The lymphatic system is the secondary circulatory system that drains excess tissue fluid and transports it back to the bloodstream. Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system lacks a heart and relies on muscle movement and one-way valves to circulate lymph. It is comprised of lymph fluid, capillaries, vessels, nodes, and ducts that work together to filter bacteria and waste from tissues, transport absorbed fat and proteins, and produce immune cells to fight infection. The document then describes each component of the lymphatic system in more detail.
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
The lymphatic or lymph system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called lymph. Lymph circulates through the body in a similar way to blood.
There are about 600 lymph nodes in the body. These nodes swell in response to infection, due to a build-up of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
A person with a throat infection, for example, may feel that their "glands" are swollen. Swollen glands can be felt especially under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin area. These are, in fact, not glands but lymph nodes.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
The lymphatic or lymph system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called lymph. Lymph circulates through the body in a similar way to blood.
There are about 600 lymph nodes in the body. These nodes swell in response to infection, due to a build-up of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
A person with a throat infection, for example, may feel that their "glands" are swollen. Swollen glands can be felt especially under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin area. These are, in fact, not glands but lymph nodes.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
• Gross anatomy:
– Components of the lymphatic system: lymphatic plexuses, lymphatics, lymphoid tissue
– Plan of the lymphatic system: Superficial lymphatic vessels, deep lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph trunks, cysterna chyli, lymph ducts: right lymph duct and thoracic duct.
– Lymphatic drainage of the lower limb
• Superficial inguinal lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area.
• Deep inguinal lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area. The popliteal lymph nodes
– Lymphatic drainage of the upper limb
• Superficial and deep lymphatics. Supratrochlear and infraclavicular lymph nodes.
• Axillary lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area.
– Plan of the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck: deep cervical lymph nodes, inner and outer circle of lymph nodes.
• Deep cervical lymph nodes: location of the upper and lower groups, jugulodigastric node, jugulo-omohyoid, supraclavicular lymph nodes. Drainage area and efferent vessels.
• The outer circle of lymph nodes: submental, submandibular, buccal, mandibular, parotid, mastoid, occipital: location, drainage area and efferent vessels.
• The inner circle of lymph nodes: pretracheal, paratracheal and retropharyndeal.
• The tonsils and Waldeyer’s ring.
– Lymphatic drainage of the thorax:
• Lymph nodes of the chest wall: Parasternal, intercostal, and phrenic
• Lymph nodes of the mediastinum: Nodes around the division of the trachea and the main bronchi, anterior and posterior mediastinal nodes.
– Plan of lymphatic drainage of the abdomen: lumbar and intestinal lymph trunks.
• Pre-aortic lymph nodes: mesenteric, celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes.
• Para-aortic lymph nodes.
• MALT & Peyer’s patches.
– Lymphatic drainage in the pelvis: External and internal iliac lymph nodes, lymph nodes in fascial sheaths, sacral and common iliac lymph nodes.
• Applied anatomy
• Functional and clinical importance of the lymphatic system; Virchow’s lymph nodes; Retropharyngeal abscess; Clinical applications of enlarged thoracic lymph nodes: involvement of left recurrent laryngeal nerve and phrenic nerve. Pressure on the esophagus. Carinal lymph nodes and bronchoscopy; Communications of lymphatics between thorax and abdomen.
• Radiographic anatomy:
– Lymphangiogrms.
• Surface anatomy of palpable lymph node groups: superficial inguinal, axillary, infraclavicular, outer circle of crevical lymph nodes, deep cervical lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally toward the heart.
At the completion of this unit, learners will be able to: 1. Define lymph & the lymphatic system 2. Identify the organs of lymphatic system 3. Describe the general functions of the lymphatic system 4. Describe how lymph is formed 5. Describe the lymph vessels & how lymph is returned to the blood vessels 6. Describe the structure and functions of the lymph nodes, nodules, spleen and the thymus glands.
