Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It typically affects the throat and tonsils, forming a gray membrane. The toxin can also damage organs like the heart. It is spread through respiratory droplets or skin lesions. Children under 5 are most commonly affected. Control measures include early detection, isolation, treatment with antitoxin and antibiotics, and active immunization with DPT vaccine starting at 6 weeks of age with booster doses. Prompt treatment and immunization have greatly reduced the incidence of diphtheria.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It usually infects the throat causing a gray membrane. The toxin can also damage distant organs. It is spread through respiratory droplets or contaminated objects from cases or carriers. Children aged 1-5 are most susceptible. Immunization with DPT vaccine is effective for prevention.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It most commonly affects the throat and nose, forming a gray membrane. The toxin can damage organs like the heart. Diagnosis involves culture and the Schick test. Treatment includes diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Contacts are monitored and given prophylactic antibiotics. Immunization with diphtheria toxoid provides protection.
Epidemiology and Control Measures for Diphtheria AB Rajar
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. It primarily affects the respiratory system and forms a grey membrane. It was a major cause of death in children historically. Routine childhood vaccination in developed countries has made it rare, while lack of immunization in developing countries allows for ongoing cases. Control relies on early detection, isolation, antitoxin treatment, immunizing contacts, and maintaining high community immunization rates.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It most commonly infects the throat and nose, forming a gray membrane. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. While rare in developed countries, it remains endemic in India. Control involves isolating cases, treating with antitoxin and antibiotics, immunizing contacts, and vaccinating communities with diphtheria toxoid.
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
1) It is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that was historically a major childhood killer but is now rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination.
2) It remains endemic in developing countries and cases are primarily reported from Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa.
3) Clinical features vary depending on site of infection (respiratory, cutaneous), with respiratory diphtheria being the most severe form and potentially life-threatening due to airway obstruction or systemic toxicity.
4) Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on vaccination according to the WHO Expanded
This document provides an overview of diphtheria, including its epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It describes diphtheria as an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria that produces a toxin affecting the throat and other organs. Symptoms include sore throat and swollen glands. Complications can include myocarditis, neuropathy or respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics and antitoxin administration. Vaccination is recommended to prevent diphtheria.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It usually infects the throat causing a gray membrane. The toxin can also damage distant organs. It is spread through respiratory droplets or contaminated objects from cases or carriers. Children aged 1-5 are most susceptible. Immunization with DPT vaccine is effective for prevention.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It most commonly affects the throat and nose, forming a gray membrane. The toxin can damage organs like the heart. Diagnosis involves culture and the Schick test. Treatment includes diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Contacts are monitored and given prophylactic antibiotics. Immunization with diphtheria toxoid provides protection.
Epidemiology and Control Measures for Diphtheria AB Rajar
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. It primarily affects the respiratory system and forms a grey membrane. It was a major cause of death in children historically. Routine childhood vaccination in developed countries has made it rare, while lack of immunization in developing countries allows for ongoing cases. Control relies on early detection, isolation, antitoxin treatment, immunizing contacts, and maintaining high community immunization rates.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It most commonly infects the throat and nose, forming a gray membrane. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. While rare in developed countries, it remains endemic in India. Control involves isolating cases, treating with antitoxin and antibiotics, immunizing contacts, and vaccinating communities with diphtheria toxoid.
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
1) It is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that was historically a major childhood killer but is now rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination.
2) It remains endemic in developing countries and cases are primarily reported from Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa.
3) Clinical features vary depending on site of infection (respiratory, cutaneous), with respiratory diphtheria being the most severe form and potentially life-threatening due to airway obstruction or systemic toxicity.
4) Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on vaccination according to the WHO Expanded
This document provides an overview of diphtheria, including its epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It describes diphtheria as an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria that produces a toxin affecting the throat and other organs. Symptoms include sore throat and swollen glands. Complications can include myocarditis, neuropathy or respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics and antitoxin administration. Vaccination is recommended to prevent diphtheria.
