This study investigated the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) among under-five children in urban and rural areas of Puducherry, India. The overall prevalence of ARI was 59.1%, with higher prevalence observed in urban (63.7%) versus rural (53.7%) areas. Factors found to significantly predict higher rates of ARI through logistic regression analysis included overcrowded living conditions, urban residence, and having a second birth order. The results suggest that improving living conditions could help reduce the burden of ARI in these communities.
Determinants of Malaria Prevalence among Children below Five Years in North W...IIJSRJournal
Background: Globally, malaria remains a major public health problem. In 2019 an estimated 229 million cases of malaria were reported, WHO African region accounted for 94% of total cases. In Kenya, malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years living in malaria endemic zones. This study investigated the factors that are associated with malaria prevalence among children under-five years living in North West Kisumu Ward, Kisumu County.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Chulaimbo County Hospital from July 2019 to January 2020. Using a validated structured questionnaire, data were obtained from 369 randomly sampled children < 5 years who presented with signs and symptoms of malaria and had malaria positive or negative test results from the laboratory. Children with chronic illnesses such as HIV were not enrolled. Chi-square test of independence and logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 software.
Results: Out of 369 participants, 183 (49.6%) tested positive for malaria. Child age was significantly associated with malaria (P = 0.04). There were low malaria odds among females (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.61-1.39) and in households where mothers (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.16-1.37) or fathers (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.31-2.35) had university education. Low malaria risk was also reported among children whose fathers had employment (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.49-1.80). On the contrary, high malaria risk was recorded among children whose mothers were employed (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.62-2.50). Children from married respondents were likely to test positive for malaria (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.60-1.93). Children who used bed nets were less likely to test positive for malaria (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.35-1.41). Surprisingly, low malaria risk was reported among severely malnourished children (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.42-1.20).
Conclusion: Child age and bed net use, but not nutritional status, are important determinants of malaria prevalence in children under 5 years. The Ministry of Health should promote more efforts towards protecting young children from malaria, by ensuring access and use of bed nets, and enhancing health education.
Determinants of Malaria Prevalence among Children below Five Years in North W...IIJSRJournal
Background: Globally, malaria remains a major public health problem. In 2019 an estimated 229 million cases of malaria were reported, WHO African region accounted for 94% of total cases. In Kenya, malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years living in malaria endemic zones. This study investigated the factors that are associated with malaria prevalence among children under-five years living in North West Kisumu Ward, Kisumu County.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Chulaimbo County Hospital from July 2019 to January 2020. Using a validated structured questionnaire, data were obtained from 369 randomly sampled children < 5 years who presented with signs and symptoms of malaria and had malaria positive or negative test results from the laboratory. Children with chronic illnesses such as HIV were not enrolled. Chi-square test of independence and logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 software.
Results: Out of 369 participants, 183 (49.6%) tested positive for malaria. Child age was significantly associated with malaria (P = 0.04). There were low malaria odds among females (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.61-1.39) and in households where mothers (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.16-1.37) or fathers (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.31-2.35) had university education. Low malaria risk was also reported among children whose fathers had employment (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.49-1.80). On the contrary, high malaria risk was recorded among children whose mothers were employed (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.62-2.50). Children from married respondents were likely to test positive for malaria (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.60-1.93). Children who used bed nets were less likely to test positive for malaria (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.35-1.41). Surprisingly, low malaria risk was reported among severely malnourished children (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.42-1.20).
Conclusion: Child age and bed net use, but not nutritional status, are important determinants of malaria prevalence in children under 5 years. The Ministry of Health should promote more efforts towards protecting young children from malaria, by ensuring access and use of bed nets, and enhancing health education.
