nd-ns
deny ipv6 any any
90. IPv6 architecture and firewall - requirements
• No need to NAT – same level of security with IPv6 possible as with IPv4
(security and privacy)
• Even better: e2e security with IPSec
• IPv6 does not require end-to-end connectivity, but provides end-to-end
addressability
• Support for IPv4/IPv6 transition and coexistence
• Support for IPv6 header chaining
• There are some IPv6-capable firewalls now Cisco ACL/PIX, iptables, ipfw,
Juniper NetScreen.
91. IPv6 firewall setup
Firewall must support ND/NA
Firewall should support filtering dynamic routing protocol
Firewall must support RS/RA if Stateless Address Auto-Configuration
(SLAAC) is used
Firewall must support MLD messages if multicast is required
92. IPv6 Firewall Filter Rules
When you live in a dual-stack network, you will have two security concepts:
one for the IPv4 world and another for the IPv6 world. And the two concepts
do not have to match; they have to be designed according to the
requirements of each protocol. Your firewalls may support both protocols,
having two separate filter sets (one for each protocol), or you may have two
boxes, one being the firewall for the IPv4 network and the other being the
firewall for your IPv6 network.
93. Security provisions and firewall filters that should be
considered Ingress filter at perimeter firewall for internally used addresses.
Filter unneeded services at the perimeter firewall.
Deploy host-based firewalls for a defense in depth.
Critical systems should have static, nonobvious (randomly generated) IPv6
addresses. Consider using static neighbor entries for critical systems (versus
letting them participate in ND).
Hosts for Mobile IPv6 operations should be separate systems (to protect them by
separate rules).
Ensure that end nodes do not forward packets with Routing Extension headers.
Layer 3 firewalls should never forward link-layer multicast packets.
Firewalls should support filtering based on Source and Destination address, IPv6
extension headers, and upper-layer protocol information.
Check your network for external packets that did not enter through your main
perimeter firewall as an indication of “backdoor” connections of surreptitious
tunneling.
94. IPv4-IPv6 Co-existence/Transition
A wide range of techniques have been identified and implemented, basically
falling into three categories:
Dual-stack techniques, to allow IPv4 and IPv6 to co-exist in the same
devices and networks
Tunneling techniques, to avoid order dependencies when upgrading
hosts, routers, or regions
Translation techniques, to allow IPv6-only devices to communicate
with IPv4-only devices
95. IPv6 tunneling
Tunneling provides a way to use an existing IPv4 routing infrastructure to
carry IPv6 traffic.
The key to a successful IPv6 transition is compatibility with the existing
installed base of IPv4 hosts and routers.
Maintaining compatibility with IPv4 while deploying IPv6 streamlines the
task of transitioning the Internet to IPv6.
While the IPv6 infrastructure is being deployed, the existing IPv4 routing
infrastructure can remain functional, and can be used to carry IPv6 traffic.
96. Ways of Tunneling
Router-to-Router IPv6 or IPv4 routers interconnected by an IPv4
infrastructure can tunnel IPv6 packets between themselves. In this case,
the tunnel spans one segment of the end-to-end path that the IPv6 packet
takes.
Host-to-Router IPv6 or IPv4 hosts can tunnel IPv6 packets to an
intermediary IPv6 or IPv4 router that is reachable through an IPv4
infrastructure. This type of tunnel spans the first segment of the packet's
end-to-end path.
Host-to-Host IPv6 or IPv4 hosts that are interconnected by an IPv4
infrastructure can tunnel IPv6 packets between themselves. In this case,
the tunnel spans the entire end-to-end path that the packet takes.
Router-to-Host IPv6/IPv4 routers can tunnel IPv6 packets to their final
destination IPv6 or IPv4 host. This tunnel spans only the last segment of
the end-to-end path.
97. There are two types of tunnels in IPv6
1. Automatic tunnels: Automatic tunnels are configured by using IPv4
address information embedded in an IPv6 address – the IPv6 address of
the destination host includes information about which IPv4 address the
packet should be tunneled to.
