Leprosy is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. It principally affects the skin, nerves, respiratory tract and eyes. Symptoms include numbness, skin lesions and facial disfigurement. People living in areas with poor sanitation and nutrition are at higher risk. The disease is transmitted through droplets or direct contact with untreated patients. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and bacteriological tests. Treatment consists of multidrug therapy along with treatment of complications.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
The information about Leprosy is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
The up loader has no Commercial interests
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
The information about Leprosy is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
The up loader has no Commercial interests
I Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy. Here I share notes on basic concept of Surface Infection. Points are cover as per their syllabus. Other stream students like science, nursing other medical students can also use notes.
Thanking You.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about water born diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#prification#largescale,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about communicable diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #leprosy,#communicablediseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
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Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the class student will
be able to
Define leprosy
Its type
Cause and risk factor
Sign and symptoms
Pathophysiology
Transmission
Prevention
Diagnosis
Management
3. INTRODUCTION
Leprosy (Hanson’s disease) is a chronic infection
caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Laprae or
Mycobacterium Lapromatosis. Symptoms that
develop include granulomas of the nerves,
respiratory tract, skin and eyes. This may result in
lack of ability to feel pain and thus loss of parts of
extrimities due to repeated injury.
4. DEFINITION
Leprosy is a chronic infectious and
communicable disease caused by
Mycobacterium laprae . Its principal lesion occur
in the cooler tissues of body; Skin , superficial
nerves , nose and larynx , pharynx ,etc.
5. INCIDENCE
Worldwide , two to three million people are
estimated to be permanently disable
because of leprosy. India has the greatest
number of cases , with brazil second and
indonesia third.
Children are more susceptible then adult.
A family history of leprosy probably means
highest susceptibility to infection .
6. TYPESLapromatous leprosy: Generalized form of
disease and is found in individuals with low
degree of resistance. Skin lesion appear as
yellow or brown infiltrated nodules that effect
the mucus membranes of the eyes, nose, and
throat .
Tuberculoid leprosy:This is a localized form of
disease and is found in patients with high degree
or resistance. Skin lesions appear as light red or
purplish spots.
7. Conti……
Borderline type : In this type of leprosy the
lesions produced possess characteristics of
both lapromatus and tuberculoid lesions .
Indeterminate type : In this type of leprosy
the lesions produced often resemble maculo
– anesthetic patches which are neither
characteristics of lepromatous nor
tuberculoid type .
8. Causeandriskfactor
Cause : 1) Microbactrium laprae
2) Genetics : several genes have been
associated with a susceptibility to leprosy .
Risk factors :
1)Living in areas with polluted water and poor diet.
2) Immunocompromised people .
3) Travel to an area that has experienced a leprosy
attack.
4) People who handle certain animal that are known to
carry the bacteria ( african chimpanzee , armadillos )
are at high risk .
5) Those who live in the areas where leprosy is
endemic.
9. SIGNANDSYMPTOMS
Numbness and loss of touch, pain,
temperature sensation .
Granulomas of the nerves ,respiratory tract
,skin and eyes
Painless ulcer
Skin lesions
Loss of digits
Facial disfigurement
11. Loss of axonal conductance
Deformity(loss of pain,
temperature,touch,sensation)
12. TRANSMISSION
Droplet infection : leprosy is believed to
transmit through nasal discharge .
Contect infection : studies indicate that
leprosy is transmitted through direct skin
contact.
Vector –born infection.
Trough placenta and milk .
13. PREVENTION
Isolation of bacteriologically positive cases in
endemic areas .
Avoid close physical contact with untreated
patient.
Keep away from the animal which are suspe
cted to the bacteria .
Use of mask and gloves while handling the
patient .
vaccination – BCG vaccine (at birth,
intramuscular, 0.o5 ml )
14. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical examination
Interrogation
Physical examination
Bacteriological examination
Smear (scrapings from lesions , nasal mucosa,
nerve biopsy ,etc)
Routine test
CBC , LFT , Creatinine test
Other test
Lepromin test
PCR
15. complication
◊ Partial or complete deformity / handicap .
◊ Complete isolation from the society .
◊ Social and mental tension.
◊ Sensory loss .
◊ Paralysis.
◊ Muscle weakness .
◊ Progressive disfigurment ( eyebrow lost ,
disfigurement of the toes , fingers and nose )
◊ Loss of manpower / national loss.
16. MANAGEMENT
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT :
Multidrug therapy : rifampicin , dapsone ,
clofazimine ,ethionamide , quinolones ,
minocycline ,etc are used .
Corticosteroids : these are used to treat nerve
damage associated with leprosy
Aspirin and thalidomide are used to control
inflammation.
17. Conti…
Surgical management:
Neural surgery
Nerve grafting
Amputation
Cosmetics surgery :
nasal reconstruction
Removal of excess skin
Replacement of eyebrows
18. Conti…
Nursing care
Detect the disease in the initial stage and keep
watch over other susceptible patients .
Take care of localized wound .
Rehabilitation of cured persons .
Provide health education.
Provide shelter and social support, moral
support.
Provide follow- up service .
19. SUMMARY
Leprosy is a chronic infection caused by M.
laprae. Immunosupress people are at high
risk of infection .The sign and symptoms of
these disease are numbness and loss of
senstion and the sign are painless ulcer, skin
lesions, eye damage , etc. leprosy is
transmitted by droplet infection and direct
contact with untreated people .It is
diagnosed by bacteriological examination ,
lepromin test , PCR, etc .
20. CONCLUSION
From this lesson plan we are know about
leprosy its type, cause and risk factors , sign and
symptoms , pathophysiology, its transmission ,
prevention, diagnosis, complication, and its
management.
21. BIBLIOGRAPHY
PARK K : textbook of preventive and social
medicine , 22nd edition published by M/S
Banarsidas Bhanot, Jabalpur,2013, page no –
287-299
SWANKAR KESHEV : community health nursing
, 3rd edition published by N.R. brother ,indore ,
2011 page no – 539 – 541
ANANTHANARAYAN et al : textbook of
microbiology , 8th edition , published by
universities press, Hydrabad , 2009 , page no –
364 – 370 .
22. Conti….
BEESON et al : textbook of medicine , 12th
edition , published byW. B. saunders
company , Philadelphia and London , 1968,
page no – 296- 300.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/leprosy.com