Lecture 31 Mycoplasms
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This document discusses Mycoplasmas, small bacteria without cell walls that can cause respiratory and urogenital infections in humans. It outlines that Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma are the two important genera, with Mycoplasma pneumoniae being a cause of atypical pneumonia. Diagnosis involves isolation of the bacteria from respiratory or urogenital samples using selective media, as well as serological tests and PCR. Treatment depends on the infection site, but commonly involves tetracyclines and macrolides.
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This is simplified presentation of Mycoplasma for MBBS students and also useful for those who want to know basic of mycoplasma.
Mycoplasma spp
Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating bacteria that lack cell walls. There are over 200 known species that can infect humans and other animals. They attach to epithelial cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts and can cause diseases like atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) or nongonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples in specialized media, biochemical testing, and molecular methods like PCR. Treatment uses tetracyclines, macrolides, or newer quinolones.
Mycoplasma by aslam matania
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms that can cause respiratory, urogenital, and joint infections in humans. Four main species infect humans: Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes respiratory infections, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species cause urogenital infections, and Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with urethral infections. Mycoplasmas are difficult to culture due to their small size and dependence on serum, but PCR and serological tests can aid diagnosis. Tetracyclines and macrolides are commonly used treatments.
Mycoplasma
This document discusses Mycoplasma, a genus of bacteria that lacks a cell wall. It notes that Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Ureaplasma urealyticum are important human pathogens that can cause respiratory and genital diseases. M. pneumoniae specifically can cause upper respiratory infections, tracheobronchitis, and atypical pneumonia. Laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma involves culture, microscopy, and serological tests. Treatment involves tetracycline or erythromycin.
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Mycoplasma , history of mycoplasma, diagnosis and , cell structure of mycoplasma , transmission of mycoplasma...
Streptococcus
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus, is a common human pathogen. It causes a variety of infections including pyogenic infections, pharyngitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, and can lead to post-infectious complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive coccus that grows in chains and produces several virulence factors like streptolysins and pyrogenic exotoxins that contribute to its pathogenicity. It is identified through culture, antigen detection, and serological tests. Treatment involves penicillin and prevention focuses on vaccination to reduce rheumatic fever
Mycoplasma
There are over 200 known species of mycoplasmas, which are the smallest self-replicating organisms. Four species commonly infect humans and cause respiratory or genitourinary infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and have pleomorphic shapes. They are difficult to study using typical bacteriological methods but can be grown in cell-free media supplemented with sterols. Mycoplasmas attach to and may directly damage host cells, leading to pathogenic effects. Tetracyclines and erythromycins are commonly used for treatment.
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Mycoplasma dr kamlesh patel
This is simplified presentation of Mycoplasma for MBBS students and also useful for those who want to know basic of mycoplasma.
Mycoplasma spp
Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating bacteria that lack cell walls. There are over 200 known species that can infect humans and other animals. They attach to epithelial cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts and can cause diseases like atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) or nongonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples in specialized media, biochemical testing, and molecular methods like PCR. Treatment uses tetracyclines, macrolides, or newer quinolones.
Mycoplasma by aslam matania
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms that can cause respiratory, urogenital, and joint infections in humans. Four main species infect humans: Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes respiratory infections, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species cause urogenital infections, and Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with urethral infections. Mycoplasmas are difficult to culture due to their small size and dependence on serum, but PCR and serological tests can aid diagnosis. Tetracyclines and macrolides are commonly used treatments.
Mycoplasma
This document discusses Mycoplasma, a genus of bacteria that lacks a cell wall. It notes that Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Ureaplasma urealyticum are important human pathogens that can cause respiratory and genital diseases. M. pneumoniae specifically can cause upper respiratory infections, tracheobronchitis, and atypical pneumonia. Laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma involves culture, microscopy, and serological tests. Treatment involves tetracycline or erythromycin.
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Streptococcus
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus, is a common human pathogen. It causes a variety of infections including pyogenic infections, pharyngitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, and can lead to post-infectious complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive coccus that grows in chains and produces several virulence factors like streptolysins and pyrogenic exotoxins that contribute to its pathogenicity. It is identified through culture, antigen detection, and serological tests. Treatment involves penicillin and prevention focuses on vaccination to reduce rheumatic fever
Mycoplasma
There are over 200 known species of mycoplasmas, which are the smallest self-replicating organisms. Four species commonly infect humans and cause respiratory or genitourinary infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and have pleomorphic shapes. They are difficult to study using typical bacteriological methods but can be grown in cell-free media supplemented with sterols. Mycoplasmas attach to and may directly damage host cells, leading to pathogenic effects. Tetracyclines and erythromycins are commonly used for treatment.
