This document discusses various methods and instruments for collecting data in research studies. It begins by defining data and explaining why data collection is important. It then covers primary and secondary sources of data, as well as internal and external sources. The main methods of collecting primary data discussed are direct personal investigation through interviews, indirect oral investigation, case studies, measurements, and observation. Secondary data sources include published and unpublished sources. The document also discusses self-reported data collection methods like surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. Other methods covered include document review, focus groups, and observation. Mixed methods are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data for research. It explains that primary data is collected fresh for a study, while secondary data comes from existing sources like books, papers, and reports. Some primary data collection methods covered include surveys, experiments, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, case studies, and observation. Factors to consider when choosing a method include the research objectives, budget, timeframe, and the researcher's knowledge. Collecting quality data is essential for answering the research problem.
This document discusses various methods for collecting research data, including primary and secondary sources. It describes different types of self-report methods like interviews, questionnaires, and scales. Interviews can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires contain different types of questions in various formats. Scales discussed include Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and visual analog scales. The document provides advantages and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
This document discusses various data collection methods used in research, including observation, interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques. It provides details on each method, such as how to conduct interviews and focus groups, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and examples of projective techniques like word association tests. The document aims to explain the appropriate use of both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in social science research.
This document discusses various methods and instruments for collecting data in research studies. It begins by defining data and explaining why data collection is important. It then covers primary and secondary sources of data, as well as internal and external sources. The main methods of collecting primary data discussed are direct personal investigation through interviews, indirect oral investigation, case studies, measurements, and observation. Secondary data sources include published and unpublished sources. The document also discusses self-reported data collection methods like surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. Other methods covered include document review, focus groups, and observation. Mixed methods are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data for research. It explains that primary data is collected fresh for a study, while secondary data comes from existing sources like books, papers, and reports. Some primary data collection methods covered include surveys, experiments, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, case studies, and observation. Factors to consider when choosing a method include the research objectives, budget, timeframe, and the researcher's knowledge. Collecting quality data is essential for answering the research problem.
This document discusses various methods for collecting research data, including primary and secondary sources. It describes different types of self-report methods like interviews, questionnaires, and scales. Interviews can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires contain different types of questions in various formats. Scales discussed include Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and visual analog scales. The document provides advantages and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
This document discusses various data collection methods used in research, including observation, interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques. It provides details on each method, such as how to conduct interviews and focus groups, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and examples of projective techniques like word association tests. The document aims to explain the appropriate use of both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in social science research.
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
Data are numerical facts collected systematically for research purposes. Economists study phenomena and draw conclusions from collected data. There are two main sources of information: primary and secondary data. Primary data involves collecting original data directly from sources for a specific research purpose, such as through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data refers to data that was originally collected by someone else for another purpose and has been published, such as government publications, journals, or reports.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, organizations, and past research. The key methods are summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Survey research involves studying a representative sample of a population to make inferences about characteristics of the whole population. It is a technique used in social science research to study opinions, attitudes, and social facts. There are different types of surveys, including personal interviews, questionnaires, telephone surveys, and panel techniques. Personal interviews can be structured or unstructured, and they may involve individual or group interactions. Questionnaires use a predetermined set of questions to collect information through self-reporting. Telephone surveys are convenient but risk superficial answers. Panel techniques interview the same sample successively to understand changes over time but are prone to sample loss.
Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and MotivesRajaKrishnan M
This document discusses research methodology and was presented by S. Harithaa. It defines research as a systematic method for seeking answers to questions through data collection and analysis. The research process involves selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Research has objectives like exploring phenomena, producing new knowledge, making discoveries or policies, and testing hypotheses. It is undertaken for motives such as obtaining degrees, solving problems, gaining knowledge, or contributing to society. There are four main types of research: descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and applied vs fundamental.
