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Meningococcal meningitis is a serious bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis. It is a major public health problem in Africa, where there is a meningitis belt of 26 countries with high rates of the disease. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets from carriers. While most cases are asymptomatic, it can cause rapid onset of symptoms like stiff neck, fever, and headache. Timely antibiotic treatment is important to reduce the 5-10% fatality rate. A meningococcal conjugate vaccine has been developed that is expected to effectively control group A epidemics in Africa through herd immunity.
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Meningococcal meningitis dr.harivansh chopra
meningococcal meningitis is a very serious and fatal disease if not treated in time. the case fatality rate can go upto 50% in untreated cases .there are many strains which are responsible for its occurrence .it tend to occur both in endemic as well as in epidemic form. a qudrivalent vaccine is available for protection. recipient of this vaccine are to be given chemo prophylaxis .recently a vaccine against type b strain has been made avialable in canada for use in routine immunization
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2) The causative agents vary by age but include Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in infants under 2 months. Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common causes in children from 2 months to 2 years.
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Meningococcal meningitis
This document discusses Meningococcal Meningitis, caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It describes the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, symptoms of meningococcal disease including meningitis, bacteremia and other focal infections. Risk factors and populations are identified. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection and PCR testing of CSF, blood and other fluids. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or third generation cephalosporins. Prevention includes vaccination, especially with conjugate vaccines, isolation of cases and prophylaxis of close contacts. Complications can be severe and include death in 20-30% of cases without treatment.
Dr Fiona McGill @ MRF's Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults 2015
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The document discusses the long term effects of bacterial meningitis and sepsis in children. It finds that 50% of children develop new psychopathology like depressive and anxiety disorders following meningococcal disease, with 25% still experiencing issues after a year. Children with more severe illness are at higher risk. It also notes long term physical effects in survivors like scarring, neurological impairments, and reduced cognitive function and academic performance, with meningitis and sepsis having particularly detrimental impacts. Survivors are also at risk for hearing loss, motor deficits, and mental health disorders into adolescence and adulthood.Pbl 3 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of Neisseria meningitidis, the tr...
Pbl 3 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of Neisseria meningitidis, the tr...imam univarsity , college of medicine .
Objective :
describe the morphology and structure of Neisseria meningitidis
describe the transmission and clinical features of meningitides
describe the process of development of meningitides
what is the diagnostic test required for Neisseria meningitidis
list the other causes of meningitis and its cfc finding
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After effects of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease: how and why
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Pbl 3 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of Neisseria meningitidis, the tr...
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Similar to Meningitis lec
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis is known as meningococcal meningitis. It commonly affects children under 5 and people over 60. Symptoms include sudden onset of headache, fever, nausea and stiff neck. Prevention includes vaccination, chemoprophylaxis of contacts, and treatment of cases and carriers with antibiotics. Conjugate vaccines provide effective protection against common serogroups.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MENINGO COCCAL MENINGITIS
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It has a high fatality rate but early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the fatality to 10%. The disease mainly affects children and is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Outbreaks typically occur in dry, cold months or in overcrowded conditions. Vaccination and mass antibiotic treatment of contacts are effective prevention strategies.
Meningitis and its management
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infections. Bacterial meningitis is the most common and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly with antibiotics. Symptoms include headache, fever, neck stiffness, nausea and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, culture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment focuses on identifying the causative organism and administering the appropriate antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals. Outcomes depend on early diagnosis and treatment, with sequelae including hearing loss, neurological deficits, and death.
20180129 diphtheria
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
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3) Clinical features vary depending on site of infection (respiratory, cutaneous), with respiratory diphtheria being the most severe form and potentially life-threatening due to airway obstruction or systemic toxicity.
4) Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on vaccination according to the WHO Expanded
Epidemiological Perspective of Influenza - Muskan.pptx
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Meningococcal meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide. It commonly causes epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and sporadic cases elsewhere. Clinical features include sudden onset of fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis is made by identifying the bacteria in spinal fluid. Antibiotics like penicillin and ceftriaxone are effective treatments but prevention through vaccination is important for controlling outbreaks.
Meningitis
This document provides information on meningitis, including:
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other causes.
- Common symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness.
- Bacterial meningitis requires immediate treatment with antibiotics to prevent disability or death. Viral meningitis is generally less severe but still requires supportive care.
- Complications can include hearing loss, seizures, learning difficulties, and even death if not properly treated.