CARE OF CHILDREN WITH DIPTHERIA, PERTUSIS AND TETANUS PPT.pptxasst professer
This document provides information about communicable diseases diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. It describes the objectives, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, complications and management of each disease. For diphtheria, it focuses on nasal, tonsillar, pharyngeal and laryngeal clinical manifestations. For pertussis, it discusses the catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescence phases. Tetanus causes stiffness and spasms due to a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani spores entering wounds.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that mainly affects the respiratory tract. It produces a toxin that destroys tissue and forms a grey membrane. Symptoms range from sore throat to airway obstruction. Complications can include heart damage, nerve palsies, and death in 3% of cases. Diagnosis is by symptoms and testing throat/nasal swabs. Treatment is diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics like erythromycin for 14 days. Vaccination is the best preventative measure and is included in worldwide immunization programs.
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a greyish membrane in the throat or on skin. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits that can cause vomiting. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable but still occur worldwide. Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, and isolation of cases. Vaccination programs have reduced rates of these diseases significantly in many countries.
Smallpox was a deadly disease that killed millions each year until its eradication in 1980 through a global vaccination campaign led by the WHO. It was caused by the variola virus and spread through respiratory droplets. Symptoms included a distinctive pustular rash that progressed through several stages. There was no treatment, so prevention through vaccination was critical. Edward Jenner's discovery of the cowpox vaccine in 1798 laid the foundation for eventually eliminating the disease worldwide over the following centuries through expanded vaccination efforts.
Fungal infections can be caused by yeasts, molds, or dimorphic fungi. Common fungal infections include candidiasis, dermatophyte infections, and systemic mycoses. Candida commonly causes oral and vaginal infections. Dermatophytes cause ringworm. Systemic mycoses like histoplasmosis and aspergillosis primarily affect immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, antigen testing, or molecular methods. Treatment depends on the infecting fungus and severity of infection, ranging from topical antifungals to intravenous antifungals.
This document summarizes acute laryngeal infections and congenital disorders of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It describes croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), its causes, symptoms, diagnosis including Westley Croup Score, and treatments including corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, heliox, and intubation if severe. Bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis and diphtheria are also discussed. Congenital conditions covered include laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, laryngocoeles, and saccular cysts.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria that can infect both humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with water or soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, and jaundice. The incubation period is usually 10 days. Diagnosis is confirmed through lab tests of body fluids and tissues. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or doxycycline. Prevention relies on vaccination of animals, proper sanitation, and health education.
Rickettsiae are intracellular bacteria transmitted by ticks, mites, fleas or lice. Rickettsial infections cause fever, rash, and enlargement of organs
Oral manifestations of infectious diseases in childrenRasha Adel
This document discusses several common infectious diseases that affect children, including bacterial, viral, and fungal causes. It provides details on diphtheria, tuberculosis, tetanus, actinomycosis, syphilis, scarlet fever, measles, and candidal infections. For each disease, it describes the causative organism, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and other relevant information. The document is intended as an educational reference for infectious diseases that commonly occur in pediatric patients.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease causing high fever and severe joint pains. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions and is transmitted by the bite of an Aedes mosquito. While most cases are mild, in some instances symptoms worsen and can become life-threatening with internal bleeding and shock. There is no vaccine to prevent dengue fever, so avoidance of mosquito bites is the primary method of prevention.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent diphtheria. The presentation consists of basic concepts regarding the bacteria and its infection. It has explanation in detail about signs and symptoms of Diptheria
COMMUNICABLE DISESE, CHICKEN POX ADULT HEALTH NURSING PPTDONABIBIN
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It mainly affects children under 10 years old. The virus spreads through respiratory secretions or direct contact with lesions. After an incubation period of 10-21 days, a rash first appears on the trunk and then spreads. Symptoms include fever, tiredness, and blistering rash. Diagnosis is usually clinical but lesions can be examined microscopically. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with medications, calamine lotion, and vaccination to prevent future outbreaks. Complications can include pneumonia, hemorrhages or encephalitis in rare cases.
This document provides information on diphtheria, including its history, causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as a membrane in the throat that can lead to breathing difficulties. Major developments in its treatment included the antitoxin developed in the 1890s and vaccines introduced in the early 20th century. Control relies on early detection, isolation, antitoxin treatment and active immunization of infants with diphtheria and combination vaccines.
Just one bite of a mosquito can take us closer to death. Don't let that happen to anyone. Happy World Malaria Day. The only way to celebrate the occasion of World Malaria Day is by joining hands against this disease.
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A causes pandemics every 10-15 years due to antigenic variation. The most recent pandemics were the Spanish Flu in 1918, Asian Flu in 1957, and Hong Kong Flu in 1968.