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It discusses the history and characteristics of qualitative research, including that it seeks to understand perspectives from local populations. The document outlines various qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also discusses issues in qualitative research such as gaining entry, selecting participants, and enhancing validity. Strategies to reduce bias like triangulation and examining outliers are presented.
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
This document discusses methods of data collection for research. It defines data collection as preparing and gathering data to answer a research problem. It notes that before collecting data, the researcher must determine what data to collect, how to collect it, who will collect it, where to collect it, and when to collect it. Common data collection methods include surveys, case studies, interviews, observations, questionnaires, and expert or peer reviews. When choosing a method, the researcher should consider the purpose of the evaluation, respondents, available resources, type of information needed, and potential interruptions.
This document provides an overview of qualitative data analysis. It discusses that qualitative data analysis involves coding texts, identifying patterns, and reducing qualitative data into quantitative codes. It also outlines several stages of qualitative analysis including familiarization with data, transcription, organization, coding, identifying themes, recoding, developing categories, exploring relationships between categories, and developing theories. Finally, it discusses challenges of qualitative analysis including placing raw data into logical categories and communicating interpretations to others.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
This document discusses three common data collection methods: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation involves personally watching and interacting with research subjects and can be participatory or non-participatory. Interviews are verbal conversations with research participants that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires are paper surveys containing a list of questions for respondents to answer in writing.
The document outlines key aspects of research methodology including:
1. The objectives of research such as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, and testing conclusions.
2. The different types of research including descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
3. The methods of collecting data including primary methods like questionnaires, observations, interviews, and schedules and secondary methods of collecting published and unpublished data from various sources.
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe characteristics of a data set. It includes measures of central tendency like mean, median, and mode, measures of variability like range and standard deviation, and the distribution of data through histograms. Inferential statistics are used to generalize results from a sample to the population it represents through estimation of population parameters and hypothesis testing. Correlation and regression analysis are used to study relationships between two or more variables.
The document outlines the 10 key steps in the research process:
1. Selecting a research topic and defining the problem.
2. Specifying the research objectives.
3. Developing a research design and determining what information is required.
4. Designing methods to collect primary and secondary data, such as through surveys.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the results to draw conclusions.
6. Preparing a final research report to communicate the findings to clients.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
This document summarizes probability and non-probability sampling methods. Probability sampling assigns all population members an equal chance of selection, allowing for random selection techniques like simple random sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all members an equal chance, relying instead on subjective judgment in techniques like convenience sampling. The key differences are that probability sampling is random, unbiased, and allows for statistical inferences, while non-probability sampling is non-random, potentially biased, and only permits analytical conclusions.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It discusses characteristics of good sampling like being representative and free from bias. Probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling are explained. Advantages of sampling like reducing time and costs are highlighted. The document outlines the sampling process and essentials of sampling. Types of sampling and various sampling methods are also summarized.
This document discusses various methods and tools for data collection. It describes primary and secondary data collection methods. For primary methods, it covers qualitative self-reports like interviews and questionnaires, as well as observational methods and bio-physiological measurements. It provides details on different types of interviews, questionnaires, scales, checklists, and bio-physiological equipment. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these various data collection methods and tools.
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
Data are numerical facts collected systematically for research purposes. Economists study phenomena and draw conclusions from collected data. There are two main sources of information: primary and secondary data. Primary data involves collecting original data directly from sources for a specific research purpose, such as through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data refers to data that was originally collected by someone else for another purpose and has been published, such as government publications, journals, or reports.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, organizations, and past research. The key methods are summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Survey research involves studying a representative sample of a population to make inferences about characteristics of the whole population. It is a technique used in social science research to study opinions, attitudes, and social facts. There are different types of surveys, including personal interviews, questionnaires, telephone surveys, and panel techniques. Personal interviews can be structured or unstructured, and they may involve individual or group interactions. Questionnaires use a predetermined set of questions to collect information through self-reporting. Telephone surveys are convenient but risk superficial answers. Panel techniques interview the same sample successively to understand changes over time but are prone to sample loss.
Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and MotivesRajaKrishnan M
This document discusses research methodology and was presented by S. Harithaa. It defines research as a systematic method for seeking answers to questions through data collection and analysis. The research process involves selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Research has objectives like exploring phenomena, producing new knowledge, making discoveries or policies, and testing hypotheses. It is undertaken for motives such as obtaining degrees, solving problems, gaining knowledge, or contributing to society. There are four main types of research: descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and applied vs fundamental.
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It discusses the history and characteristics of qualitative research, including that it seeks to understand perspectives from local populations. The document outlines various qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also discusses issues in qualitative research such as gaining entry, selecting participants, and enhancing validity. Strategies to reduce bias like triangulation and examining outliers are presented.
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
This document discusses methods of data collection for research. It defines data collection as preparing and gathering data to answer a research problem. It notes that before collecting data, the researcher must determine what data to collect, how to collect it, who will collect it, where to collect it, and when to collect it. Common data collection methods include surveys, case studies, interviews, observations, questionnaires, and expert or peer reviews. When choosing a method, the researcher should consider the purpose of the evaluation, respondents, available resources, type of information needed, and potential interruptions.
This document provides an overview of qualitative data analysis. It discusses that qualitative data analysis involves coding texts, identifying patterns, and reducing qualitative data into quantitative codes. It also outlines several stages of qualitative analysis including familiarization with data, transcription, organization, coding, identifying themes, recoding, developing categories, exploring relationships between categories, and developing theories. Finally, it discusses challenges of qualitative analysis including placing raw data into logical categories and communicating interpretations to others.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
This document discusses three common data collection methods: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation involves personally watching and interacting with research subjects and can be participatory or non-participatory. Interviews are verbal conversations with research participants that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires are paper surveys containing a list of questions for respondents to answer in writing.
The document outlines key aspects of research methodology including:
1. The objectives of research such as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, and testing conclusions.
2. The different types of research including descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
3. The methods of collecting data including primary methods like questionnaires, observations, interviews, and schedules and secondary methods of collecting published and unpublished data from various sources.
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe characteristics of a data set. It includes measures of central tendency like mean, median, and mode, measures of variability like range and standard deviation, and the distribution of data through histograms. Inferential statistics are used to generalize results from a sample to the population it represents through estimation of population parameters and hypothesis testing. Correlation and regression analysis are used to study relationships between two or more variables.
The document outlines the 10 key steps in the research process:
1. Selecting a research topic and defining the problem.
2. Specifying the research objectives.
3. Developing a research design and determining what information is required.
4. Designing methods to collect primary and secondary data, such as through surveys.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the results to draw conclusions.
6. Preparing a final research report to communicate the findings to clients.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
This document summarizes probability and non-probability sampling methods. Probability sampling assigns all population members an equal chance of selection, allowing for random selection techniques like simple random sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all members an equal chance, relying instead on subjective judgment in techniques like convenience sampling. The key differences are that probability sampling is random, unbiased, and allows for statistical inferences, while non-probability sampling is non-random, potentially biased, and only permits analytical conclusions.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It discusses characteristics of good sampling like being representative and free from bias. Probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling are explained. Advantages of sampling like reducing time and costs are highlighted. The document outlines the sampling process and essentials of sampling. Types of sampling and various sampling methods are also summarized.
This document discusses various methods and tools for data collection. It describes primary and secondary data collection methods. For primary methods, it covers qualitative self-reports like interviews and questionnaires, as well as observational methods and bio-physiological measurements. It provides details on different types of interviews, questionnaires, scales, checklists, and bio-physiological equipment. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these various data collection methods and tools.
This document discusses various methods of data collection for research. It begins by defining data collection as the process of systematically gathering and measuring information to answer research questions and test hypotheses. It then covers the main types of data (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) and their characteristics. A number of specific primary and secondary data collection methods are outlined, including questionnaires, interviews, observations, experiments, and existing records/documents. Key points about ensuring high quality data collection through appropriate instruments and instructions are also made.
