Qualitative data analysis involves organizing the data, coding it into categories and themes, and then interpreting the findings. The coding process breaks down data into smaller segments, labels them with codes, and groups similar codes into categories and themes. Researchers then look for relationships between themes to develop theories or explanations about the central phenomenon being studied.

2. refers to the strategy, the plan and action, the process or
design lying behind the choice and use of a particular method

3. serves as the blueprint or skeletal framework of research
study
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Scientific method Complex and varied

4. Explain the detailed information of either a person or group
regarding a specific phenomenon in real-life context and draws
conclusion only about that individual or group and only in that
particular context
PARTICULARISTIC AND CONTECTUAL IN NATURE
Collecting data for this study is larger than all other types of
qualitative research
ADVANTAGE: more flexible (strongly rooted in reality)
EXAMPLE: How a large multi-national company introduced a
method into an agile development environment

5. A study of the “entire cultural group” (Creswell, 2007)
COMMON CULTURAL PARAMETERS
• Geographical (region or country)
• Religious group
• Tribal groups
• Shared experience (Yolanda victims, fisher folks, farmers)
 it aims to describe and identify cultural characteristics of the
particular group to understand their political, social, religious, or
psychological processes
The researcher is encouraged to be a participant observer

6. Stories of life experiences
The researcher must be able to describe in details, the beginning,
middle, and end of a persons experience on a particular topic of
interest
 Familiar forms of narrative research : autobiography, biography,
life history and personal experiences

7. Describes the “subjective reality” of an event, as perceived by the
study of a population
 The main goal is to describe the “universal essence” of
experiences shared by several people in order for the rest of us to
understand
 it is a study of a phenomenon ( any situation, event , concept, or
fact that is observed but is unusual or difficult to explain)
EXAMPLE: insomnia, being left out, anger, political rallies, bullying,
poverty, or even undergoing surgery (LACK OF UNDERSTANDING)

8. Determine the reasons for changes or permanence of things in the
physical world in a certain period (years, decades, centuries)
EXAMPLE:
• Telephones from the Nuclear Era to the Digital Age
• A Five Year study of the Impact of the K-12 Curriculum on the
Philippine Employment System
It differs to other research design due to its SCOPE or COVERAGE
(number of years, kind of events, and extent of new knowledge or
discoveries)

9. Most common but complex types of qualitative research (social
sciences)
* DATA – set of information
DATA, GROUNDED and THEORY
* GROUNDED – to provide a basis for (a theory) or to justify
* THEORY– a set of principles or propositions explaining a
particular event or phenomenon

11. Method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer
questions meant to yield data for a research study
POPULATION: totality of all the elements covered by a study
SAMPLING FRAME: individual elements in a population or target
population
Elements: individual people, beliefs, events, places, artifacts,
activity and time
Target population in qualitative research: people by age
groups, gender, ethnicity, culture, customers, clients, patients,
profession, and geographic area

12. Involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a
certain population focused on by your study
Unbiased sampling
SAMPLING ERRORS: occurs when the selection does not take
place in the way it is planned

13. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 pure-chance selection
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 chance and system are the ones to determine who
would compose the sample
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
 the group comprising the sample is chosen in a way
that such groups is liable to subdivision during the data
analysis stage
CLUSTER SAMPLING
 isolate a set of persons instead of individual members
to serve as sample members

14. QUOTA SAMPLING
 you tend to choose sample members possessing or
indicating the characteristics of the target population
VOLUNTARY SAMPLING
 when the subject you expect to participate in the sample
selection are the ones volunteering to constitute the
sample, there is no need for any selection process
PURPOSIVE OR JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING
 the respondents whom the researcher are sure could
correspond to the objectives of the study (rich in
experience or interested in the study)

15. AVAILABILITY SAMPLING
 the willingness of a person as your subject to interact
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
 does not give a specific set of samples
 free to obtain data from any group just like snow freely
expanding and accumulating at a certain place

16. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Complete and
accurate count of
the target
population
Number in the
sample is not very
important
The analysis is
descriptive in
nature

17. Determination of the sample size under different research designs
as recommended by Patton, M.C. 2001 in the conduct of qualitative
research
CASE STUDY: select one case or one person
PHENOMENOLOGY : assess 10 people. If you reach saturation
prior to assessing ten people, you may use fewer
GROUNDED THEORY: assess 20-30 people, which typically is
enough to reach saturation point
ETHNOGRAPHY & NARRATIVE: similar to grounded theory

18. Baraceros, E. (2016).Practical Research 1. Sampaloc, Manila,
Philippines: Rex bookstore Inc.
Marquez-Fong, SE. R., & Tigno, C. R. Practical Research 1. 1253
Gregorio Araneta Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal Group
Inc.

20. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Objective
No interaction with a
study’s participants
except when they are
interviewed
Controlled variables
The researcher, or observer,
puts himself/herself “in the
shoes” of the participant to
understand the participants
experience
Flexible variables

22. * Look for the following
1. Define observation, interview, and questionnaire (as ways in
gathering information)
2. Types of observation
3. Methods of observation
4. Advantages and disadvantages of observation
5. Types of interview
6. Types of questionnaire

24.  DATA ANALYSIS CONSISTS OF:
- examining
- categorizing
- tabulating
- recombining
- first step in data analysis
- is a process of breaking down sentences and
paragraphs to answer the research problem of
what, how, where, and when and assigning
unique codes so that you can summarize those
that are alike

25. Somebody observed and interviewed 4th and 5th grade children
to learn the ways they hurt and oppress each other. Initially
their responses into Physical and Verbal form of oppression
Category: Physical Oppression
CODE: pushing
CODE: fighting
CODE: scratching
Category: Verbal Oppression
CODE: name-calling
CODE: threatening
CODE: laughing at
Category: Physical and Verbal Oppression

26. Category: Oppression through Physical Force (primarily but
not exclusively by boys)
CODE: FIGHTING
SUBCODE: pushing
SUBCODE: scratching
SUBCODE: punching
Category: Oppression through hurting others’ feelings
(primarily but not exclusively by girls)
CODE: PUTTING DOWN
SUBCODE: name-calling
SUBCODE: teasing
SUBCODE: trash talking

27. OPEN CODING
- the data collected are divided into segments and then
they are scrutinized for commonalities that could reflect
categories or themes
- similar comments (incidents, event) are grouped
together to form categories
- The researcher will examine and identify the meaning of
the data by asking questions, making comparisons, and looking
for similarities and differences between the comments

28. Source: Transcript of an interview Assigned code
1. He cares about me. He has never told me but he does 1. SENSE OF SELF-
WORTH
2. He’s always there for me, even when my parents
were not. He’s one of the few things that I hold a
constant in my life. It’s so nice
2. FEELING SECURE
3. I really feel comfortable around him 3. COMFORTABLE
Entries in field notes Assigned code
1. I noticed that the majority of the homes in this
subdivision have chain link fences in from of them.
There are many dogs mostly German Shepherds, with
signs on fences that say “BEWARE OF DOGS”
1. SECURITY

29. AXIAL CODING
- try to find connections or relationships to the categories
that have been established
- Categories can be friendship, fear, happiness, hospitals,
school, pain
Example: PAIN
Causal condition: grief, toothache, swollen foot, stomach ache
Action strategies: go to doctor, sleep, take medicine
Consequences: disappear by itself, pain relief, surgical operation

30. SELECTIVE CODING
- this involves browsing over the documents/data and
attempt to develop selectively a core category that illustrate
themes and make comparisons and contrasts after most or all of
the data collection is complete
- during the process of selective coding, the categories
and their interrelationships are combined to from a storyline
that describes what happens in the phenomenon that is being
studied

31. THEMATIC CONTENT ANALYSIS
- it aims to find common patterns across a data set
STEPS:
1. Getting familiar with the data (reading and re-reading)
2. Coding the whole text
3. Searching for themes with broader patterns of meaning
4. Reviewing themes to make sure they fit the data
5. Defining and naming themes
6. The write-up (creating a coherent narrative that include
from the interviewees)

32. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
- making sense of stories
STEPS:
1. Gather the stories
2. Analyze each story and look for insights and meanings
3. Compare and contrast different stories; look for
interpretations
4. Create a new story that connect the previous ones in a novel
and insightful way

33. CONSTANT COMPARATIVE METHOD
- a process in which any newly collected data is compared
with previous data was collected in one or more earlier studies
- this is a continuous on-going procedure for theories are
formed, enhanced, confirmed, or even discounted as a result of
any new data that emerges from the study

34. 1. Title of the study along with the name of
researchers
2. Background of the study (bullet form)
3. Statement of the problem
4. Methodology
- research design
- Sampling and participants
- Data collection
- Data analysis
- Procedure (diagram)