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Meningococcal meningitis
This document discusses Meningococcal Meningitis. It begins with an introduction and overview of the disease. It then discusses the epidemiology of Meningococcal Meningitis worldwide as well as specifically in India and Bihar. The document outlines the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Meningococcal Meningitis. It provides details on vaccination options.
Mucormycosis
This document discusses fungal infections that have emerged post-COVID-19, including black fungus (mucormycosis), yellow fungus (aspergillosis), and white fungus (candida). It notes that mucormycosis is an aggressive fungal infection affecting immunosuppressed patients. Cases have significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Risk factors include recent severe COVID-19, diabetes, steroid use, prolonged ICU stays, and trauma. Symptoms vary depending on infection site but may include nasal blockage, eye swelling, black lesions. Prevention strategies and treatment guidelines are referenced.
Small pox and chicken pox
The document provides information on smallpox (variola) and chickenpox (varicella). It describes the epidemiology, clinical features, transmission, prevention and control of both diseases. Key differences between smallpox and chickenpox are enumerated. Smallpox was eradicated through a global vaccination program due to factors like no animal reservoir, effective vaccine, and lifelong immunity after infection. Chickenpox is generally a mild self-limiting disease caused by the varicella zoster virus.
Meningococcal disease
1) Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and can cause meningitis or sepsis. It is spread through respiratory and throat secretions.
2) Symptoms include headache, fever, neck stiffness, and rash. Complications can include blood infections, skin necrosis, hearing loss, and limb amputations. Early treatment with antibiotics is important.
3) There are two vaccines that protect against some common strains of N. meningitidis. The CDC recommends routine vaccination of adolescents and those at increased risk. Preventive measures include vaccination and good hygiene.
Diphtheria 6.pdf
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It typically affects the throat and respiratory tract, causing a gray or yellow membrane that cannot be wiped away. The toxin can also damage organs like the heart. It is spread through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces. Immunization with DPT vaccine is the main preventive measure, with three initial doses and regular boosters recommended. Prompt treatment of cases with antitoxin and antibiotics can help control outbreaks along with isolating patients and treating carriers.
Ddd.pdf
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It typically affects the throat and tonsils, forming a gray membrane. The toxin can also damage organs like the heart. It is spread through respiratory droplets or skin lesions. Children under 5 are most commonly affected. Control measures include early detection, isolation, treatment with antitoxin and antibiotics, and active immunization with DPT vaccine starting at 6 weeks of age with booster doses. Prompt treatment and immunization have greatly reduced the incidence of diphtheria.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIPTHERIA
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It typically infects the throat causing a gray membrane. It spreads through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces. Risk factors include children ages 1-5. Control involves early detection, isolation, antitoxin treatment, and immunization with DPT vaccine starting at 6 weeks with booster doses. Diphtheria antitoxin from horse serum provides passive immunity and treats cases while antibiotic treatment clears carriers.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIPTHERIA
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. It commonly causes a gray or yellow membrane in the throat. The disease is spread through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Immunization with DPT vaccine is the primary method of prevention and control. DPT consists of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus toxoids and is administered in a series of 3 doses in infants and children, with boosters every 10 years to maintain immunity. Prompt treatment of cases with diphtheria antitoxin and isolation of cases and carriers is also important to control outbreaks.
Epidemiology and Control Measures for Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. It primarily affects the respiratory system and forms a grey membrane. It was a major cause of death in children historically. Routine childhood vaccination in developed countries has made it rare, while lack of immunization in developing countries allows for ongoing cases. Control relies on early detection, isolation, antitoxin treatment, immunizing contacts, and maintaining high community immunization rates.
Bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis is an infection of the meninges caused by bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Listeria monocytogenes. It can cause inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include headache, fever, stiff neck and photophobia. While it can be life threatening, many patients recover if treated early with antibiotics. Vaccines exist to help prevent certain strains but prompt medical care is still important for treatment.
