This document discusses measles, an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash and high fever. It is caused by measles virus, an RNA virus that is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, and a red rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. Complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis, and death in malnourished or immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and can be confirmed through virus detection or serologic testing.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. Measles is…Measles is…
an acutean acute viral infectionviral infection characterized by acharacterized by a
maculopapular rashmaculopapular rash erupting successivelyerupting successively
over the neck, face, body, and extremitisover the neck, face, body, and extremitis
and accompanied by aand accompanied by a high fever.high fever.
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
3. ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY
Measles virusMeasles virus
An RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus in the family ofAn RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus in the family of
ParamyxoviridaeParamyxoviridae
One serotype, human’s only hostOne serotype, human’s only host
Stable antigenicityStable antigenicity
Rapidly inactivated by heat and lightRapidly inactivated by heat and light
Survival in low temperature.Survival in low temperature.
4. 03/29/1603/29/1644
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Measles isMeasles is endemicendemic throughout thethroughout the
world.world.
In the past,In the past, epidemicsepidemics tended to occurtended to occur
irregularlyirregularly, appearing in the, appearing in the springspring inin
large citieslarge cities at 2-4-yr intervalsat 2-4-yr intervals as newas new
groups of susceptible children weregroups of susceptible children were
exposed.exposed.
5. 03/29/1603/29/1655
EpidemiologyEpidemiology (Cont.)(Cont.)
It isIt is rarely subclinicalrarely subclinical..
PriorPrior to the use of measlesto the use of measles
vaccine,vaccine, thethe peak incidencepeak incidence
waswas among childrenamong children 5-10 yr5-10 yr ofof
age.age.
6. Infection sourcesInfection sources
Patients of acute stage and viral carriers of atypicalPatients of acute stage and viral carriers of atypical
measlesmeasles
TransmissionTransmission
Highly contagious, approximately 90% of susceptibleHighly contagious, approximately 90% of susceptible
contacts acquire the disease.contacts acquire the disease.
Respiratory secretionsRespiratory secretions:: maximal dissemination of virusmaximal dissemination of virus
occurs by droplet spray during the prodromal periodoccurs by droplet spray during the prodromal period
(catarrhal stage).(catarrhal stage).
Contagious from 5 daysContagious from 5 days before symptomsbefore symptoms, 5 days, 5 days afterafter
onset of rashonset of rash
Seasons: in the spring, peak in Feb-MaySeasons: in the spring, peak in Feb-May
7. PATHOGENESIS ANDPATHOGENESIS AND
PATHOLOGYPATHOLOGY
Portal of entryPortal of entry
Respiratory tract and regional lymph nodesRespiratory tract and regional lymph nodes
Enters bloodstream (primary viraemia)Enters bloodstream (primary viraemia) monocyte –monocyte –
phagocytephagocyte systemsystem target organs (secondary viraemia)target organs (secondary viraemia)
Target organsTarget organs
The skin; the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx,The skin; the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx,
bronchi, and intestinal tract; and in the conjunctivaebronchi, and intestinal tract; and in the conjunctivae,, ectect
Resulting In-----Resulting In-----
1) Koplik spots and skin rash:1) Koplik spots and skin rash: serous exudation and proliferationserous exudation and proliferation
ofof endothelial cells around the capillariesendothelial cells around the capillaries
2) Conjunctivis2) Conjunctivis
8. PATHOGENESIS ANDPATHOGENESIS AND
PATHOLOGYPATHOLOGY
3)3) Laryngitis, croup, bronchitisLaryngitis, croup, bronchitis :general inflammatory reaction:general inflammatory reaction
4) Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue:4) Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue: multinucleated giant cellsmultinucleated giant cells
(Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells) may be found(Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells) may be found
5) Interstitial pneumonitis:5) Interstitial pneumonitis:
6) Bronchopneumonia:6) Bronchopneumonia: due to secondary bacterial infectionsdue to secondary bacterial infections
7) Encephalomyelitis:7) Encephalomyelitis: perivascular demyelinization occurs inperivascular demyelinization occurs in
areas of the brain and spinal cord.areas of the brain and spinal cord.