Common antibiotics prescribed for acute respiratory tract infected children i...iosrphr_editor
Background: Acute respiratory infection is a common disease in children. Most cases were due to upper respiratory tract infection. Early intervention and prompt treatment of acute respiratory infections are the easiest ways to prevent complications. Objective of the study: to determine the indications, frequency, and types of antibiotics used in hospitalized paediatric patients Messellata General Hospital , Messellata, Libya and to evaluate whether the prescribed antibiotics were based on the isolation of organism and their sensitivity. Study Design: Descriptive observational hospital based study. Results and discussion: A total of 200 child patients were included over 6 months of study period, in whom antibiotics were prescribed at the time of admission. The majority were between < 2 and 8 years of age. Fever was the commonest symptom. Out of 200 encounters for patients with various acute respiratory infections, acute pharyngotonsillits were (62.5%), followed by acute laringitis (26.5%). Acute pneumonia represented by (11%) of the total acute respiratory infection cases. Penicillins were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for acute pharyngotonsillitis among children patients (40.8% of prescriptions), followed by cephalosporins (36.0%) and aminoglycosides (23.2%). A high percentage (59.1%) of children patients diagnosed with acute pneumonia was treated with cephalosporins, whereas (27.3%) of children patients with acute pneumonia were treated with penicillins. However, only (13.6%) of children patients with acute pneumonia often treated with aminoglycosides antibiotics. In case of acute laryngitis, the antibiotic prescription rates were as follow: Penicillins (58.5%), Cephalosporis (30.2%) and aminoglycosides (11.3%).
A Serological Survey of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) among Children in...iosrjce
This study was done to carry out a survey of Human Parainfluenza Virus in children aged 1-12years
in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Diagnostic kits. Of the 376
samples tested for IgG antibody of HPIV 1, 2 and 3, 288 were seropositive (76.6%). Risk and demographic
factors such as age of the children parental occupation, parental educational status, vitamin A deficiency,
frequency of eating, household size, duration of breastfeeding, environmental smoke, respiratory symptoms,
fever, sickle cell and underlying diseases were analysed. Age (χ2=17.408, p=0.001), parental occupation
(χ2=10.116, p=0.039), duration of breastfeeding (χ2=8.439, p=0.015), presence of respiratory symptoms
(χ2=5.116, p=0.024) were significantly associated with the infection. Observation from the study showed the
importance of Human Parainfluenza Virus as an agent of respiratory tract infection in children. As antiviral
drugs are not readily available, preventive measures should be adhered to in the control of the infection.
Evaluation of Immunization Coverage among Children between 12 - 23 Months of ...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction:Immunization is one of the well known and most effective method of preventing childhood diseases. Aims And Objectives:1) To describe socio-demographic profile of children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. 2) To Evaluate the factors affecting immunization status among children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional and descriptive type. Place of study was immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Study duration was from 1 September to 30 November 2016. Results: In the present study 110 Children were studied in which maximum number were 19 months of age. Majority were hindu (79.9%) male(63.6%) of Urban locality(92.7%). Education of the parents was found to be significantly associated with the immunization status of children. Conclusion: Increasing the literacy status of the parents can alone can bring a major difference in immunization coverage among Children.
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on the Level of Knowledge Rega...ijtsrd
A pre experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on the level of knowledge regarding upper respiratory tract infection among mothers of under five children in Mothrowala, Dehradun. 30 mothers of under five children were selected through purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by structured questionnaire. The result showed that 80 of respondents had an adequate knowledge score 20 30 and 20 had moderate knowledge score 10 19 .The study concluded that level of knowledge score was less when assessed after conducting pretest, whereas the score had increased in posttest after the implementation Structured Teaching Programme Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. Harikant Sharma "Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on the Level of Knowledge Regarding Upper Respiratory Tract Infection among Mothers of under Five Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42446.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42446/effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-the-level-of-knowledge-regarding-upper-respiratory-tract-infection-among-mothers-of-under-five-children/harikant-sharma
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Undergraduate Students of Gom...IOSR Journals
Incidence of Hepatitis B virus among healthy asymptomatic students in Gombe State University was determined, this was in an effort of providing baseline data on the diseases burden, and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in the study population. A total of 100 serum samples were collected from volunteers and screened using rapid immune chromatographic test kits for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The study revealed that 14% were HBsAg positive. The highest incidence rate of 18.2% (12) was recorded among the age group of 16-25 years, and males recorded the highest incidence rate of 20% (12), indicating that gender but not age might have greater influence on the infection (P= 0.05).