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Meningitis lec
- 1. Meningococcal Meningitis Dr Rajkumar Patil Professor, Community Medicine MGMCRI, Pondicherry 1
- 2. Learning objectives At the end of the class student should be able to: • Describe the epidemiological factors of Meningococcal Meningitis • Describe the prevention of influenza Meningococcal Meningitis 2
- 3. Introduction and burden of Meningococcal Meningitis • Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis, a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. • Caused by N.meningitidis • During the 2014 epidemic season, 19 African countries reported 11908 suspected cases including 1146 deaths • During 2011 in India: 6629 cases,464 deaths (Andhra,WB,Odisha,MP,Jharkhand,TN, Karnataka,Assam, Delhi,UP) 3
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- 5. The extended meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa, stretching from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east (26 countries), has the highest rates of the disease: • Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi • Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo • Eritrea, Ethiopia • The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau • Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, • Senegal, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. 5
- 6. What is epidemic of Meningo. Meningitis in African belt? • >100 cases per 100,000 population per year What is endemicity level of Meningo. Meningitis in other countries? >10 cases per 100,000: High 2-10: Moderate <2: Low 6
- 7. Agent • Neisseria meningitidis - large epidemics. • 6 out of 12 serogroups of N. meningitidis (A, B, C, W135, X and Y) can cause epidemics. • In Africa - Group A most imp. 7
- 8. Host • Age: Children and young adults, highest in 3-12 months infants • Sex: Both • Immunity: Susceptibility decreases by age, Immunity acquired by subclinical(mostly),clinical disease or vaccination 8
- 9. No animal reservoir Environmental factors • dry season between Dec. to June, dust winds, cold nights and upper respiratory tract infections combine to damage the nasopharyngeal mucosa, • overcrowding • large population displacements due to pilgrimages and traditional markets. • Low SES • N.Meningitidis dies rapidly on exposure to heat or cold. Incubation Period: Range 2-10 days, Average 4 days 9
- 10. Transmission Droplets of respiratory or throat secretions from mostly carriers. Close and prolonged contact – such as kissing, sneezing or coughing on someone. Living in close quarters (such as a dormitory, sharing eating or drinking utensils) with an infected person (a carrier) 10% to 20% of the population carries Neisseria meningitidis in their throat at any given time. 10
- 11. Period of communicability • If treatment is given- transmission stops within 24 hours • If not- as long as the organism is in secretion 11
- 12. Clinical features • Asymptomatic mostly • Stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, intense headache and vomiting. • Bacterial meningitis may result in brain damage, hearing loss or a learning disability in 10% to 20% of survivors. • Meningococcal septicaemia: A less common but often fatal form of meningococcal disease is characterized by a haemorrhagic rash and rapid circulatory collapse. 12
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- 14. Case fatality: • If not treated: 50% • 5% to 10% : when the disease is diagnosed early and adequate treatment is started. 14
- 15. Diagnosis • Clinical examination and Lumbar puncture showing a purulent spinal fluid. • Microscopic examination of spinal fluid: bacteria can sometimes be seen. • Growth of the bacteria from specimens of spinal fluid or blood,by agglutination tests or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). • The identification of the serogroups and susceptibility testing to antibiotics are important to define control measures. 15
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- 17. Treatment • Medical emergency: Treat as soon as possible, ideally after the lumbar puncture has been carried out if such a puncture can be performed immediately. • Appropriate antibiotic within 2 days (penicillin/ampicillin/chloramphenicol/ceftriaxone) • Usual DOC: Penicillin • Under epidemic conditions in Africa in areas with limited health infrastructure and resources, CEFTRIAXONE is the drug of choice. 17
- 18. Treatment • Carriers: Rifampicin • Contacts: Treatment within 24 hours of identification of index case, Rifampicin,ciprofloxacin,ceftriaxone,Azithromycin • Mass chemoprophylaxis: Under supervision ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone,micocycline 18
- 19. Prevention • Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines: bivalent (groups A and C), trivalent (groups A, C and W), or tetravalent (groups A, C, Y and W) • Conjugate vaccines: • Since 1999, meningococcal against group C have been available and widely used. • Tetravalent A, C, Y and W conjugate vaccines 19
- 20. MenA conjugate vaccine-Advantages • It induces a higher and more sustainable immune response against group A meningococcus. • It reduces the carriage of the bacteria in the throat . • Long-term protection • Lower price than other meningococcal vaccines (0.50 USD per dose) • Expected to be particularly effective in protecting children under two years of age, who do not respond to conventional polysaccharide vaccines. • Thermostable • It is planned that all 26 African countries considered at risk for meningitis epidemics and targeted by this vaccine introduction programme will have introduced this vaccine by 2016. 20
- 21. Outbreak trends Epidemics due to N. meningitidis serogroup A are disappearing due to the MenA conjugate vaccine. Other meningococcal serogroups such as NmW, NmX and NmC still cause epidemics albeit at a lower frequency and smaller size. 21
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- 23. Travel Precautions • If meningococcal vaccination is recommended or required, it should be received at least one week before departure if possible. 23
- 24. Thank You 24