The pancreas is a J-shaped gland located behind the stomach that contains both exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine tissues secrete digestive enzymes, while the endocrine tissues contain clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans. The main islet cell types are alpha cells which secrete glucagon, and beta cells which secrete insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and inhibiting glucose production. Diabetes mellitus occurs when insulin production or function is inadequate, leading to high blood glucose levels. The two main types are type 1 caused by beta cell deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance.
Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
describe the histological structures and clinical importance of the adrenal gland
Insulin and glucagon help maintain blood sugar levels. Glucagon helps prevent blood sugar from dropping, while insulin stops it from rising too high. Insulin and glucagon work together in a balance and play a vital role in regulating a person's blood sugar levels. Glucagon breaks down glycogen to glucose in the liver.
Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
describe the histological structures and clinical importance of the adrenal gland
Insulin and glucagon help maintain blood sugar levels. Glucagon helps prevent blood sugar from dropping, while insulin stops it from rising too high. Insulin and glucagon work together in a balance and play a vital role in regulating a person's blood sugar levels. Glucagon breaks down glycogen to glucose in the liver.
The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the the blood stream and are carried to the target organs through blood
Hormonal Regulation of blood Glucose - Part-III.pptxABHIJIT BHOYAR
Regulation of blood glucose is largely done through the endocrine hormones of the pancreas, a beautiful balance of hormones achieved through a negative feedback loop. The main hormones of the pancreas that affect blood glucose include insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and amylin.
Assessment Of Pancreatic Hormones In Diabetes Mellitus & Non-diabetes Mellitu...Rahul Gautam
Assessment Of Pancreatic Hormones In Diabetes Mellitus & Non-diabetes Mellitus Patient: A Case-Control Study done on the group of people with unknown status.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Pancreas.ppt
1. Pancreas.
• Introduction.
• The pancreas is a double gland partly exocrine and
endocrine.Thus it is referred to as a heterocrine gland.
• Location.
• The pancreas lies just behind the lower part of the
stomach.
• Shape and Size.
• It is J-shaped or retort shaped.It is about 6-8 inches
long,1-2 inch broad and ½ inch thick.The pancreas
weight about 80-85 grams.
2. • Parts of Pancreas.
• The pancreas is composed of two major types of tissues.
• 1- The Acini,Secrete digestive juices.
• 2- The islets of Langerhans.
• Human pancreas contains about 1-2 million islets.
• Islets of Langerhans consists of four types of cells.
• Alpha Cells (25%),which secrete glucagon.
• Beta Cells (60%),which secrete insulin.
• Delta Cells (10%),which secrete somatostatin.
• PP-Cells (5%),which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
3. Insulin.
• Introduction.
• Insulin is a small protein acts to lower the blood
glucose level.This hormone is secreted by beta
cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
• Chemistry.
• Insulin is a polypeptide with 51 amino acids and
a molecular weight of 5808.It has two amino
acids chains called Alpha and Beta chains which
are linked by disulfide bridges.The Alpha chain
of insulin contains 21 amino acids,and Beta
chains contains 30 amino acids.
4. • Plasma Level and Half-Life.
• Basal level of insulin in plasma is 10
uU/ml.Its biological half-life is 5 minutes.
• Synthesis.
• Synthesis of insulin occurs in rough
endoplasmic reticulum of beta cells in
islets of Langerhans.It is synthesized as
preproinsulin that gives rise to proinsulin.
5. • Proinsulin undergoes a series of peptic
cleavages leading to the formation of
mature insulin and C peptide.
• C peptide is a connecting peptide that
connects Alpha and Beta chains.
• At the time of secretion,C peptide is
detached.
6. • Metabolism.
• Binding of insulin to insulin receptor is
essential for removal from circulation and
degradation of insulin.Insulin is degraded
in liver and kidney by a cellular enzyme
called insulin protease or insulin degrading
enzyme.
7. • Actions of Insulin.
• Insulin is the important hormone that is
concerned with regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism and blood sugar level.It also
concerned with metabolism of proteins and fats.
• Effects on Carbohydrate metabolism.
• 1- It increases the entry of glucose into cells by
stimulating the process of facilitated
diffusion,especially in muscles,adipose tissue,
8. • The heart,smooth muscles of the uterus by
activating glucokinase.
• But on the other hand,insulin does not facilitate
glucose entry into the brain and RBCs.
• 2- It increases utlization of glucose for energy.
• 3- It increases glycogen storage in cells.
• 4- It increases the conversion of glucose into fat
to be stored in adipose tissues.
9. • 2-Effects on Protein metabolism.
• 1- Facilitates the transport of amino acids into
the cell from blood.
• 2- Increases the premeability of cell membrane
for amino acids.
• 3- It promotes translation of mRNA in ribosomes
to form new proteins.
• 4- It promotes transcription of DNA in the
nucleus to form mRNA.
• 5-It inhibits protein catabolism.
10. • 3- Effects on Fat metabolism.
• 1- Form fatty acids from excess liver glucose by
activating acetyl-s-CoA carboxylase.
• 2- Fatty acids are utilized from triglycerides
which are stored in adipose tissue.
• 3-It inhibits hydrolysis of triglycerides in fat cells
by inhibiting hormone sensitive lipase.
11. • 4-Effects on Growth.
• 1- Along with growth hormone,insulin promotes
growth of body.
• 2- It enhances the transport of amino acids into
the cells and synthesis of proteins in the cells.
• Regulation of Insulin Secretion.
• Insulin secretion mainly regulated by blood
glucose level.
12. • In addition,other factors like,
• Amino Acids.
• Lipid Derivatives.
• Gastrointestinal Hormones.
• Endocrine Hormones.
• Autonomic nerve fibers.
• Role of Blood Glucose Level.