9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONCLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Typical Manifestation:Typical Manifestation:
patients havn’t had measles immunization, or vaccine failurepatients havn’t had measles immunization, or vaccine failure
with normal immunity or those havn’t used immune globulinwith normal immunity or those havn’t used immune globulin
1. Incubation period1. Incubation period (infection to symptoms) :(infection to symptoms) :
6-18days (average 10 days)6-18days (average 10 days)
2. Prodromal period:2. Prodromal period:
3-4 days3-4 days
Non-specific symptoms: fever, malaise, anorexia,Non-specific symptoms: fever, malaise, anorexia,
headacheheadache
Classical triad:Classical triad: cough, coryza (runny nose),cough, coryza (runny nose),
conjunctivitisconjunctivitis (with(with
photophobia, lacrimation)photophobia, lacrimation)
10. Koplik spotsKoplik spots
AnAn enanthemenanthem oror red mottlingred mottling isis
usually presentusually present on the hardon the hard andand
soft palatessoft palates
thethe pathognomonic sign ofpathognomonic sign of
measlesmeasles::
11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONCLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Enanthem (Koplik spots):Enanthem (Koplik spots):
Pathognomonic for measlesPathognomonic for measles
24-48 hr before rash appears24-48 hr before rash appears
1mm, grayish white dots with1mm, grayish white dots with
slight, reddish areolaeslight, reddish areolae
Buccal mucosa, opposite theBuccal mucosa, opposite the
lower 2lower 2ndnd
molarsmolars
increase within 1day and spreadincrease within 1day and spread
fade soon after rash onsetfade soon after rash onset
13. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONCLINICAL MANIFESTATION
3. Rash period3. Rash period
3-4days3-4days
Exanthem:Exanthem:
Erythematous, non-pruritic, maculopapularErythematous, non-pruritic, maculopapular
Upper lateral of the neck, behind ears, hairline,Upper lateral of the neck, behind ears, hairline,
faceface trunktrunk arms and legsarms and legs feetfeet
The severity of the disease is directly related toThe severity of the disease is directly related to
the extent and confluence of the rashthe extent and confluence of the rash
,,
17. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONCLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Temperature:Temperature:
Rises abruptly as the rash appearsRises abruptly as the rash appears
Reaches 40 or higher℃Reaches 40 or higher℃
Settles after 4-5 days – if persists, suspect secondarySettles after 4-5 days – if persists, suspect secondary
infectioninfection
Coryza, fever, and coughCoryza, fever, and cough::
Increasingly severe up to the time the rash has covered theIncreasingly severe up to the time the rash has covered the
bodybody
Lymphadenopathy (posterior cervical region, mesenteric)Lymphadenopathy (posterior cervical region, mesenteric)
splenomegaly, diarrhoea, vomitingsplenomegaly, diarrhoea, vomiting
Chest X ray:Chest X ray:
May be abnormal, even in uncomplicated casesMay be abnormal, even in uncomplicated cases
18. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONCLINICAL MANIFESTATION
4. Recovery period4. Recovery period
3-4days3-4days
Exanthem:Exanthem:
Fades in order of appearanceFades in order of appearance
brownish discolorationbrownish discoloration
Entire illness – 10 daysEntire illness – 10 days
19. COMPLICATIONSCOMPLICATIONS
1. Respiratory Tract1. Respiratory Tract
Laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitisLaryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis – due to measles– due to measles
itselfitself
Laryngotrachobronchitis (croup)Laryngotrachobronchitis (croup) –cause airway–cause airway
obstruction to require tracheostomyobstruction to require tracheostomy
Secondary pneumoniaSecondary pneumonia – immunocompromised,– immunocompromised,
malnourished patients. pneumococcus, group Amalnourished patients. pneumococcus, group A
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus andStreptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and
Haemophilus influenzae type B.Haemophilus influenzae type B.
Exacerbation of TBExacerbation of TB
21. COMPLICATIONSCOMPLICATIONS
4. CNS4. CNS
The incidence ofThe incidence of encephalomyelitisencephalomyelitis is 1-2/l,000 cases ofis 1-2/l,000 cases of
measlesmeasles
Onset occurs 2-5 days after the appearance of the rashOnset occurs 2-5 days after the appearance of the rash
No correlation between the severity of the rash illness andNo correlation between the severity of the rash illness and
that of the neurologic involvementthat of the neurologic involvement
Earlier - direct viral effect in CNSEarlier - direct viral effect in CNS
Later – immune response causing demyelinationLater – immune response causing demyelination
22. LABORATORY EXAMINATIONLABORATORY EXAMINATION
Isolation of measles virus from a clinical specimen (e.g.,Isolation of measles virus from a clinical specimen (e.g.,
nasopharynx, urine)nasopharynx, urine)
Significant rise in measles IgG by any standard serologicSignificant rise in measles IgG by any standard serologic
assayassay
Positive serologic test for measles IgM antibodyPositive serologic test for measles IgM antibody
Immunofluorescence detects Measles antigensImmunofluorescence detects Measles antigens
Multinucleated giant cells in smears of nasal mucosaMultinucleated giant cells in smears of nasal mucosa
Measles encephalitis – raised protein, lymphocytes in CSFMeasles encephalitis – raised protein, lymphocytes in CSF
23. DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
characteristic clinical picture:characteristic clinical picture:
Measles contactMeasles contact
Koplik spotKoplik spot
Features of the skin rashFeatures of the skin rash
The relation between the eruption and feverThe relation between the eruption and fever
Laboratory confirmation is rarely neededLaboratory confirmation is rarely needed
24. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
The rash of measles must be differentiated from that ofThe rash of measles must be differentiated from that of
rubella;rubella;
roseola intantum;roseola intantum;
enteroviral infections;enteroviral infections;
scarlet fever;scarlet fever;
and drug rashes.and drug rashes.
