1. Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through bites from infected animals that causes acute inflammation of the brain.
2. The rabies virus travels through the nervous system to the brain. Early symptoms are flulike but the disease progresses to neurological symptoms and ultimately death.
3. Post-exposure prophylaxis, including wound cleaning and a vaccine series, must begin before symptoms occur to prevent death from rabies. Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure.
West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. WNV is spread when mosquitos infected with the disease bite humans or animals. People who contract WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Those with symptoms may have a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands.
If West Nile virus enters the brain, it can be deadly. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus.html
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. WNV is spread when mosquitos infected with the disease bite humans or animals. People who contract WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Those with symptoms may have a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands.
If West Nile virus enters the brain, it can be deadly. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus.html
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
Rabies ,a deadly viral disease transmitted by the most beautiful beings. by ...uzmashireenmbe01
This ppt features all the basic aspects of Rabies with respect to virology. From students to teachers this ppt is handy for everyone. This includes rabies case study introduction, structure, virus life cycle, pathogenesis, transmission, symptoms, treatment and awaresess.
In this presentation you will find about the zoonotic potential of rabies virus, its impact in terms of DALYs.
Epidemiology and geographical distribution of rabies.
You will learn about the reservoir and source of rabies, transmission of rabies virus.
You will also learn about the virology of rabies virus inculding its family, genus, its structure, its different protein and the replication cycle of rabies virus.
It will also put light on the pathogenesis of rabies virus and different stages of rabies virus infection.
Then it will discuss about the laboratory diagnosis of rabies virus infection in humans as well as in animals including specimen collection, culturing, microscopy, animal inoculation and molecular diagnosis.
After that, you will get information about the prevention and control of rabies and different successful control strategies adopted by several countries of the world.
In the end it will discuss the status of rabies in Pakistan and specially WHO responses to rabies control in pakistan.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. INTRODUCTION
► Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in warm-blooded
animal. The disease is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted from one
species to another, such as from dogs to humans, commonly by a bite from an
infected animal. For a human, rabies is almost invariably fatal if post exposure
prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms. The
rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in
the brain and death.
3. ► The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves. The
incubation period of the disease is usually a few months in humans, depending
on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system. Once
the rabies virus reaches the central nervous system and symptoms begin to
show, the infection is virtually untreatable and usually fatal within days.
► Early-stage symptoms of rabies are malaise (discomfort or uneasiness),
headache and fever, progressing to acute pain, violent movements, uncontrolled
excitement, depression, and hydrophobia (difficulty swallowing, shows panic
when presented with liquids to drink, and can't quench its thirst). Finally, the
patient may experience periods of mania (elevated or irritable mood) and
lethargy, eventually leading to coma. The primary cause of death is usually
respiratory insufficiency
4. ► Rabies causes about 55,000 human deaths annually worldwide. 95% of human
deaths due to rabies occur in Asia and Africa. Roughly 97% of human rabies
cases result from dog bites (urban rabies) Infected bats, monkeys, raccoons,
foxes, skunks, cattle, wolves, coyotes, dogs, mongooses (normally yellow
mongoose)or cats present the greatest risk to humans (Sylvan rabies).
► In the United States, animal control and vaccination programs have effectively
eliminated domestic dogs as reservoirs of rabies. In several countries, including
Australia and Japan, rabies carried by terrestrial animals has been eliminated
entirely. While classical rabies has been eradicated in the United Kingdom, bats
infected with a related virus have been found in the country on rare occasions.
6. ► The period between infection and the first flu-like symptoms is typically 2 to 12
weeks, but incubation periods as short as four days and longer than six years
have been documented, depending on the location and severity of the
inoculating wound and the amount of virus introduced. Soon after, the
symptoms expand to slight or partial paralysis, anxiety, insomnia, confusion,
agitation, abnormal behavior, paranoia (thought process believed to be heavily
influenced by anxiety or fear), terror, and hallucinations, progressing to delirium.
Rabies has been called hydrophobia because victims, locally paralyzed and
unable to swallow, have been known to become agitated at the sight of water.
► Death almost invariably results 2 to 10 days after first symptoms. Once
symptoms have presented, survival is rare, even with the administration of
proper and intensive care. In 2005 Jeanna Giese, the first patient treated with
the Milwaukee protocol, became the first person ever recorded to have survived
rabies without receiving successful post exposure prophylaxis. An intention to
treat analysis has since found this protocol has a survival rate of about 8%..