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Pneumococcus
This document summarizes information about streptococci and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). It describes their characteristics including being gram positive cocci that may appear in chains or pairs and are catalase negative. It discusses distinguishing streptococci from staphylococci and classifying streptococci based on hemolysis and groups A, B, C, D, F, and G. For pneumococcus, key points are that it is a normal respiratory tract commensal but an important cause of pneumonia and otitis media, having distinguishing morphology, optochin sensitivity, and a capsule visible with quellung reaction. Pneumococcal disease manifestations include pneumonia, bacteremia, and mening
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Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living prokaryotes that lack a cell wall. They can infect the respiratory tract causing illnesses like walking pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae specifically infects the lungs and is spread through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, cough and difficulty breathing. It is treated with antibiotics like erythromycin, clarithromycin or azithromycin.
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Clostridium species - Microbiology
1. Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans.
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Mycoplasma
1. Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living microorganisms that can pass through bacterial filters. They lack a cell wall and require sterols like cholesterol for membrane synthesis.
2. Mycoplasma are sensitive to digitonin and require cholesterol, while Acholeplasma are insensitive to digitonin and can synthesize their own sterols. Ureaplasma hydrolyze urea.
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Culture media
Bacteria have various nutritional requirements including water, carbon and nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins, and certain gaseous and temperature conditions to grow. Different types of culture media can be used for bacterial cultivation based on ingredients, agar concentration, and special properties. These include basic, complex, synthetic, enriched, selective, differential, and transport media formulated for specific bacterial isolation and identification purposes.
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Malarial parasite ie Plasmodium have a very complex and multistage life cycle in human and female Anopheles mosquito.
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Los Mycoplasmas son las bacterias más pequeñas conocidas, rodeadas solo por una membrana plasmática. La mayoría son anaerobios facultativos que obtienen energía del metabolismo de carbohidratos, aunque algunas especies usan otros sustratos. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causa infecciones respiratorias mientras que M. hominis y Ureaplasma están relacionados con enfermedades genitales.
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This document discusses atypical mycobacteria (NTM). It describes the Runyon classification system for NTM based on pigment production and growth rate. The most common NTM species are Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium kansasii. MAC is ubiquitous in the environment and a major cause of pulmonary NTM disease. M. kansasii is associated with tap water and causes lung disease resembling tuberculosis, often in older male smokers with COPD. Host immune deficiencies increase risk of NTM infections.
Ch5-Microbial-Food-Safety-Chapt-5.pptnbgfffhx
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18. mycoplasma
This document discusses several types of mycoplasma bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, and the diseases they cause. The most common pathogenic mycoplasma are M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. M. pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia. M. hominis and M. urealyticum can cause infections in the urogenital tract and lead to infertility. M. genitalium is associated with urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture studies, biochemical studies, and serological tests like complement fixation and ELISA. Tetracycline and erythromycin are commonly used for treatment
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms that lack a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia (accounting for 10-20% of all pneumonias) as well as urogenital infections. Important species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. hominis, and M. genitalium. While some Mycoplasma species can be part of the normal flora, they can also cause diseases like atypical pneumonia and pelvic inflammatory disease. They are treated with antibiotics like tetracyclines but show resistance to beta-lactams due to their lack of a cell wall.
Strep and entero
This document provides information on Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and Enterococcus. For GBS, it discusses the pathogenisis, including virulence factors like the polysaccharide capsule and beta-hemolysin. It also covers epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations of early vs late onset disease, and the gold standard test for diagnosis. For Enterococcus, it introduces the two common species, describes increasing importance as nosocomial pathogens and vancomycin resistance, and lists common sites of infection.
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This curriculum vitae summarizes the qualifications and accomplishments of Professor Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh. He has degrees in biology, bacteriology, and medical microbiology. Over his career, he has taught microbiology, supervised many graduate students, published over 30 papers, and given lectures on infectious diseases. His research has focused on identifying bacteria and pathogens in Libya and surrounding countries to improve public health.
Waterborne Pathogens in Developing Countries
This document discusses waterborne pathogens of concern in developing countries, with a focus on Libya. It provides information on common bacterial, viral, protozoan and helminth pathogens found in contaminated water supplies. Data is presented on studies conducted in Libya identifying the leading causes of childhood diarrhea. The document also reports on studies examining the bacteriological quality of various drinking water sources in Libya and summaries waterborne disease outbreaks between 1992-2004. It concludes that waterborne pathogens will continue to be a major public health issue, especially in developing countries, and calls for improved water quality monitoring and epidemiological surveillance.