- Bird flu is caused by the H5N1 virus and can infect humans. It is usually fatal in birds and sometimes infects humans through contact with infected birds. Human to human transmission is rare but possible if the virus mutates.
- SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus. It emerged in 2002-2003 with symptoms including fever, cough, and difficulty breathing which can progress to pneumonia. It was
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about CHICKENPOX IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#DIPHTHERIA#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about communicable diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #diphtheria,#communicablediseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Communicable diseases are spread from person to person through various modes of transmission including direct contact, vectors like insects, contaminated food and water, airborne transmission, and indirect contact. Examples discussed include chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. Prevention methods focus on vaccination, hygiene, avoiding contact with infected individuals or carriers, and safe sexual practices.
This document provides information about diphtheria, including its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention through vaccination. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as a membrane in the throat or other areas that can lead to breathing issues. Symptoms vary depending on the infected area. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on widespread immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, especially for children. Maintaining high vaccination rates through multiple doses is important to protect communities from this potentially fatal disease.
Diphtheria & Pertussis lecture in the subject of Tropical diseasesshumailascn
Diphtheria and pertussis are serious bacterial infections spread through respiratory droplets. Diphtheria causes a thick gray membrane in the throat that can block breathing. The bacteria also produce a toxin affecting the heart and nerves. Pertussis causes violent coughing fits and whooping sounds, especially in infants and children. Both diseases are preventable through vaccination programs using DPT/DTaP vaccines. Prompt treatment of cases with antibiotics and antitoxins can reduce mortality from these infections.
Tetanus is a neurological disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It causes painful muscle spasms and can be fatal. It occurs worldwide but is more common in developing nations. Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of death in infants. Prevention relies on immunizing mothers during pregnancy through tetanus toxoid vaccines. Treatment involves managing spasms and complications through supportive care like mechanical ventilation. Strict clean delivery practices and ensuring mothers receive tetanus vaccines can eliminate neonatal tetanus globally.
Screening tests are used to detect disease in asymptomatic individuals. They differ from diagnostic tests in that they are applied to large groups of apparently healthy people. An ideal screening test must be inexpensive, acceptable, valid, reliable, and yield meaningful results. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value are used to evaluate screening tests. Multiple criteria must be considered when choosing an appropriate screening test for a disease, including the burden of disease and availability of effective treatment. Screening programs can have benefits but also limitations such as lead time bias, length time bias, selection bias, and overdiagnosis.
CARE OF CHILDREN WITH DIPTHERIA, PERTUSIS AND TETANUS PPT.pptxasst professer
This document provides information about communicable diseases diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. It describes the objectives, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, complications and management of each disease. For diphtheria, it focuses on nasal, tonsillar, pharyngeal and laryngeal clinical manifestations. For pertussis, it discusses the catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescence phases. Tetanus causes stiffness and spasms due to a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani spores entering wounds.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that mainly affects the respiratory tract. It produces a toxin that destroys tissue and forms a grey membrane. Symptoms range from sore throat to airway obstruction. Complications can include heart damage, nerve palsies, and death in 3% of cases. Diagnosis is by symptoms and testing throat/nasal swabs. Treatment is diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics like erythromycin for 14 days. Vaccination is the best preventative measure and is included in worldwide immunization programs.
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a greyish membrane in the throat or on skin. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits that can cause vomiting. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable but still occur worldwide. Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, and isolation of cases. Vaccination programs have reduced rates of these diseases significantly in many countries.
Smallpox was a deadly disease that killed millions each year until its eradication in 1980 through a global vaccination campaign led by the WHO. It was caused by the variola virus and spread through respiratory droplets. Symptoms included a distinctive pustular rash that progressed through several stages. There was no treatment, so prevention through vaccination was critical. Edward Jenner's discovery of the cowpox vaccine in 1798 laid the foundation for eventually eliminating the disease worldwide over the following centuries through expanded vaccination efforts.
Fungal infections can be caused by yeasts, molds, or dimorphic fungi. Common fungal infections include candidiasis, dermatophyte infections, and systemic mycoses. Candida commonly causes oral and vaginal infections. Dermatophytes cause ringworm. Systemic mycoses like histoplasmosis and aspergillosis primarily affect immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, antigen testing, or molecular methods. Treatment depends on the infecting fungus and severity of infection, ranging from topical antifungals to intravenous antifungals.