—Reproductive health development depends on the menstrual hygiene in adolescence. Half of all mental health disorders in adulthood start during adolescence. Drug, alcohol and tobacco use is major concern in this group. The present study was conducted to study the reproductive health, mental health and various addictions in urban adolescents. This cross sectional study was conducted among 506 adolescents from standard 9 th and 10 th in a high school in Margao city of South Goa district in year 2015. Study participants were sampled by census method and interviewed by using a pretested, structured questionnaire. The mean age of study participants i.e. in girls it was 16.30 years & in boys it was observed 16.43 years. 85.4% of the study participants experienced one of the feelings of being anxious, sad, irritable or stressed, 74.4% of the study participants experienced feelings suggestive of psychosomatic disorder and 48.4% participants felt they were good for nothing. 58.1% had normal cycles of 21-35 days while 30.7% and 11.2% of the girls had cycles of < 21 days & 36-60 days respectively. 49.2% experienced mild symptoms of dysmenorrhoea, equal percentage experienced moderate symptoms and 1.6% experienced severe dysmenorrhoea. 40.4% had curdy white vaginal discharge, 5.5% had greenish yellow discharge and 19.8% had blood stained vaginal discharge. 5.5% of the adolescents smoked.1.2% of the participants chewed Gutkha. 26.5% had consumed alcohol & 3.8% had tried drugs. The study shows that adolescents face various problems which need to be addressed.
Common antibiotics prescribed for acute respiratory tract infected children i...iosrphr_editor
Background: Acute respiratory infection is a common disease in children. Most cases were due to upper respiratory tract infection. Early intervention and prompt treatment of acute respiratory infections are the easiest ways to prevent complications. Objective of the study: to determine the indications, frequency, and types of antibiotics used in hospitalized paediatric patients Messellata General Hospital , Messellata, Libya and to evaluate whether the prescribed antibiotics were based on the isolation of organism and their sensitivity. Study Design: Descriptive observational hospital based study. Results and discussion: A total of 200 child patients were included over 6 months of study period, in whom antibiotics were prescribed at the time of admission. The majority were between < 2 and 8 years of age. Fever was the commonest symptom. Out of 200 encounters for patients with various acute respiratory infections, acute pharyngotonsillits were (62.5%), followed by acute laringitis (26.5%). Acute pneumonia represented by (11%) of the total acute respiratory infection cases. Penicillins were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for acute pharyngotonsillitis among children patients (40.8% of prescriptions), followed by cephalosporins (36.0%) and aminoglycosides (23.2%). A high percentage (59.1%) of children patients diagnosed with acute pneumonia was treated with cephalosporins, whereas (27.3%) of children patients with acute pneumonia were treated with penicillins. However, only (13.6%) of children patients with acute pneumonia often treated with aminoglycosides antibiotics. In case of acute laryngitis, the antibiotic prescription rates were as follow: Penicillins (58.5%), Cephalosporis (30.2%) and aminoglycosides (11.3%).
A Serological Survey of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) among Children in...iosrjce
This study was done to carry out a survey of Human Parainfluenza Virus in children aged 1-12years
in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Diagnostic kits. Of the 376
samples tested for IgG antibody of HPIV 1, 2 and 3, 288 were seropositive (76.6%). Risk and demographic
factors such as age of the children parental occupation, parental educational status, vitamin A deficiency,
frequency of eating, household size, duration of breastfeeding, environmental smoke, respiratory symptoms,
fever, sickle cell and underlying diseases were analysed. Age (χ2=17.408, p=0.001), parental occupation
(χ2=10.116, p=0.039), duration of breastfeeding (χ2=8.439, p=0.015), presence of respiratory symptoms
(χ2=5.116, p=0.024) were significantly associated with the infection. Observation from the study showed the
importance of Human Parainfluenza Virus as an agent of respiratory tract infection in children. As antiviral
drugs are not readily available, preventive measures should be adhered to in the control of the infection.