8. ► Rabies can be difficult to diagnose, as in the early stages it is easily confused
with other diseases or aggressiveness. The reference method for diagnosing
rabies is by performing PCR or viral culture on brain samples taken after
death. The diagnosis can also be reliably made from skin samples taken before
death. Diagnosis can be made from saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid
samples, but this is not as sensitive. Cerebral inclusion bodies called Negri
bodies (Negri bodies are eosinophilic, sharply outlined, inclusion bodies (2–10
µm in diameter) found in the cytoplasm of certain nerve cells containing the
virus of rabies, especially in hippocampus. Often also found in the cerebellar
cortex of postmortem brain samples of rabies victim) are 100% diagnostic for
rabies infection but are found in only about 80% of cases. If possible, the
animal from which the bite was received should also be examined for rabies.
► Cheaper rabies diagnosis will become possible for low-income settings:
accurate rabies diagnosis can be done at a tenth of the cost of traditional
testing using basic light microscopy and Flourescent antibody techniques.
11. The vaccine is the human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV).
► Post exposure prophylaxis
Five 1.0 ml doses of HDCV should be given intramuscularly; the first dose is given
on the day 0 and is followed by the injections on day 3, 7, 14, 28. Reaction to the
vaccination is uncommon. The wound should be cleaned carefully with soap and
water and left open. Human rabies immunoglobulin should be given immediately
(20 IU/kg); half should be injected around the area of the wound and the other half
should be administered intramuscularly.
12. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
► Human Rabies
Immunoglobulin HRIG
► High Risk bitten on face and
neck
► Given a dose of 20 IU /Kg wt
► Half at the site of bite and rest
IM route.
► Active immunization should be
initiated with passive immunization.
13. ► Tell an health care worker
immediately
► Wash the wound out with
soap and water
► Inform the doctor right
away
IF YOU ARE BITTEN OR SCRATCHED
17. POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
► The vaccination is given on
0, 3, 7, 14, 30, and 90th day
Immunity lasts for 5 years
Injected on deltoid region
IM/SC
Not to be given in the gluteal
region
19. Pre exposure prophylaxis
This is given to the individuals with the high risk of
contracting rabies, such as laboratory workers, animal
handlers and veterinarians. Two doses of HDCV 1.0 ml deep
subcutaneously or intramuscularly given 4 weeks apart
should provide effective immunity. A reinforcing doses are
given after 12 months and additional reinforcing doses are
given every 1-3 years depending upon the risk of the
exposure.
September 28 is World Rabies Day, which promotes the
information, prevention, and elimination of the disease.
22. RHABDOVIRUSES
► A Bullet shaped virus/ Enveloped
► Contains ss RNA virus
► Rhabdoviridae – infects mammals.
► Important virus
Lyssa virus- Rabies virus
Lyssa means Rage.
23. RABIES VIRUS
► Bullet shaped virus
► Size is 180 x 75 nm
► Has Lipoprotein envelop
► Knob like spikes /Glycoprotein
S
► Genome un segmented
► Linear negative sense RNA
24. ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES
► Surface spikes composed of
Glycoprotein G
► Produces Pathogenicity by
binding to Acetyl choline
receptors in the neural tissue
► Stimulate T lymphocytes
Cytotoxic effect.
25. ► The cellular membrane pinches in a procession known as pinocytosis and
allows entry of the virus into the cell by way of an endosome. The virus then
uses the acidic environment of that endosome and binds to its membrane
simultaneously, releasing proteins and single strand RNA into the
cytoplasm.
► From the point of entry, the virus is neurotropic, traveling quickly along the
neural pathways into the central nervous system, and then to other organs.
The salivary glands receive high concentrations of the virus, thus allowing
further transmission.
26. TRANSMISSION
► Abrasions or scratches on skin.
► Mucous membrane exposed to saliva.
► Most frequently via deep penetrating bite wounds.
► Other routes.
Inhalation in bat infected caves.
Ingestion of dead /infected animal meat
Corneal transplantation
27. ► In many cases, the infected animal is exceptionally
aggressive, may attack without provocation, and exhibits
otherwise uncharacteristic behavior. This is an example of a
viral pathogen modifying the behavior of its host to facilitate
its transmission to other hosts.
► Transmission between humans is extremely rare. A few cases
have been recorded through transplant surgery.
28.
29. PATHOGENESIS OF RABIES
► Bite by Rabid dog or other animals
► Virus are carried in saliva virus deposited on the wound site.
► If untreated 50% will Develop rabies.
► Rabies can be produced by licks and corneal transplantation.
► Virus multiply in the muscle ,connective tissue, nerves after
48 – 72 hours.
► Penetrated nerve endings.
30. PATHOGENESIS
Live virus Epidermis, Mucus membrane
Peripheral nerve
CNS ( gray matter )
Other tissue (salivary glands,…)
centripetally
centrifugally
31.
32.
33.
34. SPREAD OF VIRUS
► From Brain virus spread to
Salivary glands,
Conjunctival cell released
into tears
Kidney
Lactating glands and Milk
after pregnancy