This document summarizes acute laryngeal infections and congenital disorders of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It describes croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), its causes, symptoms, diagnosis including Westley Croup Score, and treatments including corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, heliox, and intubation if severe. Bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis and diphtheria are also discussed. Congenital conditions covered include laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, laryngocoeles, and saccular cysts.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria that can infect both humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with water or soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, and jaundice. The incubation period is usually 10 days. Diagnosis is confirmed through lab tests of body fluids and tissues. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or doxycycline. Prevention relies on vaccination of animals, proper sanitation, and health education.
Rickettsiae are intracellular bacteria transmitted by ticks, mites, fleas or lice. Rickettsial infections cause fever, rash, and enlargement of organs
Oral manifestations of infectious diseases in childrenRasha Adel
This document discusses several common infectious diseases that affect children, including bacterial, viral, and fungal causes. It provides details on diphtheria, tuberculosis, tetanus, actinomycosis, syphilis, scarlet fever, measles, and candidal infections. For each disease, it describes the causative organism, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and other relevant information. The document is intended as an educational reference for infectious diseases that commonly occur in pediatric patients.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease causing high fever and severe joint pains. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions and is transmitted by the bite of an Aedes mosquito. While most cases are mild, in some instances symptoms worsen and can become life-threatening with internal bleeding and shock. There is no vaccine to prevent dengue fever, so avoidance of mosquito bites is the primary method of prevention.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent diphtheria. The presentation consists of basic concepts regarding the bacteria and its infection. It has explanation in detail about signs and symptoms of Diptheria
COMMUNICABLE DISESE, CHICKEN POX ADULT HEALTH NURSING PPTDONABIBIN
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It mainly affects children under 10 years old. The virus spreads through respiratory secretions or direct contact with lesions. After an incubation period of 10-21 days, a rash first appears on the trunk and then spreads. Symptoms include fever, tiredness, and blistering rash. Diagnosis is usually clinical but lesions can be examined microscopically. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with medications, calamine lotion, and vaccination to prevent future outbreaks. Complications can include pneumonia, hemorrhages or encephalitis in rare cases.
This document provides information on diphtheria, including its history, causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as a membrane in the throat that can lead to breathing difficulties. Major developments in its treatment included the antitoxin developed in the 1890s and vaccines introduced in the early 20th century. Control relies on early detection, isolation, antitoxin treatment and active immunization of infants with diphtheria and combination vaccines.
Just one bite of a mosquito can take us closer to death. Don't let that happen to anyone. Happy World Malaria Day. The only way to celebrate the occasion of World Malaria Day is by joining hands against this disease.
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A causes pandemics every 10-15 years due to antigenic variation. The most recent pandemics were the Spanish Flu in 1918, Asian Flu in 1957, and Hong Kong Flu in 1968.
- Bird flu is caused by the H5N1 virus and can infect humans. It is usually fatal in birds and sometimes infects humans through contact with infected birds. Human to human transmission is rare but possible if the virus mutates.
- SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus. It emerged in 2002-2003 with symptoms including fever, cough, and difficulty breathing which can progress to pneumonia. It was
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about CHICKENPOX IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#DIPHTHERIA#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about communicable diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #diphtheria,#communicablediseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Communicable diseases are spread from person to person through various modes of transmission including direct contact, vectors like insects, contaminated food and water, airborne transmission, and indirect contact. Examples discussed include chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. Prevention methods focus on vaccination, hygiene, avoiding contact with infected individuals or carriers, and safe sexual practices.
This document provides information about diphtheria, including its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention through vaccination. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as a membrane in the throat or other areas that can lead to breathing issues. Symptoms vary depending on the infected area. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on widespread immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, especially for children. Maintaining high vaccination rates through multiple doses is important to protect communities from this potentially fatal disease.
Diphtheria & Pertussis lecture in the subject of Tropical diseasesshumailascn
Diphtheria and pertussis are serious bacterial infections spread through respiratory droplets. Diphtheria causes a thick gray membrane in the throat that can block breathing. The bacteria also produce a toxin affecting the heart and nerves. Pertussis causes violent coughing fits and whooping sounds, especially in infants and children. Both diseases are preventable through vaccination programs using DPT/DTaP vaccines. Prompt treatment of cases with antibiotics and antitoxins can reduce mortality from these infections.