Evaluation of Immunization Coverage among Children between 12 - 23 Months of ...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction:Immunization is one of the well known and most effective method of preventing childhood diseases. Aims And Objectives:1) To describe socio-demographic profile of children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. 2) To Evaluate the factors affecting immunization status among children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional and descriptive type. Place of study was immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Study duration was from 1 September to 30 November 2016. Results: In the present study 110 Children were studied in which maximum number were 19 months of age. Majority were hindu (79.9%) male(63.6%) of Urban locality(92.7%). Education of the parents was found to be significantly associated with the immunization status of children. Conclusion: Increasing the literacy status of the parents can alone can bring a major difference in immunization coverage among Children.
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on the Level of Knowledge Rega...ijtsrd
A pre experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on the level of knowledge regarding upper respiratory tract infection among mothers of under five children in Mothrowala, Dehradun. 30 mothers of under five children were selected through purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by structured questionnaire. The result showed that 80 of respondents had an adequate knowledge score 20 30 and 20 had moderate knowledge score 10 19 .The study concluded that level of knowledge score was less when assessed after conducting pretest, whereas the score had increased in posttest after the implementation Structured Teaching Programme Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. Harikant Sharma "Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on the Level of Knowledge Regarding Upper Respiratory Tract Infection among Mothers of under Five Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42446.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42446/effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-the-level-of-knowledge-regarding-upper-respiratory-tract-infection-among-mothers-of-under-five-children/harikant-sharma
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Undergraduate Students of Gom...IOSR Journals
Incidence of Hepatitis B virus among healthy asymptomatic students in Gombe State University was determined, this was in an effort of providing baseline data on the diseases burden, and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in the study population. A total of 100 serum samples were collected from volunteers and screened using rapid immune chromatographic test kits for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The study revealed that 14% were HBsAg positive. The highest incidence rate of 18.2% (12) was recorded among the age group of 16-25 years, and males recorded the highest incidence rate of 20% (12), indicating that gender but not age might have greater influence on the infection (P= 0.05).
—Reproductive health development depends on the menstrual hygiene in adolescence. Half of all mental health disorders in adulthood start during adolescence. Drug, alcohol and tobacco use is major concern in this group. The present study was conducted to study the reproductive health, mental health and various addictions in urban adolescents. This cross sectional study was conducted among 506 adolescents from standard 9 th and 10 th in a high school in Margao city of South Goa district in year 2015. Study participants were sampled by census method and interviewed by using a pretested, structured questionnaire. The mean age of study participants i.e. in girls it was 16.30 years & in boys it was observed 16.43 years. 85.4% of the study participants experienced one of the feelings of being anxious, sad, irritable or stressed, 74.4% of the study participants experienced feelings suggestive of psychosomatic disorder and 48.4% participants felt they were good for nothing. 58.1% had normal cycles of 21-35 days while 30.7% and 11.2% of the girls had cycles of < 21 days & 36-60 days respectively. 49.2% experienced mild symptoms of dysmenorrhoea, equal percentage experienced moderate symptoms and 1.6% experienced severe dysmenorrhoea. 40.4% had curdy white vaginal discharge, 5.5% had greenish yellow discharge and 19.8% had blood stained vaginal discharge. 5.5% of the adolescents smoked.1.2% of the participants chewed Gutkha. 26.5% had consumed alcohol & 3.8% had tried drugs. The study shows that adolescents face various problems which need to be addressed.
Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers of 12-23 month...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of School Children on Prevention and Contro...Premier Publishers
Superficial fungal infections are common among school-going children due to their involvement in practices that promote the spread at school or home. However, practices, knowledge and attitude of these children on prevention and control of fungal infection are poorly understood. This study assessed the practices, knowledge and attitude on the prevention and control of fungal infections among 163 children aged 5-12 years in western Kenya. A cross-sectional study design and systematic sampling method were adopted. Information on knowledge, attitude and practices on fungal prevention and control was collected using a structured questionnaire. Results showed that over 50% of the pupils had adequate knowledge on prevention and control of superficial fungal infections. On attitude, 58.9%of the children believed that those with fungal infection should not be allowed to play with others or go to school. Furthermore, 70.6% and 54.6% of the pupils agreed that sharing of toys and hairbrushes respectively leads in promoting the infections. These findings show that pupils demonstrate a good knowledge of superficial fungal with marked limited infection and control measures. Therefore, there is a need for stakeholders in health and education sectors to develop a policy framework involving learners in prevention and control of fungal infections.