Seminar on tools of data collection Research Methodologyprajwalshetty86
1) Data collection involves systematically gathering information to answer research questions and evaluate results. It can involve primary data collected directly by researchers or secondary data collected by others.
2) Primary data collection gathers raw data directly from sources and can be qualitative (feelings, emotions) or quantitative (numbers, statistics). Secondary data collection uses existing published sources.
3) Accurate data collection is important for research integrity, reducing errors, supporting decisions, saving time and costs, and proving needs for changes with evidence. A variety of tools can be used including surveys, interviews, and observations.
Qualitative Research Chapter 3 g11 Research Method and ProceduresGhail RC
This document outlines the key parts of chapter 3 in a research paper, which focuses on the research methodology. It discusses the importance of research design, identifying the qualitative designs of historical study, ethnography, phenomenology, case study and grounded theory. It also covers selecting a research locale, population and sampling techniques, methods of data gathering such as questionnaires, interviews and observations. The document concludes with discussing statistical treatment of data and approaches to qualitative data analysis.
This document discusses different methods of data collection. It defines data collection as the process of systematically gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in order to answer research questions and test hypotheses. The two main types of data are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data is non-numerical, descriptive data often in the form of words, while quantitative data is numerical and can be mathematically computed. Common qualitative methods include interviews and focus groups, while quantitative methods include surveys, experiments, and observational studies. The document also discusses mixed methods research, which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches.
This document discusses various methods and concepts related to data collection and analysis in research. It covers the classification of data, different bases for classification including qualitative, quantitative, geographical and temporal. It also discusses types of classification such as one-way, two-way and multi-way classification. The document then covers topics like primary and secondary data sources, advantages and disadvantages of primary data, sampling strategies, qualitative research methods, and ethical issues in data collection and evaluation. Key qualitative research methods discussed include interviews, focus groups, observations and self-study.
Unveiling the Journey: Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis in GeographyVB Datenexperte
In our last session, we delved into the fundamental principles and methods of local area planning, emphasizing the indispensable role of data. Now, in this segment, we shift our focus to the intricate processes involved in the collection, processing, and analysis of data.
In our daily lives, we encounter a myriad of information sources, ranging from traditional print media to dynamic social interactions. But have you ever paused to ponder the journey of data from its inception to its analysis? This chapter aims to demystify this process.
Data collection entails a systematic approach to gathering information from real-world scenarios. In the field of geography, this involves meticulous planning and execution to procure the requisite data. Subsequently, a structured set of procedures is employed to process and analyze this data in a logical and scientific manner, unraveling meaningful insights and patterns.
Join us as we embark on this enlightening exploration of the methodologies and techniques underlying the data collection, processing, and analysis in geography, shedding light on the essential practices that underpin informed decision-making and planning.
Research Evaluation And Data Collection MethodsJessica Robles
The document discusses research evaluation and data collection methods used by Healthy People 2020, a US government program that sets national health objectives. It identifies measuring objectives, increasing public awareness of health determinants, providing measurable goals, engaging stakeholders, and identifying research methods as key missions. Healthy People 2020 aims to improve quality and length of life, achieve health equity, create health-promoting environments, and promote well-being across all life stages. One focus area is reducing the disease and economic burden of diabetes and improving quality of life for those with diabetes.
This document discusses research design and methodology. It explains that research design is a framework that combines various research components in a logical manner, arranging conditions for data collection, measurement, and analysis to address the research purpose. Research design decisions consider objectives, data type and source, sampling, and how to answer research questions. Designs can be qualitative or quantitative and differ in data collection, analysis, and whether the focus is understanding phenomena or statistical conclusions. The document also covers sampling techniques, developing measurement tools, and how design depends on the research purpose, such as exploration, description, explanation, or experimentation.
