Easy & to the point Topics are clearly given in this presentation..
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(Anurag Pandey) B.Pharm
Contact :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com (Facebook & Gmail both)
“It is define has an substance or Pharmaceutical material is encapsulated over the surface of solid, droplet of liquid and dispersion of medium is known has Microencapsulation”
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
“It is define has an substance or Pharmaceutical material is encapsulated over the surface of solid, droplet of liquid and dispersion of medium is known has Microencapsulation”
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
Product comparison matrices (PCMs) provide a
convenient way to document the discriminant features of a family of related products and now abound on the internet. Despite their apparent simplicity, the information present in existing PCMs can be very heterogeneous, partial, ambiguous, hard to exploit by users who desire to choose an appropriate product. Variability Models (VMs) can be employed to formulate in a more precise way the semantics of PCMs and enable automated reasoning such as assisted configuration. Yet, the gap between PCMs and VMs should be precisely understood and automated techniques should support the transition between the two. In this paper, we propose
variability patterns that describe PCMs content and conduct an empirical analysis of 300+ PCMs mined from Wikipedia. Our findings are a first step toward better engineering techniques for maintaining and configuring PCMs.
Almost Exact Procedure is provided in each & every slide ..
Thanks & Best Regards
Anurag Pandey (B.Pharm)
Contact :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com (Facebook & Gmail)
This presentation includes information related to the different technologies used for preparation of micro-capsules and also their evaluation parameters.
Microencapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules, of many useful properties. In general, it is used to incorporate food ingredients, enzymes, cells or other materials on a micro metric scale.
microencapsulation is the part of an pharmaceutics, in that the method of preperation is giving. and all related thing about microencapsulation is given.
thanks you.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Its my project work of Novel drug delivery system. {B.pharm 7th sem} . I have assembled all the sources of this topic in this presentation in a easiest way, i hope all other students find it useful and gain maximum knowledge from this PPT.
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content required for the title.
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
Content is up to date & true to my belief.
Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content required for the title.
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
Content is up to date & true to my belief.
Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content required for the title.
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
Content is up to date & true to my belief.
Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content required for the Mucoadhesive drug delivery system.
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
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Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
THIS PRESENTATION CONTENT WILL GIVE YOU BRIEF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HOW YOU CAN IMPROVE THE PROCESS OUTPUT WITH A PROPER PRE-DESIGNED STRUCTURE FOR THAT PARTICULAR.
ISO 9000, Lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma Works on the principle of total quality management or we can say that they overshadowed the TQM due to their efficient output in comparison to it.
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content is required for this method
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Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content required for the aptamer based drug delivery.
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Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content/guidelines require for biowaiver application.
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Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
More from Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University (8)
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
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Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
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Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
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In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
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AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
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2. INTRODUCTION
• It is a process by which solids, liquids or gases can be
enclosed in microscopic particles by formation of thin
coating of wall material (polymer) around the substance.
• Also known as microcapsule, microsphere, coated
granules, pellets.
• Particle size: 50-5000 micron.
• 2 phases: a) Core material
b) Coating material
3. CORE & COATING MATERIALS
1. CORE MATERIALS:_ The core material is the specific material to
be coated. It can be liquid or solid in nature.
• E.g., acetaminophen, activated charcoal, aspirin, urease, potassium chloride, vitamin palmitate etc.
2. COATING MATERIALS:_ Selection of coating materials decides
the physical & chemical properties of the resultant
microcapsule/microsphere.
E.g., Water soluble resins :- gelatin, starch, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, hydroxymethylcellulose etc.
Water Insoluble resins :- ethyl cellulose, polyethylene, polymethcrylate, cellulose nitrate etc.
Waxes & lipids :- Paraffin, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol etc.
Enteric Resins :- Shellac, cellulose acetate pthalate (CAP) , zein etc.
4. TYPES OF MICROCAPSULE
1- MONONUCLEAR :_ MONONUCLEAR (CORE-SHELL) MICROCAPSULE
CONTAIN THE SHELL AROUND THE CORE.
2- POLYNUCLEAR:_ POLYNUCLEAR CAPSULES HAVE MANY CORES
ENCLOSED WITHIN THE SHELL.
3- MATRIX:_ MATRIX ENCAPSULATION IN WHICH THE CORE MATERIALS IS
DISTRIBUTED HOMOGENEOUSLY INTO THE SHELL MATERIAL.
5. TO O B TA I N M A X I M U M T H E R A P E U T I C E F F I C A C Y D R U G I S TO B E
D E L I V E R E D : -
TO THE TARGET TISSUE
:
IN THE OPTIMAL AMOUNT
:
IN THE RIGHT PERIOD OF TIME
:
THERE, BY IT CAUSES LITTLE TOXICITY & MINIMAL
SIDE EFFECT
Microencapsulation overcome some of the
problems of conventional therapy & enhance
the therapeutic efficacy of a given drug.