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Epidemiological research on brucellosis in India: Knowledge generated and gapsILRI
Presentation by Ram Pratim Deka, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at a workshop on One Health approach for brucellosis control in India, New Delhi, India, 26 October 2017.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers in Jos North Rega...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Factors Influencing Immunization Coverage among Children 12- 23 Months of Age...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Prevalence of ari pdy
1. 3 Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine | January 2015 | Vol 6 | Issue 1
Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among
under-five children in urban and rural areas of
puducherry, India
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence of Acute respiratory infections (ARI) is high among under-five children, especially in developing
countries. However, the data on ARI from rural and urban areas in India are scarce. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of
ARI and selected associated factors among under-five children. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional
study was conducted in urban and rural areas of Puducherry, India. Data were collected from 509 parents of under-five children
regarding ARI incidence along with socio-demographic and selected associated factors. Results: Overall prevalence of ARI was
observed to be 59.1%, with prevalence in urban and rural areas being 63.7% and 53.7%, respectively. Bivariate analysis indicated
that overcrowding, place of residence, and mother’s education were significantly associated with ARI. Multiple logistic regression
analysis suggested that presence of overcrowding (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.492), urban residence (AOR = 2.329), and
second birth order (AOR = 0.371) were significant predictors of ARI. Conclusion: The prevalence of ARI is high, particularly in
urban areas. Improvement of living conditions may help in reduction of burden of ARI in the community.
Key words: ARI, under-5 years old children, rural, urban, respiratory disease
Ganesh Kumar S,
Anindo Majumdar,
Veera Kumar,
Bijay Nanda Naik,
Kalaiselvi Selvaraj,
Karthik Balajee
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education
and Research JIPMER, Puducherry, India
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Ganesh Kumar S, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of
Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry - 06, India.
E mail- sssgan@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the major cause of
mortality among children aged less than 5 years, especially
in developing countries like India.[1,2]
Lower respiratory
tract infections (LRTIs) are the leading cause of under-five
morbidity globally.[3]
ARI poses a major challenge to the health system in
developing countries because of high morbidity and
mortality.[4]
It is estimated that Bangladesh, India, Indonesia,
and Nepal together account for 40% of the global ARI
mortality. Interestingly infants living in overcrowded
surroundings and suboptimally breast-fed are more likely
to suffer ARI-related illnesses.[5,6]
In India, ARI accounts for 30-50% of visits to health
facilities and 20-40% of hospital admissions.[7]
In
urban slum areas, ARI constitutes over two-thirds
of all childhood illnesses.[8]
Despite these statistics,
majority of the reported evidences underestimate
the actual burden of ARI in the community. Hence,
continued understanding of ARI prevalence and
associated risk factors is essential. However, estimating
the morbidity burden has inherent challenges due to
lack of uniformity in study definitions, spectral nature
of illness and misclassification errors.[1]
Hence, this
study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of
ARI among under-five children residing in urban and
rural communities of Puducherry, India and to identify
the association between ARI and selected socio-
demographic and environmental factors.
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Website:
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DOI:
10.4103/0976-9668.149069
Research Article: Child Health Mini-Series
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2. Kumar, et al.: Prevalence of ARI among under-five children
4Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine | January 2015 | Vol 6 | Issue 1
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted
during October 2013 to February 2014 in the field practice
areas of Urban Health Centre (UHC; population of 9000)
and Rural Health Centre (RHC; population of 8507)
attached to a medical college in Puducherry, India.
Sample size estimation and sampling technique
Considering a prevalence of 42.3%[9]
and absolute
precision of 7%, the sample size was calculated to be 199.
Considering a refusal rate of 10%, final minimum sample
size required from each urban and rural area was estimated
to be 219. To achieve this, two out of four urban areas and
three out of four villages from rural areas were selected
randomly by lottery method. Purposive sampling was
adopted to select the sample of children from the respective
areas. Children aged less than 5 years with parents living in
the field practice area for at least 6 months were included
in the study.
