1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
for all the students who are unable to remember, what you studied, here are some useful tips through which you can remember a information for a long time.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
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Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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2. Introduction
It is a condition where the lining of bronchial
tubes become inflamed or infected. It have
reduce ability to breath in air & oxygen into the
lungs, they have also heavy mucus forming in the
airways.
Incidence
The recent 'Indian Study of Asthma, Respiratory
Symptoms and Chronic Bronchitis' study of
85,105 men and 84,470 women from 12 urban
and 11 rural sites reported the incidence of
chronic bronchitis to be 3.49% (4.29% in males
and 2.7% in females) in adults > 35 years.
3.
4. Normal mechanism of inflammation
Infection enter into the body
Chemical release from WBC are released into the
blood or affected tissue to protect your body from
foreign substances
This release of chemicals increases the blood flow to
the area of injury or infection
may result in redness and warmth
Some of the chemicals cause a leak of fluid into the
tissues, resulting in swelling
This protective process may stimulate nerves and
cause pain
5. Definition
It is an inflammation and swelling of the
bronchial tubes (bronchi), the air passage
between the lungs.
Anatomy of Bronchi
Trachea divide it form two primary bronchi
Right bronchus – this is wider, shorter &
more vertical then the left bronchus. It is
approximately 2.5 cm long. After entering
into the right lung it divide into three
branches, one to each lobe. Each branches it
subdivided into numerous smaller branches.
6. Left bronchus – 5 cm long, & narrower then
the right. After entering into the lung it divide into
the two branches , one to each lobe, each branch
then subdivide into the numerous smaller branches.
Structure – it lined with ciliated columnar
epithelium. The bronchi progressively subdivide into
the bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar duct & finally alveoli.
In trachea & bronchi cartilages, ciliated epithelium,
goblet cells is present, at the bronchiolar level
there is no cartilage it replace with smooth muscle,
ciliated replaced with non-ciliated epithelium &
goblet cell disappear.
7.
8.
9. Types
1. Acute – it is a shorter illness that commonly
follow a cold or viral infection such as flu.
It consist of a cough with mucus, chest
discomfort, throat soreness, fever,
shortness of breath. It is usually a last a
few days or weeks (1-3 week).
2. Chronic – it is a serious ongoing illness, it is
a persistent, mucus producing cough that
last longer then three month. The person is
having severe breathing difficulties & it may
get worsen. It occurs with emphysema and
it may become COPD.
10.
11.
12. Etiology
1. Acute – It is caused by virus, the same
virus that cause cold & flu. It can be
caused by bacterial infection & exposure to
substance that irritate the lungs such as
tobacco smoke, dust, fumes, vapours & air
pollution.
2. Chronic – it is caused by repeated irritation
& damage of the lungs & airway tissue.
Smoking is most common cause with other
causes including long term exposure to air
pollution, dust & fumes from the
environment & repeated episodes of acute
bronchitis.
13. Etiology
• Etiologic agent – bacteria, virus
• Predisposing factor (contribute to the
problem)– smoking, long term illness,
immune deficiency and immobilization.
• Precipitating factor (trigger the
problem)– hospitalization, environment,
smoking and malnutrition.
14.
15.
16. Clinical manifestation
Sign & symptoms for both acute and chronic bronchitis.
• Persistent cough
• Production of mucus which can be clear, white,
yellowish gray or green in color, rarely it may be
streaked with blood.
• Crackles and Wheezing sound
• Low fever, chills, Headache
• Chest tightening
• Sore throat, dyspnoea
• Blocked nose & sinuses
17.
18. Diagnostic evaluation
• History
• Physical examination
• Chest x-ray
• Sputum– for gram stain, culture and
sensitivity test may be obtained to
determine presence of bacterial infection.
• Pulmonary function test by using spirometer
– to determine peak expiratory flow
(person's maximum speed of expiration)
• ABG Level
19.
20. Management
People with bronchitis are instruct to rest, drink
fluid, breath warm & moist air, & take OTC
cough suppressant & pain relieve in order to
manage symptoms & ease breathing.
Many case of acute condition may go away without
any specific treatment, but there is a no cure
for chronic condition.
To keep bronchitis symptoms under control &
relieve symptoms, doctor may prescribe –
Antibiotics – Azithromycin, for 7-10 days
Antitussive – Codeine for suppressing the cough
21. Bronchodilators – To dilate the bronchi
• Beta2-adrenergic agonist agents –
Salbutamol, Terbutaline
• Anticholinergic agents – Ipratropium bromide
• Methylxanthines – Theophylline
Mucolytics - e.g. Acetylcysteine to thin the secretions.
Corticosteroids – Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone to
relieve the inflammation
Antipyretics - for fever
Other - Oxygen therapy, Pulmonary rehabilitation program,
chest physiotherapy, nutritional therapy
22. Additional behaviour remedies include –
• Removing the source of irritants from the
lungs
• Using a humidifier – loosen mucus
• Exercise
• Breathing exercise – pursed lip breathing
24. 1. Nursing diagnosis – ineffective airway clearance
related to thick mucus discharge as evidence by
presence of rhonchi, cough and tachypnea.
Nursing goal – Improve airway clearance
Intervention - Place the patient laterally and
recumbent to help maintain an open airway and drain
the secretion.
• Provide oxygen to decrease her laboured breathing.
• Observe the oxygen therapy delivery system every
hourly.
• To clear the thick mucus, use humidifier and
suctioning.
• Use cough medicine.
25. 2. Nursing diagnosis – Impaired respiratory
functioning related to ineffective breathing pattern
as evidence by increased respiratory rate.
Goal – To improve the respiratory functioning
Intervention - Always stay with patient to reduce
the anxiety.
• To give instruction regarding the pursed lip &
diaphragmatic breathing to assist with slowing
respiratory rate.
• To provide water to drink help in loosen the secretion
& lessen the dryness in mucus membrane.
• To provide oxygen therapy.
• To provide suctioning help in removing the secretion.
26. 3. Nursing diagnosis – acute pain related to
inflammation, cough as evidence by report of
discomfort and facial expression.
Goal – To relieve the pain
Intervention
• Administer acetaminophen medication.
• Monitor vital sign for respiratory suppression
associated with pain medication.
• To apply pillow to chest while coughing.
• Help the patient increase level of comfort in hospital
bed by elevating the head of the bed, to help assist
in less painful breathing.
27. Research study
Smoking Cessation and Lung Function in Mild-to-
Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
It was conducted at 10 North American medical centres, we
studied 3,926 smokers with mild-to-moderate airway
obstruction randomized to one of two smoking cessation
groups. We measured lung function annually for 5 yr.
Participants who stopped smoking experienced an
improvement in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume) in the
year after quitting. The subsequent rate of decline in FEV1
among sustained quitters was half the rate among
continuing smokers, 31 ± 48 versus 62 ± 55 ml (mean ± SD),
comparable to that of never-smokers. Smokers with
airflow obstruction benefit from quitting despite previous
heavy smoking.