6. Isolation of core from it’s surrounding as in isolating vitamins from the deteriorating effect
of oxygen.
Retarding evaporation of a volatile core.
Improving the handling properties of a sticking material.
Isolating a reactive core from chemical attack.
For controlled release of drugs.
Masking the taste or odour of the core like., Paracetamol, Nitrofurantoin etc.
To reduce toxicity & G.I irritation.
For converting liquid drugs in a free flowing powder.
To get targeted release of the drug.
Hygroscopic properties of core materials may be reduced by microencapsulation e.g.,
sodium chloride.
7. Table :_ Microencapsulation Process & their applicable core material
S.no Microencapsulation Process Applicable core material Approximate Particle size (µm)
1. Air Suspension Solids 35-5000
2. Coacervation-phase separation Solids and Liquids 2-5000
3. Multiorifice centrifugal Solids and Liquids 1-5000
4. Pan Coating Solids 600-5000
5. Solvent Evaporation Solids and Liquids 5-5000
6. Spray Drying and Congealing Solids and Liquids 600
8. Manufacturing techniques
of
Microencapsulation
1. PHYSICAL
METHODS
Spray drying
Pan Coating
Air-Suspension Coating
Multi orifice – Centrifugal
Process
Spray Congealing
Solvent Evaporation
2. PHYSIO-CHEMICAL
METHODS
Coacervation Process
Polymerization Complex
9.
10. COACERVATION PHASE INVERSION
• Coacervate means a cluster of droplets separated out of a lyophilic colloid's .
THREE MAJOR STEPS :_
1. Formation of 3 immiscible chemical phase
2. Deposition of coating
3. Rigidization of coating.
1. Formation of 3 immiscible chemical phase
A liquid manufacturing vehicle phase, a core material phase and a coating material phase is
formed by dispersing the core material in a solution of coating polymer, Coacervation is done by
changing the temperature of the polymer solution; or by addition of a salt, or a non-solvent, or
incompatible polymer to polymer solution; or by inducing polymer-polymer interaction.
2. Deposition of coating
The deposition takes place when the polymer is adsorbed at the interface between the liquid
polymer and the core material
3. Rigidization of coating.
Coating is made rigid by :
• Temperature
• Cross-linking
• Desolvation
12. AIR SUSPENSION TECHNIQUE
1. Solid, particulate core materials are dispersed in a supporting air stream.
2. The coating material is sprayed on the air suspended particles.
3. Within the coating chamber, particles are suspended on an upward moving air
stream
4. The design of the chamber and its operating parameters effect a recirculating flow
of the particles through the coating zone portion of the chamber, where a coating
material, usually a polymer solution, is spray applied to the moving particles.
5. During each pass through the coating zone, the core material receives an
increment of coating material.
6. The cyclic process is repeated, perhaps several hundred times during processing,
depending on:_
The purpose of microencapsulation.
The coating thickness desired.
7. Until the core material particles are thoroughly encapsulated.
8. The supporting air stream also serves to dry the product while it is being
encapsulated
9. Drying rates are directly related to the volume temperature of the supporting air
stream.
13. Fig., Air Suspension Technique
• Schematics of a fluid-bed coater.
(a) Top spray;
(b) bottom spray;
(c) tangential spray
14. The coating solidification effected by rapid evaporating of solvent in
which coating material is dissolved
Approximate particle size :- About 600 micrometer
SPRAY DRYING
The coating solidification is effected by thermally congealing a molten
coating material. The removal of solvent done by sorption extraction or
evaporation technique
SPRAY CONGEALING
15. MULTIORIFICE-CENTRIFUGAL
PROCESS
It is a mechanical process for producing microcapsules.
Centrifugal forces are used to hurl a core material particle through an enveloping
microencapsulation membrane.
Processing variables include:
The rotational speed of the cylinder,
The flow rate of the core and coating materials,
The concentration, viscosity, surface tension of the core material.
The multi-orifice centrifugal process is capable for microencapsulating liquids and
solids of varied size ranges, with diverse coating materials.
The encapsulated product can be supplied as :-
- slurry in the hardening media
- dry powder.
Production rates of 50 to 75 pounds per hour.
16. Solid particle greater than 600 micron size are generally consider for effective
coating.
It is used for preparation of controlled- release beads.
Coating is applied as solution by atomized spray to desired solid core material
in coating pan.
Usually warm air is passed over the coated material as the coating are being
applied in the coating pan.
PAN COATING
18. The method involve the reaction of monomeric unit located at the interface
existing between a core material substance and continuous phase in which the
core material is disperse.
The core material supporting phase is usually a liquid or gas, and therefore
polymerization reaction occur at liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-liquid, or solid-
gas interface.
E.g. In the formation of polyamide (Nylon) polymeric reaction occurring at
liquid-liquid interface existing between aliphatic diamine & dicarboxylic acid
halide.
POLYMERIZATION
COMPLEX EMULSION