Who is it important that the lymphatic system operate separately f.pdfarihantmobileselepun
Who is it important that the lymphatic system operate separately from the cardiovascular
system? Explain
Describe the relationship between the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
Who is it important that the lymphatic system operate separately from the cardiovascular
system? Explain
Describe the relationship between the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
Describe the relationship between the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
Solution
It is important that the lymphatic system operate separately from the cardiovascular system
becuase lymphatic system is a closed circulatory system that consists of lymph capillaries, lymph
vessels, and lymph nodes different to blood vessels. The lymph present in capillaries flows into
lymphatic vessels, which are presented deep or superficial but blood vessels are deep innervating
various parts of body to maintain pheripheral resistance & mean arterial blood pressure. Blood
flows through three types of blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) distributed throughout
the body. Capillaries are the fine endings of blood vessels. These capillaries are responsible for
the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients and waste products. The molecules move across the
capillaries through a process called “diffusion.” These lymph vessels combine to form lymphatic
trunks that empty into the large collecting vessels of lymphatic system called “thoracic duct and
right lymphatic duct.”
The lymphoid tissue is mostly composed of a reticular connective tissue (a type of loose
connective tissue). The fibres of the reticular network contain macrophages. A number of
lymphocytes from the postcapillary venule walls occupy this network and leave to the body
again. This ensures the lymphocytes to identify the infected sites at a faster rate.
Lymphatic system is a closed circulatory system that consists of lymph capillaries, lymph
vessels, and lymph nodes. Lymph is a tissue fluid, which is formed by the diffusion of
substances from blood capillaries into tissue spaces. The lymph present in capillaries flows into
lymphatic vessels, which are presented deep or superficial. These lymph vessels combine to form
lymphatic trunks that empty into the large collecting vessels of lymphatic system called “thoracic
duct and right lymphatic duct.”
It is important that the lymphatic system operate separately from the cardiovascular system due
to the follwoing reasons and exerts differentail effects of innate immune system. The lymph is
generated to produce defensive mechanisms via innate immunity include physical barriers,
phagocytes, immune surveillance,interferons, complement system, inflammation and fever.
1. Fluid recovery: Filtration of the fluid into the tissue spaces from the blood capillaries will
occur continuously. 85% of it will be absorbed by the blood capillaries. About 15% will be
remained unabsorbed. This unabsorbed portion of the fluid is about 2-4 litres of water and 1/4th
to 1/2th of plasma protein. If this water protein an.
The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, transport and filtration of lymph fluid throughout the body. In addition to its important circulatory functions, the lymphatic system also has important immunological functions
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Introduction
The lymphatic system is the secondary circulatory
system that drains away tissue fluids and waste
products and filters the lymph protecting against
infection. It is a one way drainage system that drains
excess tissue fluid and transports it back into the
venous system of the blood supply. It also returns to
the blood any large protein molecules that were unable
to pass back through the capillary walls. Unlike the
circulatory system, the lymphatic system does not have
a heart to pump it around the body; instead its onward
movement is assisted by the pumping action of the
muscles that surround the lymph vessels, the position
of valves to prevent backflow and the negative pressure
created in the thorax during inspiration.
3. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Functions of the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system:
Filters bacteria, foreign materials, toxins and any harmful
materials.
Drains away excess fluid to prevent water clogging of the
tissues and cells.
Transports proteins back into the blood supply.
Produces lymphocytes which protect and defend the body
against infection.
Produces antibodies to fight bacteria.
Absorbs fat from the intestine and transport it to the liver.
4. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Did you know?
When the body is ill with an infection, your
glands swell up. Many of these glands are lymph
nodes. When you are healthy they are about the
size of a pea or grape, but during illness they can
be as big as golf balls.
Lymph nodes contain billions of white cells,
multiplying rapidly to fight the invading germs.
During illness they fill with millions of extra white
cells and also dead germs.
5. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Structures of the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is comprised of:
Lymph fluid
Lymph capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph ducts
Spleen
6. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Lymph fluid
Lymph fluid is a transparent, colourless, watery fluid that is
similar to blood plasma, however contains more waste
products and fewer nutrients. Lymph usually contains the
larger particles that could not re-enter the blood supply.
Lymph is made up of:
Plasma (watery substance)
Proteins
Waste products and toxins
Fats
Urea
Gases
Lymphocytes
7. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Lymph capillaries
Lymph capillaries are fine,
hollow elastic tubes which are
similar to blood capillaries in
structure, however, they are
wider. The cell walls are made
from a single layer of epithelial
tissue and are more permeable
than blood capillaries,
therefore allowing larger
substances to pass through
their walls. Lymph capillaries
are blind ended and transport
the lymphatic fluid away from
the cells and tissues.
8. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Lymph vessels
These larger vessels run closely
alongside veins and transport
the lymphatic fluid through one
or more sets of lymph nodes.
They have collapsible walls,
carry lymph at a steady
pressure, and are similar to
veins in structure, as they
contain valves called semi lunar
valves. The lymph enters the
node through the afferent
vessel and leaves through the
efferent vessel.
9. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are tiny clusters of
glands, which filter out bacteria
and toxins, therefore, protecting
the body against infection.
Lymphocytes, macrophages and
phagocytes are numerous here;
these white blood cells produce
antibodies and ingest bacteria
and foreign materials to fight
against infection. When a person
is suffering from an infection
the lymph nodes swell and
become tender, as the white
blood cells fight the infection.
10. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Lymph ducts
The lymph ducts are the
vessels that allow the
collected tissue fluid to
return back into the blood
stream. The right lymphatic
duct drains lymph from the
right side of the head, neck,
chest and right arm, the
thoracic duct drains from the
left side of the head and
neck, left arm, left side of
chest area and both legs.
Area drained by right
lymphatic duct
Area drained by thoracic
duct
11. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
The spleen
The spleen is situated
behind the stomach
and is responsible for
producing antibodies
and lymphocytes, and
destroying old red
blood cells.
15. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Lymph Nodes
Node Location Function
Buccal nodes Face, cheek region Drains the eyelids, nose and
the facial skin
Parotid nodes In the face, in
front of the ear
Drains the eyelids, nose and
ears
Posterior
auricular nodes
Behind the ear Drains behind the ear and
temple
Occipital
nodes
Back of head Drains the back of the scalp
and the upper neck region
Submental
nodes
Under the chin Drains lower lip, chin and the
floor of the mouth
Submandibular
nodes
Under the jaw line Drains the chin, lips, nose,
cheeks and tongue
Superficial
cervical nodes
In the neck, below
the ear
Drains lower part of ear,
parotid area and neck
Deep cervical
nodes
In the neck Drains the back of the scalp
and neck
16. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Lymph Nodes
Node Location Function
Axillary nodes In the underarms Drains the pectoral area and
the upper arm
Supratrochlear
lymph nodes
In the elbow Drains the fingers, thumb,
hand and forearm
Intestinal lymph
nodes
Inside the abdominal
cavity
Drain abdominal viscera
Iliac nodes Hip area Drains the pelvic area
including reproductive
organs and the bladder
Inguinal nodes In the groin Drains the pelvic area & legs
Popliteal nodes Behind the knees Drains the toes, feet and
lower legs
Cisterna chyli Sack like chamber in
the abdomen
Receives lymph from the
lower abdomen, lower limbs,
and pelvis and conveys it into
the thoracic duct
17. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Interaction between blood and lymph
The blood and lymph supply work closely alongside each
other and interact at numerous points:
Primary interaction occurs within capillary exchange.
Small lymph vessels run alongside the arteries and veins
collecting lymph from tissues.
Lymph vessels transport lymph fluid to the lymph nodes for
filtering, thereby preventing foreign substances entering
the blood stream.
Production of fresh lymphocytes are activated which
circulate around the body in both lymph and blood vessels.
Lymph transports fat from the digestive tract to the blood.
Lymph returns to the blood supply via the lymphatic ducts
and into the subclavian veins.
18. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Diagram to illustrate the interaction
between the blood and lymph
Arteriole
Red
blood
cells
Blood capillary
with semi
permeable walls
Venule
Tissue fluid
bathing cells and
tissues
Lymph
fluid
Cells and
tissues
Lymph capillary with
semi permeable walls
19. Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Factors affecting lymphatic drainage
General blood circulation - a good strong
circulation ensures that the flow of tissue
fluid into the lymph vessels is maintained.
Exercise - the action of the muscles
speeds up the movement of lymph through
the vessels.
Massage - enhances the drainage by
forcing the movement of lymph through
the vessels.