25. Pathogen Features Rash fever Vs RashPathogen Features Rash fever Vs Rash
MeaslesMeasles Measles virus Cough coryza, conjunctivitis Red maculopapule fever for3-4daysMeasles virus Cough coryza, conjunctivitis Red maculopapule fever for3-4days
Koplik spot after the FaceKoplik spot after the Face trunktrunk limbs rises abruptly aslimbs rises abruptly as
2nd -3rd fever Desquamation and the rash appears2nd -3rd fever Desquamation and the rash appears
discolorationdiscoloration
RubellaRubella Rubella virus Disease is mild, postau- MaculopapuleRubella virus Disease is mild, postau- Maculopapule feverfever for1-2daysfor1-2days
ricular lymphadenopathy Facericular lymphadenopathy Face trunktrunk limbs low or absentlimbs low or absent
No desquamation and during the rashNo desquamation and during the rash
discolorationdiscoloration
RoseolaRoseola Human Generally well, Seizures Rose colored, spreads high fever for3-5Human Generally well, Seizures Rose colored, spreads high fever for3-5
InfantumInfantum herpesvirus 6 (5-10%) due to high to the neck and theherpesvirus 6 (5-10%) due to high to the neck and the days, ceases withdays, ceases with
fever trunk the onset of rashfever trunk the onset of rash
Scarlet feverScarlet fever Group A High fever, toxicity, Gooseflesh texture on fever for1-2daysGroup A High fever, toxicity, Gooseflesh texture on fever for1-2days
Streptococcus Angina, strawberry tongue an erythematous base higher as theStreptococcus Angina, strawberry tongue an erythematous base higher as the
Circumoral pallor, tonsillitis for 3-5 day, desquam- rash appearsCircumoral pallor, tonsillitis for 3-5 day, desquam- rash appears
ation after 1 weekation after 1 week
EnteroviralEnteroviral Echovirus, Accompanied by respiratory Scattered maculeEchovirus, Accompanied by respiratory Scattered macule oror Rash appearsRash appears
InfectionsInfections Coxsackievirus or gastrointestinal maculopapule, few during or afterCoxsackievirus or gastrointestinal maculopapule, few during or after
manifestation confluent, 1-3 days, fevermanifestation confluent, 1-3 days, fever
no desquamationno desquamation
Drug RashDrug Rash Manifestations of Urticarial, maculopapula Relates to theManifestations of Urticarial, maculopapula Relates to the
27. TREATMENTTREATMENT
Supportive, symptom-directedSupportive, symptom-directed
Antipyretics for feverAntipyretics for fever
Bed restBed rest
Adequate fluid intakeAdequate fluid intake
Be protected from exposure to strong lightBe protected from exposure to strong light
Antibiotics for otitis media, pneumoniaAntibiotics for otitis media, pneumonia
High doses Vitamin A in severe/ potentiallyHigh doses Vitamin A in severe/ potentially
severe measles/ patients less than 2 yearssevere measles/ patients less than 2 years
100,000IU—200,000IU100,000IU—200,000IU
28. Prevention.Prevention.
Isolation precautionsIsolation precautions, especially in, especially in
hospitals and other institutions, should behospitals and other institutions, should be
maintainedmaintained from the 7th day afterfrom the 7th day after
exposureexposure untiluntil 5 days after the rash has5 days after the rash has
appeared.appeared.
29. VACCINEVACCINE
TheThe initialinitial measles immunization, usually asmeasles immunization, usually as
measles-mumps-rubella (measles-mumps-rubella (MMRMMR)) vaccinevaccine, is, is
recommendedrecommended at 12-15 mo of ageat 12-15 mo of age
MMR vaccineMMR vaccine may be given for:may be given for:
1.1. Measles postexposureMeasles postexposure
2.2. Outbreak prophylaxisOutbreak prophylaxis as early asas early as 6 mo6 mo
of ageof age..
30. VACCINEVACCINE (cont.)(cont.)
AA second immunizationsecond immunization, also as MMR, is, also as MMR, is
recommendedrecommended routinely at 4-6 yr of ageroutinely at 4-6 yr of age..
Second measles immunizationSecond measles immunization should be given to :should be given to :
1. Children who have1. Children who have not previously received thenot previously received the
second dosesecond dose should be immunized by 11-12 yr ofshould be immunized by 11-12 yr of
ageage..
2.Adolescents2.Adolescents entering college or the workforceentering college or the workforce
31. VACCINEVACCINE (cont.)(cont.)
* Measles vaccine is* Measles vaccine is not recommendednot recommended for:for:
1.1. Pregnant womenPregnant women
2. Children with2. Children with primary immunodeficiencyprimary immunodeficiency
3.3. Untreated tuberculosis, cancer, or organUntreated tuberculosis, cancer, or organ
transplantationtransplantation
4. Those receiving4. Those receiving long-term immunosuppressivelong-term immunosuppressive
therapytherapy
5.5. severely immunocompromised HIV-infectedseverely immunocompromised HIV-infected
childrenchildren
32. PREVENTIONPREVENTION
3. Postexposure Prophylaxis3. Postexposure Prophylaxis
Passive immunization with immune globulin (0.25mL/kg)Passive immunization with immune globulin (0.25mL/kg)
is effective for prevention and attenuation of measles withinis effective for prevention and attenuation of measles within
5 days of exposure.5 days of exposure.