2. Configured tunnels: Configured tunnels must be configured manually.
These tunnels are used when using IPv6 addresses that do not have any
embedded IPv4 information. The IPv6 and IPv4 addresses of the
endpoints of the tunnel must be specified.
99. Dual stack
Dual stack node means:
Both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks enabled
Applications can talk to both
100. IPv6 translation
Address and protocol translation mechanisms such as NAT-PT (Network
Address translation – protocol translation) and SIIT (Stateless IP-ICMP
translation) can be used to help an IPv6 host talk to an IPv4 host, by
converting v6 packets into v4 and vice-versa.
103. The Impact of IPv6 on Various Network Entities
How IPv6 affects layer 2
The layer 2 switches process packets based on MAC addresses which
are independent of IPv6.
Implementing IPv6 over layer 2 networks should not need significant
changes to the layer 2 switches. However, IPv6 support for protocol
VLANs may need hardware support. Functionality such as ACL (Access
Control Lists) and MLD snooping (equivalent to IPv4 IGMP snooping)
will need to take into account changes for IPv6.
How IPv6 affects layer 3
For layer 3 support, in addition to the basic IPv6 modules, the routing
and forwarding mechanism needs to be aware of IPv6. Hence,
protocols such as RIPng and OSPFv3 will need to be deployed and the
hardware will need to be IPv6 capable in order to do line rate
processing of IPv6 packets.
A significant change to hardware and software functionality will be
needed in routers to support IPv6.
104. The Impact of IPv6 on Various Network Entities
(Contd)
What IPv6 means to the desktop/hosts
The desktop operating system needs to support IPv6 in order to
deploy IPv6 on hosts.
The enterprise and consumer applications need to be ported to IPv6
so that there is an application base for IPv6. New IPv6 applications will
need to be developed that support end-to-end and peer-to-peer
communications models on the Internet.
For hosts to communicate using IPv6, the necessary infrastructure
needs to be in place to support IPv6. A transition plan needs to be
formulated for the network and the strategy will figure out whether
the transition will need specific software support from the host or
whether it will be seamless. Again, depending on the network
topology plan, DHCP or DNS support may be needed.
105. Deployment Issues
IPv6 technology promises to bring a number of benefits to network
communications. But given the complexity of the entire IPv6 protocol family and
the need for a robust infrastructure supporting the protocols, it would be wise for
an enterprise to give thoughtful consideration to issues concerning IPv6
deployment.
Protecting existing investment
Vendors need to protect existing investments in switches/routers/hosts.
Thus they need a strategy which will maximize the returns on current
investments
Return on investment (ROI)
IPv6 will need software and hardware upgrades on hosts, switches and
routers. It may need deployment of new applications. Also, IPv6 transition
needs to be carefully planned and a pilot network is typically done to
evaluate the strategy. All this requires time and adds to expenses. Hence,
a clear business case needs to be made to trigger migration of enterprise
networks to IPv6.
106. Deployment Issues (contd)
Network planning
IPv6 can be deployed in two ways: having completely independent
IPv6 and IPv4 networks or overlaying IPv4 and IPv6 networks. This
strategy can affect the IPv6 features required on hosts, switches and
routers.
Instability in some IPv6 features
Certain standards like mobile IPv6, flow label are not stable yet, and
this is necessary for successful deployment particularly to avoid
interoperability issues.
Service provider support
For enterprises which require IPv6 communication over the Internet, it
is necessary to look into what IPv6 services and applications are
offered by the service providers.
107. IPv6 on Windows
Full support
Windows XP SP 1 and later (Adv Net or SP2 recommended)
Windows Server 2003 (no full application support)
SP2 additions
Teredo client
host-specific relay support
IPv6 firewall
Autoconfiguration is working
netsh interface ipv6 4
interface 1 – loopback
interface 2 – ISATAP
interface 3 - 6to4 interface
interface 4... – real network interfaces
interface 5 – Teredo interface