• When the blood glucose level is normal (80-
100mg/dl),the rate of insulin secretion is low (up
to 10uU/minute).
13. • When the blood glucose level increases
between 100-120mg/dl,the rate of insulin
secretion rises rapidly to
100uU/minute.when the blood glucose
level rises above 200mg/dl,the rate of
insulin secretion also rises very rapidly up
to 400uU/minute.
14. • Role of Proteins.
• The excess amino acids in the blood also
stimulates insulin secretion.The potent
amino acids are Arginine and Lysin.
• Role of Lipid Derivatives.
• The Beta ketoacids such as acetoacetate
also increase insulin secretion.
15. • Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones.
• Insulin secretion is increased by some of the
gastrointestinal Hormones such as gastrin,secretin and
cholecystokinin.
• Role of Endocrine Hormones.
• The hormones like glucagon,growth hormone and
cortisol also stimulate insulin secretion indirectly.
• Role of Autonomic Nerve.
• The stimulation of parasympathetic nerve to the
pancreas increases the secretion of insulin.
16. Glucagon.
• Introduction.
• Human glucagon is a hormone whose principle
physiological activity is to increase blood
glucose levels.This hormone is secreted by the
Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of the
pancreas.
• Chemistry and Half-Life.
• Glucagon is a polypeptide with a molecular
weight of 3485.
17. • It contains 29 amino acids.Half-Life of glucagon
is 3-6 minutes.
• Synthesis.
• Glucagon is synthesized from the
preprohormone precursor called preproglucagon
in the Alpha cells of islets.
• Metabolism.
• About 30% of glucagon is degraded in liver and
20% in kidney.50% of circulating glucagon is
degraded in blood itself by enzymes such as
serine and cysteine proteases.
18. • Actions of Glucagon.
1- Effects on Carbohydrate metabolism.
1- Increases the blood glucose level
(hyperglycemic hormone)in the following ways.
2- It promotes glycogenolysis in the liver by
activating phosphorylase.
3- It promotes gluconeogenesis.
19. • 2- Effects on Protein Metabolism.
• Glucagon increases transport of amino
acids into liver.
• The amino acids are utilized for
gluconeogenesis.
• 3-Effects on Fat Metabolism.
• 1- It mobilizes fatty acids from adipose
tissues by activating adipose cell lipase.
20. • 2- It inhibits storage of triglycerides in the liver.
• 3- It promotes utilization of free fatty acids for
energy.
• 4- It promotes gluconeogenesis from glycerol.
• 4- Other Actions.
• 1- Inhibits the secretion of gastric juice.
• 2- Increases the secretion of bile from liver.
21. • Regulation of Glucagon Secretion.
• The secretion of glucagon is controlled mainly
by blood glucose and amino acid levels in the
blood.
• The important factor that regulates the secretion
of glucagon is the decrease in blood glucose
level.When blood glucose level decreases below
80mg/dl of blood,Alpha cells of islets of
Langerhans are stimulated and more glucagon
is released.
22. • The glucagon in turn increases the blood
glucose level.On the other hand,when the blood
sugar level increases,Alpha cells are inhibited
and the secretion of glucagon decreases.
• 2- Role of Amino acid Level in Blood.
• Increase in amino acid level in blood stimulates
the secretion of glucagon.Glucagon ,in turn
converts the amino acids into glucose.
23. • 3-Role of Other Factors.
• Factors which increase glucagon
secretion.
• Exercise.
• Stress.
• Gastrin.
• Cortisol.
• Cholecystokinin.
25. Diabetes Mellitus.
• Introduction.
• Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder
characterized by high blood sugar (glucose)
level associated with other manifestations.In
most of the cases,the diabetes mellitus develops
due to the deficiency of insulin.
• Types of Diabetes Mellitus.
• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
26. • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
• It is due to the deficiency of insulin.
• It occurs b/c of the dysfunction or absence of
Beta cells in islets of Langerhans.
• Also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM).
• It is not associated with obesity.
• May be associated with acidosis or ketosis.
27. • May occur at any age of life.
• Usually occur before 40 year of age.
• Causes of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
• 1- Degeneration of Beta cells in the islets of
Langerhans of pancreas.
• 2- Destruction of Beta cells by viral infection.
• 3- Destruction of Beta cells during Autoimmune
diseases.
•
28. • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
• It is due to the absence or deficiency of
insulin receptors.
• It usually occurs after 40 years.
• May or may not be associated with
ketosis.
• Also called non insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM).
29. • Causes for Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus.
• The diabetes develops b/c of absence
reduced number of insulin receptors in the
cells of the body.
• Major causes,
• 1- Hereditary disorders.
• 2- Endocrine disorders.
30. • Signs and symptoms of Diabetes
Mellitus.
• 1- Increased blood sugar level (300-400mg/dl)
due reduced utilization by tissue.
• 2- Mobilization of fats from adipose tissue for
energy purpose,leading to elevated fatty acid
content in blood.
• 3- Depletion of proteins from the tissues.
31. Others Signs and Symptoms of
diabetes mellitus.
• 1- Glucosuria. Loss of glucose in urine.
• 2- Osmotic diuresis. Diuresis due to osmotic effects.
• 3- Polyuria. Excess urine formation.
• 4- Polydipsia. Increase in water intake.
• 5- Polyphagia. Intake of excess food.
• 6- Asthenia. Loss of strength.
• 7- Circulatory Shock. Osmotic diuresis lead to dehydration,which causes
circulatory shock.It occurs only in severe diabetes.
•
Others Signs
32. • Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.
• 1- Cardiovascular complications like,
• Hypertension.
• Myocardial infarction.
• 2- Degenerative changes in retina called
diabetic retinopathy.
• 3- Degenerative changes in kidney known as
diabetic nephropathy.