Method of data collection
The study was conducted by house-to-house survey by
the investigators and medical interns. The medical interns
were trained and supervised in data collection process.
Informed consent was obtained from the informants
before the initiation of data collection. Data was collected
by interview technique from the mother of the child. If
mother was not present at the time of house visit, the
father was interviewed. If within the same household, more
than one child were present, one of them were selected
randomly in the study. Information on ARI episode and
certain associated factors were obtained using a pretested
semi-structured questionnaire.
In the present study, the operational definition of an ARI
episode used was based on a child having at least one of
the following recognizable symptoms of ARI (cough,
runny nose, ear discharge, and sore throat, which might be
associated with fever, chest retractions, and fast breathing)
within the last 2 weeks of the visit. With the help of
the pretested interview schedule, information regarding
socio-demographic characteristics of the mother and child
and associated factors such as overcrowding, birth order,
birth weight, number of siblings, duration of excusive
breast feeding, and duration of total breast feeding were
documented. Overcrowding was assessed based on the
number of persons and living rooms.
Statistical analysis
Data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for
Social Sciences) software version 17.0. Bivariate analysis
was performed to assess the risk factors associated
with ARI. Multivariate analysis was performed using
logistic regression analysis to identify association of
ARI and suspected risk factors after adjusting for other
confounding factors. Results of multivariate analysis
were reported as adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95%
confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
A total of 509 subjects participated in the study. Among
them, 278 (54.6%) and 231(45.4%) were from urban and
rural areas, respectively. Overall prevalence of ARI was
observed to be 59.1% (301/509). Children from urban
areas (63.7%) had higher prevalence of ARI compared
with children living in rural areas (53.7%). Running nose
and cough were the most common symptoms of ARI
reported [Table 1].
The prevalence of ARI was highest in age group
0-12 months (63.2%), followed by 25-60 months (59.5%),
and was comparatively lower in 13-24 months age group
(52.6%). Higher proportions of boys (62.9%) were reported
to have ARI as compared with girls (55.1%). Incidentally
ARI prevalence was higher among children born with a
birth weight of <2.5 kg, had mother’s educated between
1st
and 7th
class, had two or more siblings, and those who
lived in overcrowded settings. Bivariate analysis indicated
overcrowding, place of residence and mother’s education
as significant risk factors associated with ARI [Table 2].
Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that presence
of overcrowding (AOR = 1.492), urban place of residence
(AOR = 2.329), and second birth order (AOR = 0.371)
were significant predictors of ARI [Table 3].
DISCUSSION
In our study, the overall prevalence of ARI was higher
than similar studies from Delhi,[10]
rural Ahmadabad,[11]
and
Assam[12]
inIndia.Surprisingly,arecentNationalFamilyHealth
Survey(NFHS-3)datasuggestsa5.8%prevalencerate.[1]
Such
differences in prevalence rates may be due to the difference
in cultural and socio-economic factors present in different
Table 1: Symptoms of ARI among under-five
children (N = 509)
Symptoms Number of subjects (%)
Cold/running nose 268 (52.7)
Cough 231 (45.4)
Sore throat 17 (3.3)
Ear discharge 6 (1.2)
Any of the above symptom 301 (59.1)
Associated with fever 143/301 (47.5)
Associated with fever and fast breathing 6/301 (2.0)
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3. Kumar, et al.: Prevalence of ARI among under-five children
5 Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine | January 2015 | Vol 6 | Issue 1
geographical regions, difference in risk factor exposure and
methodology adopted in the study. Interestingly, a study
conductedinaruralcommunityinBangladeshreported58.7%
prevalence rate of ARI, which is comparable to this study.[13]
A study using 4-5 years age group reported 47.3%
prevalence rate of ARI.[11]
In contrast, we observed a higher
prevalence of ARI among infants. A community-based
study in a coastal village of Karnataka, India reported
the incidence of pneumonia to be significantly higher
among infants.[14]
An epidemiological study conducted in
an urban area of West Tripura, India also reported higher
incidence of pneumonia among infants.[15]
In our study,
although more boys were affected from ARI than girls,
this data was not statistically significant and is consistent
with other reports.[12,13,16]
Our study indicated a significant
association of overcrowding with ARI, which is consistent
with other studies.[5,11,13]
However, only a limited number
of studies from India have compared the prevalence of
ARI in urban and rural areas. The higher prevalence of
ARI in the urban areas compared with rural areas and in
overcrowded settings stresses the fact that ARI control
programs in India need to consider these risk factors while
treating ARI in urban primary care settings.