Tetanus is a neurological disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It causes painful muscle spasms and can be fatal. It occurs worldwide but is more common in developing nations. Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of death in infants. Prevention relies on immunizing mothers during pregnancy through tetanus toxoid vaccines. Treatment involves managing spasms and complications through supportive care like mechanical ventilation. Strict clean delivery practices and ensuring mothers receive tetanus vaccines can eliminate neonatal tetanus globally.
Screening tests are used to detect disease in asymptomatic individuals. They differ from diagnostic tests in that they are applied to large groups of apparently healthy people. An ideal screening test must be inexpensive, acceptable, valid, reliable, and yield meaningful results. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value are used to evaluate screening tests. Multiple criteria must be considered when choosing an appropriate screening test for a disease, including the burden of disease and availability of effective treatment. Screening programs can have benefits but also limitations such as lead time bias, length time bias, selection bias, and overdiagnosis.
This document outlines the use of computers in epidemiology and public health. It discusses:
1. Health management information systems which collect and analyze demographic and health data.
2. Developing databases for epidemiological research using tools like Excel, Epi Info and Access.
3. Using statistical software like Epi Info, SPSS and STATA to analyze epidemiological data.
4. Disease surveillance systems using computers to rapidly transmit and monitor health data.
5. Challenges implementing computer systems including structural issues, procedural problems, and constraints in India like fragmented data and lack of infrastructure.
This document summarizes various health initiatives and programs for tribal communities in India. It discusses the tribal sub-plan approach adopted since the 5th Five Year Plan to narrow development gaps and improve quality of life for tribes. Key programs mentioned include the nutrition program, Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana focusing on 14 themes, and Eklavya Model Residential Schools to promote tribal education. Challenges in remote and difficult terrain as well as ensuring proper funding allocation and utilization are also covered.
This document discusses India's Anemia Mukt Bharat program. It outlines the program's use of digital hemoglobinometers and existing platforms like schools and Anganwadi centers to screen beneficiaries without a lab. It establishes a National Center of Excellence on anemia at AIIMS in New Delhi. While the program reaches many groups, it misses some like migrant populations and school dropouts. Introducing IFA compliance cards, involving NGOs and women's SHGs could help reach more people. However, anemia prevalence has risen in several groups after three years of the program, and higher SES women are often missed.
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast bacillus. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves, causing disfigurement and disability if left untreated. It is diagnosed clinically based on skin lesions and nerve involvement. Multi-drug therapy (MDT), introduced in 1981, combines dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine and has helped reduce prevalence. Control relies on early detection and treatment to prevent disability and interrupt transmission. Global efforts have led to the disease being eliminated as a public health problem in 2000. However, ongoing work is still needed for post-elimination surveillance and care of patients.
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) and the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) in India. It discusses TB as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It then summarizes the history and objectives of NTEP, formerly known as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Key aspects of NTEP covered include organizational structure, services provided, case definitions, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and the national strategic plan to eliminate TB in India by 2025.
The document describes India's 3-tier TB laboratory services system. The peripheral laboratories are located at various primary health centers and hospitals. They provide basic diagnostic services and are covered under quality assurance. State-level intermediate reference laboratories are usually located at State TB Training and Demonstration Centers and monitor laboratory services across the state. They also have CBNAAT and DRTB centers. At the central level are six National Reference Laboratories which provide external quality assurance, drug resistance surveillance, and training.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It typically affects the throat and respiratory tract, causing a gray or yellow membrane that cannot be wiped away. The toxin can also damage organs like the heart. It is spread through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces. Immunization with DPT vaccine is the main preventive measure, with three initial doses and regular boosters recommended. Prompt treatment of cases with antitoxin and antibiotics can help control outbreaks along with isolating patients and treating carriers.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that spreads through the air via coughs and sneezes or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. It causes fever, red eyes, cough, runny nose and a red body rash. Before widespread vaccination, measles killed millions of people each year globally. The measles virus is diagnosed through clinical symptoms or laboratory tests detecting antibodies or viral RNA. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Vaccination is the most effective prevention strategy through either passive immunization with immunoglobulin shortly after exposure or active immunization via the live attenuated measles vaccine, usually as part of the MMR vaccine administered between 6-15 months of age.