Consumer research involves both qualitative and quantitative methods to understand consumer insights. The consumer research process has six steps: defining objectives, collecting secondary data, designing primary research, collecting primary data, analyzing data, and preparing a report. Research methods can be qualitative like interviews and focus groups, or quantitative like surveys and experiments. Both positivist and interpretivist approaches are used to understand consumer actions and consumption practices.
This document outlines the steps to effectively evaluate a socio-educational project. It discusses:
1) Defining project evaluation and why it is important for improving project design and implementation.
2) The basic steps in planning a project evaluation including establishing objectives, collecting data, analyzing results, and creating a report.
3) Additional considerations like who should conduct the evaluation, associated costs, and ethical guidelines.
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.Explain why .pdfSIGMATAX1
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.
Explain why it is so important to be systematic in collecting data.
Solution
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting dataordata collection goals
what problem are you trying to solve by collecting this data?
Step 2:Develop operational definitions and procedures.
Here we need to be very clear as to what we are measuring, how it is to be measured, and who is
to measure it. Often times we will employ sampling in which case we need to define a sampling
plan.
. Who will the data be collected about?
. Who will the group of interest be compared to?
. What locations or geographical areas will the data be gathered from?
. What categories will be used to identify the group of interest and comparator group?
Step 3 : How should data be collected and What sources of data should be used to collect
information?
There are several methods of collecting data: online-surveys, phone interviews, focus groups and
yes, even dreaded handwritten surveys. Each type possesses its own advantages and
disadvantages. Whichever method you use, there are bound to be obstacles to overcome along
the way.
What sources of data should be used to collect information?
Pre-existing or official data
Survey data
Interviews and focus groups
Observed data
. Two types of data are used in any field of research: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative data:
Typically, data is called “qualitative” if it is in the form of words, but may also include any
information that is not numerical in form, such as photographs, videos and sound recordings.
Qualitative methods are aimed at describing a specific context, event, people or relationship in a
broad contextual way, by trying to understand the underlying reasons for behaviour, thoughts
and feelings.
Common qualitative research methods include observation, one-on-one interviews, focus groups
and intensive case studies
Quantitative data:
Typically, data is called “quantitative” if it is in the form of numbers.
A quantitative approach can be used to count events or the number of people who represent a
particular background.
Common quantitative tools include surveys, questionnaires and statistical data (such as Statistics
Canada census information).
It is important to note that all quantitative data is based on qualitative judgment. In other words,
numbers cannot be interpreted by themselves, without understanding the assumptions that
underlie them.
A good research effort involves the use of both types. Both approaches, while distinct, can
overlap and rely on the other to produce meaningful data, analysis and results.
Step 4 : Analyze and interpret data and Act on results
Explaining the technical steps involved in analyzing and interpreting data is beyond the scope of
this guide. An organization will have to determine whether it has the internal capacity and
expertise to analyze and interpret data itself, or whether it will need the help of an external
consultant.
. A summa.
The document discusses the importance of conducting a needs assessment for an educational project. It defines a needs assessment as systematically examining audience interest, knowledge, and environmental issues to establish the need for a project. A needs assessment identifies gaps between current and desired conditions, helps define goals and stakeholders, and ensures goals align with strategic plans. It also outlines a 13-step process for planning and conducting a needs assessment, including gathering data, analyzing results, prioritizing needs, and creating a report.
Data collection f488555b7cca4b22cd8bcc61db2c2238Kæsy Chaudhari
This document discusses data sampling and collection methods. It begins by defining quantitative and qualitative data, and primary and secondary data. The main methods of primary data collection are observation, interviewing, and questionnaires. Secondary data refers to existing data collected by others. The document then defines data sampling as selecting part of a data set to make inferences about the whole. Sampling is needed to save time and money. Random sampling gives the best results while non-random sampling includes quota, accidental, judgemental, expert and snowball sampling. Mixed sampling uses elements of both random and non-random designs.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research. It describes primary and secondary data, with primary data collected directly by the researcher and secondary data collected previously. Methods for primary data collection include observation, interviews using questionnaires or in-person, and other methods like surveys. Observation involves directly observing behaviors without questions while interviews are verbal exchanges. Questionnaires are surveys distributed for self-completion. The document also reviews collecting secondary data from published sources and ensuring its reliability, suitability, and adequacy for the research purpose. It concludes that researchers should judiciously select collection methods based on the study nature, funds, time, and required precision.
