The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.

1. IPv6 Talal A. Alsubaie App. & DB Department Saudi FDA

2. Special Thanks… To Saad A. Al-Maleki for his assessment in this work.

3. Outlines IPv4 Addressing. Features of IPv6. IPv6 Addressing. Transition Mechanisms. Software Support. IPv6 Market Conclusion.

4. IPv4 Addressing INTERNET is the world largest public network. ~320 million users in 2000 : ~550 million users by 2005 IPv4 defines a 32 bit, that will give us ( 4,294,967,296 ) IP addresses. The first problem is concerned with the eventual running out of the IP address space.

5. IPv4 Addressing (cont.) Techniques was used with address shortage in IPv4: Subnettin. Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) Network Address Translation (NAT)

6. NAT and Subnet

7. IPv4 Addressing (cont.) P2P applications. Need to reserve an IP address to each peer. Always-on devices. Mobile Phones, ADSL, and Intelligent Home ...ect.

8. Always Connected Devices Global Addressing Always-on Devices Need an Address When You Call Them

9. Features of IPv6 Large Address Space. 128 bit vs. 32 bit in IPv4. Stateless auto configuration of hosts. Plug and play. Multicast. It is part of IPv6, unlike IPv4 was introduced later.

10. Features of IPv6 Link-local addresses. Never change, unlike global address. Jumbograms. IPv4, packets are limited to 64 KB, Jumbograms can be as large as 4GB. in high speed networks Network-layer security. IP Security is built-in IPv6, unlike IPv4 built-on . Mobility. Make IPv6 node to be mobile to change it’s location in an IPv6 network. (May change IPv6 Address Dynamically).

11. Features of IPv6 Mobility Mobile Operators using 3GPP UMTS / Internet Multimedia Services (IMS) Nokia, Motorola and others making use of mobile IPv6 in their devices Ad-hoc networks – think police, fire and emergency services – push to talk requirements

12. IPv6 Addressing The primary change from IPv4 to IPv6 is the length of network addresses. 128 bit vs. 32 bit. IPv6 addresses are typically composed of two logical parts: 64-bit (sub-)network prefix. 64-bit host part. ( automatically generated from the interface's MAC address ) . User identity being permanently tied to an IPv6 address.

13. IPv6 Addressing (cont.) Notation: IPv6 addresses are normally written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits . 2001 : 0db8 : 85a3 : 08d3 : 1319 : 8a2e : 0370 : 7334 Four-digit group(s) of 0000, can be omitted and replaced with two colons( :: ). 2001: 0db8 :0000: 0000 :0000: 0000 :1428: 57ab is equal to 2001: 0db8 :: 1428: 57ab . A sequence of 4 bytes at the end of an IPv6 address can also be written in decimal, using dots as separators. Used with mixed environment of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. ::1 = localhost = (127.0.0.1) in IPv4

14. IPv6 Addressing (cont.) IPv6 addresses in URL: In a URL the IPv6-Address is enclosed in brackets. http://[2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344]/ https://[2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344]:443/ ‘ A’ record of DNS(IPv4) www.talals.net A 203.178.141.212 ‘ Qaud A’ “AAAA” record of DNS(IPv6) www.talals.net AAAA 3ffe:501:4819:2000:5254:ff:fedc:50d2

15. IPv6 Addressing (cont.) Kinds of IPv6 addresses: Unicast Addresses: One to One. Multicast Addresses: One to Many. Anycast Addresses: One to Nearest. There is no Broadcast in IPv6.

16. Transition Mechanisms Transition mechanisms are needed for IPv6 only host to reach IPv4 services. Dual stack. Tunneling. Translation.

17. Transition Mechanisms Dual Stack: Dual stack host can speak both IPv4 and IPv6 communicate with IPv4 host by IPv4 communicate with IPv6 host by IPv6

18. Transition Mechanisms Dual Stack: Access Access

19. Transition Mechanisms Tunneling: Encapsulates some data inside some packets. Automatic tunneling: ( 6-To-4 ). (Enabled in Windows Vista) Teredo. ( Enabled in Windows Vista) Configured: Tunneling is configured manually via human or software service. IPv6/Dual Network 6to4 Router Adds v4 header IPv6/Dual Network IPv4 Core IPv4 Router Forwards as Usual Destination 6to4 router removes IPv4 header Delivery Generation

20. Transition Mechanisms Tunneling: IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling IPv4 Packet IPv6 Packet

21. Transition Mechanisms Translation: This is a simple extension to NAT techniques, to translate header format as well as addresses Translate IPv6 only host to IPv4 only host(vice versa) protocol translation mapping address Unreliable

22. Software Support Any modern O/S has IPv6 support Most common applications and tools have IPv6 support: Apache IIS FTP Ping Telnet IE Mozilla Firefox Opera Outlook Windows Media Player and more … Some applications need to be recompiled.

23. IPv6 Market Home Networking. Gaming. Mobile Devices. Enterprise PC’s. Consumer Devices. i.e. Sony. ISP. …

24. Conclusion IPv6 is NEW … – built on the experiences learned from IPv4 – new features – large address space – autoconfiguration … and OLD – still IP – build on a solid base – started in 1995, a lot of implementations and tests done