One of the limitations of the study was convenient
sampling used in selection of urban and rural areas. Due
to diversity of population in different parts of India and
their living conditions, it is difficult to generalize these
findings. Further, quantification of certain other related
risk variables could not be included in our study due to
feasibility constraints. Since our study was performed in a
shorter duration, effect of seasonality could not be studied.
Nevertheless further longitudinal multi-centric studies in
urban and rural areas will help in identifying the time trend
analysis of ARI and its association with risk factors.
Table 3: Associated factors of ARI: Multiple
logistic regression analysis
Variable Category Adjusted odds
ratio (95% CI)
P value
Age group in months 0-12 1.024 (0.632-1.657) 0.924
13-24 1.276 (0.772-2.110) 0.342
25-60 –
Gender Male 0.695 (0.478-1.011) 0.057
Female –
Overcrowding Yes 2.329 (1.541-3.518) 0.000*
No –
Area of residence Urban 1.492 (1.017-2.190) 0.041*
Rural –
Birth weight ≥2.5 kg 0.917 (0.624-1.349) 0.661
<2.5 kg –
Mothers education Illiterate 0.830 (0.193-3.570) 0.830
1-7th
class 0.467 (0.155-1.407) 0.467
≥7th
class –
Number of siblings 0 0.854 (0.358-2.037) 0.722
1 1.870 (0.879-3.971) 0.104
≥2 –
Birth order 1 0.745 (0.275-2.016) 0.562
2 0.371 (0.138-0.996) 0.049*
≥3 –
*P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant.
Table 2: Factors associated with ARI among under-five children (N = 509)
Variable Categories Total number
of subjects
Number of subjects
with ARI (%)
Pearson
chi-square value
P value
Age in months 0-12 133 84 (63.2) 2.632 0.268
13-24 97 51 (52.6)
25-60 279 166 (59.5)
Gender Male 264 166 (62.9) 3.180 0.075
Female 245 135 (55.1)
Place of residence Urban 278 177 (63.7) 5.210 0.022*
Rural 231 124 (53.7)
Overcrowding Yes 200 139 (69.5) 14.645 0.000*
No 309 162 (52.4)
Birth weight <2.5 kg 204 123 (60.3) 0.189 0.664
≥2.5 kg 305 178 (58.4)
Mother’s education Illiterate 20 9 (45.0) 7.103 0.029*
1-7th
class 471 286 (60.7)
≥7th
class 18 6 (33.3)
Number of siblings 0 159 99 (62.3) 3.403 0.182
1 277 154 (55.6)
≥2 73 48 (65.8)
Birth order 1 269 150 (55.8) 3.055 0.217
2 204 130 (63.7)
≥3 36 21 (58.3)
Duration of total breast feeding in children
more than 18 months of age (N=371)
<6 months 29 17 (58.6) 0.245 0.885
6-18 months 247 145 (58.7)
>18 months 95 53 (55.8)
Exclusive breast feeding for children aged
6 months and more (N=451)
Yes 392 231 (58.9) 0.093 0.761
No 59 36 (61.0)
*P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant.
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4. Kumar, et al.: Prevalence of ARI among under-five children
6Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine | January 2015 | Vol 6 | Issue 1
CONCLUSION
ARI is an important public health problem among under-
five children. Improvement of living conditions in houses
may help in reduction of ARI among under-five children
in the community.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank the interns who helped in data collection
process. The authors also thank the concerned families who
participated in the study.
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How to cite this article: Kumar SG, Majumdar A, Kumar V, Naik BN,
Selvaraj K, Balajee K. Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among
under-five children in urban and rural areas of puducherry, India. J Nat Sc
Biol Med 2015;6:3-6.
Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
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