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it includes the types and steps of Carrer development.
may plays an effective role for planning Carrer.
Sustainable Development Goals Progress Assessment Related to Environment and ...SushantLuitel1
The document discusses Nepal's progress on achieving several UN Sustainable Development Goals related to the environment and climate change. It notes that Nepal has made policies and plans to align with international agreements on climate change. However, it faces ongoing challenges to increasing awareness, adopting multi-sectoral partnerships, addressing capacity issues, and focusing on disaster risk reduction. Key priority areas identified for further action include generating more community-level climate change awareness, preparing localized adaptation plans, strengthening climate impact data collection, and providing financial and technological support for climate initiatives at provincial and local levels.
The document discusses vitamins, their classification, sources, and recommended daily allowances. It covers Vitamins A, D, E, K, and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, cobalamin, ascorbic acid). For each vitamin, it provides information on deficiency diseases, rich dietary sources, and recommended intake amounts for different age groups and physiological states.
A health information system (HIS) refers to a system designed to manage healthcare data, including a patient's electronic medical record, a hospital's operations, and supporting healthcare policy decisions. [HIS] has five core components: hardware, software, telecommunications, databases, and human resources/procedures. Good information management is crucial at all levels of healthcare from local to national as it provides data to policymakers, managers, and healthcare providers. A HIS aims to adequately enable information processing for patient care, administration, research, and education while considering economic and legal factors. It should provide the right information, knowledge, and data to the right people at the right time and place in the right format to support decision making and
Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to make room for other land uses. It leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming by reducing the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide. The top five causes of deforestation are agricultural expansion, livestock ranching, logging, infrastructure expansion, and overpopulation. In Nepal, over-harvesting of fuelwood and fodder, forest fires, grazing, slash and burn cultivation, and timber extraction are the major causes of deforestation. Between 1990 and 2005, Nepal lost 24.5% of its forest cover, or around 1,181,000 hectares, with an annual deforestation rate decreasing from 1.9% to 1.35% over that period
This document discusses the triple burden of disease faced by many developing countries. It describes the triple burden as the coexistence of infectious diseases, undernutrition, and emerging non-communicable diseases. Many countries now struggle with this combination of communicable diseases, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases like heart disease and diabetes. Addressing this triple burden presents challenges for healthcare systems in developing nations. Risk factors like poverty, malnutrition, urbanization and changing lifestyles have contributed to the rise of non-communicable diseases.
The document discusses common childhood nutritional problems in Nepal and specific strategies to improve nutrition. It outlines several strategies, including promoting breastfeeding and complementary feeding, strengthening health worker nutrition skills, distributing fortified foods, supplementing pregnant/lactating women and children with iron/folate/vitamin A, and increasing awareness of nutrition's importance. The strategies target reducing low birth weight, protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and intestinal worm infections. Prevention and control of infectious diseases and lifestyle-related diseases are also covered.
1. Gender-based violence is violence directed against a person because of their gender and can include verbal, physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
2. The UN defines violence against women as any act resulting in physical, sexual, or mental harm, including threats of such acts.
3. Gender-based violence is fueled by inequitable gender norms and can affect people at different stages of life, ranging from intimate partner violence to child marriage.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are several types of diabetes classified based on etiology. Clinical features include polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Diagnosis is based on fasting or post-meal blood glucose levels according to WHO criteria. Diet and lifestyle factors like obesity are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes risk. Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy diet and weight through population-level and high-risk individual strategies. Treatment involves diet, oral medications, or insulin to control blood glucose and prevent complications. Specialized diabetes care centers provide management, education, and research.