The National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme in India has evolved over time from the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in 1962 to the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in 1992 which incorporated the DOTS strategy, to being renamed as the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme in 2020 with a goal of ending TB in India by 2025. Key activities of the NTEP include active case finding, using newer shorter treatment regimens, providing financial and nutritional support to TB patients, engaging private providers, and utilizing the web-based NIKSHAY patient management system for surveillance and monitoring progress toward elimination targets.
This case report describes a 2-month-old female infant presenting with failure to thrive. Diagnostic evaluation revealed metabolic acidosis, nephrocalcinosis, and an alkaline urine pH, consistent with renal tubular acidosis (RTA). Treatment with sodium bicarbonate corrected the acidosis. The patient was started on sodium citrate and citric acid solution and showed improved growth over subsequent years of treatment and monitoring. RTA can cause growth failure due to metabolic acidosis if left untreated. This case illustrates the diagnostic evaluation and long-term management of a pediatric patient with RTA.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that is transmitted through respiratory droplets. It causes a rash and fever and can lead to severe complications or death, especially in malnourished children. Before the widespread use of the measles vaccine in the 1960s, nearly all children contracted measles by age 10. Through vaccination campaigns and increased immunization rates, global measles deaths have declined significantly. However, ongoing efforts are still needed to achieve regional elimination goals and protect susceptible populations.
The National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme in India has evolved over time from the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in 1962 to the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in 1992 which incorporated the DOTS strategy, to being renamed as the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme in 2020 with a goal of ending TB in India by 2025. Key activities of the programme include active case finding, using newer shorter treatment regimens, providing financial and nutritional support to TB patients, engaging private providers, and utilizing the web-based NIKSHAY patient management system for surveillance and monitoring progress toward elimination targets.
This document provides information on various instruments used to measure environmental factors related to health. It discusses instruments that measure precipitation, air temperature, humidity, air velocity, air pressure, wind direction, and residual chlorine levels in water. The document also provides images and details on mosquito species, fleas, flies, and mites that can transmit diseases. Finally, it mentions different types of insecticides and concludes with a multiple choice question about indicators of water treatment efficiency.
The document discusses primary health care delivery in India. It outlines the three-tier structure of primary health centers, community health centers, and district hospitals that provide primary, secondary, and tertiary care respectively. It describes the roles of village health guides, Anganwadi workers, and Accredited Social Health Activists in connecting communities to primary health services. The document also discusses common health issues in rural and urban areas and how primary care aims to address these issues through its multi-level infrastructure and community-based workers.
The WHO works to prevent and control specific diseases through epidemiological surveillance, information collection and dissemination, and programs like immunization. It also supports national health policy development and primary healthcare. Additionally, the WHO focuses on family health, environmental health, health statistics, biomedical research, health literature, and cooperation with other organizations. In 2000, the UN established eight Millennium Development Goals including targets related to poverty, education, gender equality, child and maternal health, HIV/AIDS, and environmental sustainability to be achieved by 2015. Progress has been made in reducing poverty, hunger, and child mortality rates, though more work remains to reduce preventable premature deaths.
This document contains questions about various medical topics including infections transmitted by blood products, vaccines, controlling flies, laboratory equipment, and inherited diseases. Specifically, it asks about the name of a procedure to destroy pathogens in blood products, details of a pictured vaccine, the global distribution and control of flies, the components of laboratory apparatus, the inheritance pattern shown in a pedigree chart, and examples of diseases inherited in that pattern.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
3. DIPHTHERIA
• Is an acute infectious disease
caused by toxigenic strains of
Cornybacterium diphtheriae.
4. • The bacilli multiply locally,
usually in the throat, and
elaborate a powerful exotoxin
which is responsible for the
following pathology.
5. • The formation of grayish or
yellowish membrane (false
membrane) commonly over the
tonsils, pharynx, with well
defined edges and the
membrane cannot be wiped
away.
6. • Marked congestion, edema or
local tissue destruction.
• Enlargement of the regional
lymph nodes.
• Signs and symptoms of toxemia.
11. • The causative agent, C diphtheriae
is a gram-positive, non motile
organism.
• It has no invasive power, but
produces a powerful exotoxin
which can affect the heart leading
to myocarditis.
12. • Four types of Diphtheria bacilli
are differentiated.