The 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey collected data on key health and demographic indicators in Nepal. Some key findings include:
- 56% of children under 5 have their births registered.
- Nearly half of households have access to improved sanitation and drinking water sources. However, 66% rely on solid fuels for cooking.
- Educational attainment is low, with two in five women and one in five men having no education. Net school attendance is 80% for primary but only 67% for secondary school.
- Regarding employment, 57% of women and 78% of men reported current employment. Most women work in agriculture compared to most men working outside of agriculture.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a role in causing most cervical cancers. There are two main types of cervical cancer - squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the squamous cells of the cervix, and adenocarcinoma, which starts in the gland cells of the cervix. Screening tests like the Pap test and HPV test can detect cervical cancer early. Risk factors include HPV infection, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and oral contraceptive use. Symptoms may include abnormal bleeding or discharge. Globally, cervical cancer causes over 300,000 deaths each year, with most occurring
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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2. Data and Data Collection
Data are units of information, often numeric, that are collected through
observation.
Data collection is the process by which the researcher collect the
information needed to answer the research problems.
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3. Types of data
1. By nature
Qualitative
Quantitative
2. By purpose of collection
Primary
Secondary
3. Sources of data/Origin of data
Community
Hospital / clinic
Laboratory
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4. Primary Data
The data collected for the first time are called primary data.
The methods mostly used in collecting primary data are survey, observation and
experiment.
Generally, all these methods are not used in a same project, because they have
both good and bad aspects.
The question which method of primary data collection should be selected
depends on the nature, time and cost.
The method should be selected according to the nature, time and cost.
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5. Secondary Data
The data used once are called secondary data.
It becomes much easier to collect secondary data than the primary ones.
Secondary data can be collected from several sources.
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7. Qualitative data
Qualitative data are mostly non-numerical and usually descriptive or nominal in nature.
This means the data collected are in the form of words and sentences.
Often, such data captures feelings, emotions, or subjective perceptions of something.
Qualitative approaches aim to address the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of a program and tend to use
unstructured methods of data collection to fully explore the topic.
Qualitative questions are open-ended.
Qualitative methods include focus groups, group discussions and interviews.
They are, however, expensive and time consuming to implement
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8. Quantitative data
Quantitative data is numerical in nature and can be mathematically computed.
Quantitative data measure uses different scales, which can be classified as nominal scale, ordinal
scale, interval scale and ratio scale. Often, such data includes measurements of something.
Quantitative approaches address the ‘what’ of the program.
Quantitative approaches have the advantage that they are cheaper to implement, are standardized
so comparisons can be easily made and the size of the effect can usually be measured.
Quantitative approaches however are limited in their capacity for the investigation and
explanation of similarities and unexpected differences
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10. Requirement of data for the researcher
Purpose/Objectives
IndicatorsVariables
Data
Techniques & Tools
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11. Data collection Tools
The instruments or aids that we use for the purpose of collecting
and/or recording the data are called data collection tools.
Questionnaire
Observation checklist
Guidelines (such as FGD guidelines, KII guideline etc)
Survey etc
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12. TOOLS PREPARATION FOR DATA
COLLECTION
Data collected on tools like Qestionnaires or schedules.
Objectives of the study to be kept in mind
Type of participants, nature of information and method of
analysis to kept in mind
List of variables to be prepared
Logical sequencing has to adopted
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13. Data Collection Techniques
Data collection techniques allow us to systematically collect information about
our objects of study (people, objects, phenomena) and about the settings in
which they occur.
In the collection of data we have to be systematic.
If data are collected haphazardly, it will be difficult to answer our research
questions in a conclusive way.