• gravis, mitis, belfanti and
intermedius, all pathogenic to
man.
14. CASE
• Cases range from subclinical
infection to frank clinical cases.
• Mild or silent infections may
exhibit no more than a mere
running nose or sore throat.
These cases pose more threat in
the spread than the active cases.
15. CARRIER
• Carriers are common sources of
infection.
• Carriers may be temporary or
chronic nasal or throat carriers.
17. INFECTIVITY
• The period of infectivity may
vary from 14 to 28 days from the
onset of the disease.
• But carriers may remain infective
for much longer periods.
18. • A case or a carrier may be
considered non communicable,
when at least 2 cultures properly
obtained from nose and throat,
24 hours apart are negative for
diphtheria bacilli.
19. HOST FACTORS
• AGE : Diphtheria particularly
affects children (1-5 yrs).
• GENDER : Both genders are
affected.
20. IMMUNITY
• Infants born of immune mothers
are relatively immune during the
first few months of life.
• Children in developing countries
seem to acquire active immunity
through active infection.
22. • Case of diphtheria occur in all
seasons, although winter months
favour its spread.
23. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• The disease is spread mainly by
droplet infection.
• It can also be transmitted
directly to susceptible persons
from infected cutaneous lesions.
24. • Transmission by objects (cups,
thermometers, toys, pencils)
contaminated by the
nasopharyngeal secretions of the
patients is possible, but only for
short periods.
25. PORTAL OF ENTRY
• RESPIRATORY ROUTE : Commonly
the portal of entry is the respiratory
tract.
• NON RESPIRATORY ROUTE : The
portal of entry sometimes may be
the skin where cuts, wounds and
ulcers not properly attended to,
may get infected with diphtheria
bacilli.(umbilical cord)
31. • The membrane may be a
localized patch of the posterior
pharynx or tonsil, may cover the
entire tonsil, or less frequently,
may spread to cover the soft
palates and the posterior portion
of the pharynx.
32.
33.
34. • In the early stage the pseudo-
membrane may be whitish and
may wipe off easily.
• The membrane may extend to
become thick, blue-white to
grey-black and adherent.
35. • Attempts to remove the
membrane may result in
bleeding.
• A minimal area of mucosal
erythema surrounds the
membrane.
36. • Patients with severe disease may
have marked edema of the sub
mandibular area and the
antererior portion of the neck,
along with lymphadenopathy,
giving a characteristic “bull-
necked” appearance.
38. • Laryngeotracheal diphtheria is
most often preceded by
pharygotonsillar disease, usually
is associated with fever,
hoarseness and croupy cough at
presentation.
39. • If the infection extends into the
bronchial tree, it is the most
severe of disease.
• Initially it may be clinically
indistinguishable from viral
croup or epiglottitis.
40. • Prostration and dyspnoea soon
follow because of the
obstruction caused by the
membrane.
• This obstruction may even cause
suffocation if not promptly
relieved by intubation or
tracheostomy.
41. • The diphtheria bacilli within the
membrane continue to produce
toxin actively.
42. • This is absorbed and results in
distant toxic damage,
particularly paranchymatous
degeneration, fatty infiltration
and necrosis in heart muscle,
liver, kidneys and adrenals and
some time accompanied by gross
hemorrhage.
43. • Irregularities of the cardiac
rhythm indicate damage to the
heart.
• Later there may be difficulties
with vision, speech, swallowing,
or movement of the arms or
legs.
44. • The toxin also produces nerve
damage, resulting in paralysis of
the soft palate, eye muscles or
extremities.
• Patients who survive
complications recover
completely.
45. • Nasal diphtheria, the mildest
form of respiratory diphtheria,
usually is localized to the septum
or turbinates of one side of the
nose.
• Occasionally a membrane mat
extend into pharynx.
46. • Non respiratory mucosal surface
i.e., the conjunctivae and
genitals may also be sites of
infection.
• Cutaneous form of diphtheria is
common in tropical areas.
47. • Cutaneous diphtheria appears as
a secondary infection of a
previous skin abrasion or
infection.
• The presenting lesion, often an
ulcer, may be surrounded by
erythema and covered with a
membrane.
48. • Patients generally seek
treatment because of the
chronicity of the skin lesion.
50. EARLY DETECTION
• An active search for cases and
carriers should start immediately
amongst family and school
contacts.