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14. Various data collection techniques can be used such as:
Using available information
Observing
Interviewing (face-to-face)
Administering written questionnaires
Focus group discussions
Social mapping
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16. Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions or
other types of prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent.
Often a questionnaire uses both open and closed questions to collect data.
The data collected from a data collection questionnaire can be both qualitative as well as
quantitative in nature.
A verbatim response refers to what an interviewer records as an answer to an open-
ended question when writing down the exact words spoken by the respondent which
helps to give the qualitative information on research.
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17. Observation
Observation method of information gathering is used by monitoring participants
in a specific situation or environment at a given time and day.
Basically, researchers observe the behaviour of the surrounding environments or
people that are being studied.
This type of study can be:
Controlled
Natural
Participant
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18. Cont…
Controlled observation is when the researcher uses a standardised procedure of
observing participants or the environment.
Natural observation is when participants are being observed in their natural
conditions.
Participant observation is where the researcher becomes part of the group
being studied.
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19. Observation checklist
An observation checklist is a set of questions that evaluate the
performance and behavior of teachers and students in a classroom setting.
Observation checklists assist an observer to identify skill gaps and
problem areas to further improve teaching strategies, classroom settings,
and student learning development.
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21. Interview
Interview is a qualitative method of data collection whose results are
based on intensive engagement with respondents about a particular study.
Usually, interviews are used in order to collect in-depth responses from the
professionals being interviewed.
Interview can be structured (formal), semi-structured or unstructured
(informal). In essence, an interview method of data collection can be
conducted through face-to-face meeting with the interviewees or through
telephone.
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22. Key informant interviews
Key informant interviews are qualitative in-depth interviews with people
who know what is going on in the community.
The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information from a
wide range of people including community leaders, professionals, or
residents who have first hand knowledge about the community.
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23. How to Conduct the Key Informant Interviews
Formulate study questions.
Prepare a short interview guide.
Select key informants.
Conduct interviews.
Take adequate notes.
Analyse interview data.
Check for reliability and validity.
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24. Survey
A survey is a research method used for collecting data from a predefined
group of respondents to gain information and insights into various topics
of interest.
They can have multiple purposes, and researchers can conduct it in many
ways depending on the methodology chosen and the study’s goal.
The process involves asking people for information through
a questionnaire, which can be either online or offline.
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25. Focus Group Discussion
A focus group discussion involves gathering people from similar.
backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a specific topic of. Interest
A focus group is a group interview of approximately six to twelve people
who share similar characteristics or common interests.
Focus groups are a qualitative data collection method “perceptions
attitudes, beliefs, opinion or ideas”, meaning that the data is descriptive
and cannot be measured numerically.
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26. Cont…
The common and simplest method for selecting participants for focus
groups is called "purposive" or "convenience" sampling.
This means that you select those members of the community who you
think will provide you with the best information.
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27. Steps of Conducting Focus Group Discussion
Step 1: Define the Purpose
Step 2: Select the Participants and Leader
Step 3: Manage the Atmospherics
Step 4: Develop the Questions
Step 5: Conduct the Session
Step 6: Analyse the Results
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28. Social Mapping
Social mapping is a visual method of showing the relative location of
households and the distribution of different people together with
the social structure, groups and organisations of an area.
Social mapping is making visible what has been invisible for a very long
time (i.e the cultural and indigenous landscapes). It helps us understand
histories and our sense of connection with them, and provides perspectives
on the future.
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29. Steps to Data Collection
Step 1: Clarify your data collection goals.
Step 2: Develop operational definitions and procedures.
Step 3: Validate the measurement system.
Step 4: Begin data collection.
Step 5: Continue improving measurement system and ensure people are
following the data collection guidelines.
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30. The GATHER steps
G= Greet clients in an open, respectful manner
A= Ask clients about themselves and pay attention to what clients express
T= Tell clients about the objectives of the interview
H= Help clients about to choose their answer and give their opinion
E= Explain fully about the survey and its benefits too.
R= Return
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