• Carriers can be detected only by
culture method.
51. • Swabs should be taken from
both the nose and throat and
examined by culture methods for
diphtheria bacilli.
• Test should be made for the
virulence of the organism.
52. ISOLATION
• All cases, suspected cases and
carriers should be promptly
isolated, preferably in a hospital,
for at least 14 days or until
proved free of infection.
53. • At least 2 consecutive nose and
throat swabs , taken 24 hrs apart,
should be negative before
terminating isolation.
54. TREATMENT (CASES)
• When diphtheria is suspected,
diphtheria antitoxin should be given
without delay, IM or IV , in doses
ranging from 20,000 to 100,000 units or
more, depending on the severity of the
case following a test dose of 0.2ml
subcutaneously to detect sensitization
to horse serum.
55. • For mild early pharyngeal of
laryngeal disease the dose is
20,000-40,000 units.
• For moderate nasopharyngeal
disease, 40,000-60,000 units is
administered.
56. • For severe, extensive or late (3
days or more) disease, 80,000-
100,000 units.
• In addition to anti toxin every case
should be treated with penicillin or
erythromycin for 5 to 6 days to
clear the throat of C. diphtheriae
(this decreases toxin production)
57. CARRIERS
• The carriers should be treated
with 10 day course of oral
erythromycin, which is the most
effective drug for the treatment
of carriers.
• The immunity status should be
upgraded as follows.
58. CONTACTS
• Contacts merits special
attention. They should be throat
swabbed and their immunity
status determined.
59. • Non immunized close contact
should receive prophylactic
penicillin or erythromycin.
(1000-2000 units of diphtheria
antitoxin and actively immunized
against diphtheria).
60. • Contacts should be under
medical surveillance and
examined daily for evidence of
diphtheria for at least a week
after exposure.
61. COMMUNITY
• Effective control measure is by
active immunization with
diphtheria toxoid of all infants as
early in life as possible (national
immunization schedule).
62. • Subsequent booster doses every
10 years there after.
• Immunization does not prevent
the carrier state.
64. DPT VACCINE
• It is a combined vaccine.
• The preparation of choice is DPT,
because it can be immunized
simultaneously against three
diseases, viz., Diphtheria,
pertussis, and tetanus.
65.
66. • There are two types of vaccine :
plain and adsorbed.
• Adsorption is usually out on a
mineral carrier like aluminum
phosphate or hydroxide.
68. DPT STORAGE
• DPT/DT vaccine should not be
frozen.
• They should be stored in a
refrigerator between 2 to 8
degree Celsius.
69. • The vaccine should be used
before the date of expiry
indicated on the vial.
• The vaccine will lose it’s potency
if it is kept in room temperature
over a long period of time.
70. OPTIMUM AGE
• Young infants respond well to
immunization with potent
vaccines and toxoids, even in the
presence of low to moderate
levels of maternal antibodies.
71. • The Expanded programme of
Immunization has recommended
that DPT vaccine can be safely
and effectively administered as
early as 6 weeks after birth.
72. NUMBER OF DOSES
• Three doses of DPT each of
which is usually 0.5ml, should be
considered optimal for primary
immunization.
73. INTERVAL BETWEEN DOSES
• The current recommendation is
to allow an interval of 4 weeks
between 3 doses, with a booster
injection at one and a half years
or two years, followed by
another booster (DT only)at the
age of 5 to 6 years.
74. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• All vaccines containing mineral
carriers or adjuvants should be
injected deep intramuscular.
• This applies to DPT also.
75. • DPT is given in the upper and
outer quadrant of the gluteal
region.
• For children under one year of
age, DPT should be administered
in (lateral aspect) of the thigh.
(1984 Global Advisory Group).
76. • The most severe complications
that could follow DPT
immunization are encephalitis,
encephalopathy, prolonged
convulsions, infantile spasms
and Reye’s syndrome.
78. • DPT should not be repeated if a
severe reaction occurred after a
previous dose.
79. • Such reactions include collapse,
shock like state, persistent
screaming episodes,
temperature above 40 degree
Celsius, convulsions and other
neurological symptoms.
80. • DT only is recommended in such
case. (2 doses with 4 weeks
apart with a booster dose 6
months to one year).
• Children who have received DPT
earlier, should receive only DT as
booster at 5-6 years or at school
entry.