Urinary Tract Infections in Diabetics-Libya
This study examined urinary tract infections (UTIs) in diabetic and non-diabetic patients in Tripoli, Libya. Uropathogens were isolated from 57% of diabetic UTIs and 67.1% of non-diabetic UTIs, with E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and S. aureus being most common. Resistance to multiple antimicrobials was high among isolated uropathogens from both groups. The study found that diabetes was not a significant factor influencing pathogen type, isolation rates, or antibiotic resistance compared to non-diabetics. However, high resistance to commonly used drugs was observed. Ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime were the most appropriate treatment based
Urinary Tract Infection in Diabetic Patients-Libya
This document discusses a study on urinary tract infections (UTIs) in diabetic patients in Libya. The key points are:
1) UTIs are more common in women with diabetes than in non-diabetic women, due to factors like impaired immune response and presence of glucose in the urine. Escherichia coli is the primary cause of UTIs.
2) The study isolated bacteria from the urine of 135 diabetic and 164 non-diabetic patients with UTIs. The most common bacteria were E. coli, Klebsiella species, and Staphylococcus aureus.
3) Resistance to common antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cipro
Spread of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria in the hospital-Libya
This study examined 253 German cockroaches collected from 3 hospitals in Tripoli, Libya and 150 from the community. Bacteria was isolated from the cockroaches, including Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Streptococcus. More than 30% of the isolated Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. Pseudomonas isolates showed the highest resistance rates, being more than 95% resistant to several common antibiotics. The study concludes that German cockroaches may play an important role in spreading antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria in hospitals and the community.
Spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria-Libya
The document discusses a study on the role of houseflies and German cockroaches in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals and communities in Libya. Over 40% of bacteria isolated from flies and cockroaches in hospitals were resistant to at least 4 antibiotics. More than 65% of Pseudomonas species isolated from these insects showed resistance to 9 or more antibiotics. The study concludes that houseflies and cockroaches likely play an important role in the spread of drug-resistant bacteria between and within hospitals and households in Libya, posing serious risks to treatment of infections. Stronger control of these insects is recommended.
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The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria from the steering wheels of rented cars and rented DVDs in Libya. A variety of bacteria were found, including Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic-resistant strains. S. aureus was found on 67% of car steering wheels and 58.3% of DVDs sampled. The study concludes that inanimate objects like car steering wheels and DVDs can transmit antibiotic-resistant bacteria within communities. It recommends disinfecting these surfaces before use to reduce disease transmission.
Protecting the healthcare worker from bloodborne infections
This document provides guidelines for healthcare workers to protect themselves from bloodborne infections. It discusses important bloodborne diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. It recommends infection control techniques like cleanliness, disinfection, and sterilization. It also recommends personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns, masks, and eyewear. It provides guidance on needlestick precautions, sharp disposal, exposure management, and post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis B. The overall goal is to educate healthcare workers on universal precautions to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens.
PCR detection of virulence factors in Escherichia coli-Tripoli-Libya
This study analyzed virulence factors and phylogenetic grouping of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infections in Tripoli, Libya. Using PCR, the study found that E. coli from diabetics contained fewer virulence genes and were more commonly in phylogenetic group A, while E. coli from non-diabetics contained more virulence genes and were more commonly in group D. E. coli resistant to ciprofloxacin also more commonly fell into group A. The study concludes that E. coli causing UTIs in diabetics are generally less virulent than in non-diabetics, and that virulence factors differ between the two host populations.
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This document discusses Aeromonas as an emerging enteric pathogen causing diarrhea in children in Libya. It finds that Aeromonas is present in 15-18% of children with diarrhea in Libya. Several Aeromonas species are identified from clinical and environmental samples, including A. hydrophila and A. veronii. Virulence factors like toxins and invasiveness are discussed. Aeromonas is also found in various foods and water sources in Libya. Surveillance of emerging pathogens is recommended to control diarrhea in children.
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This document summarizes a study on maternal transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Tripoli, Libya. The study tested 1500 pregnant women and their neonates for HBV markers. It found that 1.5% of pregnant women and 0.9% of neonates were HBsAg positive. 60.9% of HBsAg positive neonates were born to HBsAg positive mothers, indicating a high rate of maternal transmission. Due to the high risk of chronic infection in infants born to HBsAg positive mothers, the study concludes that administering hepatitis B immunoglobulin and vaccine is important to prevent transmission and reduce chronic carriers in the country.
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This document analyzes pathogenic bacteria found in 160 ice cream samples sold in Tripoli, Libya. A variety of bacteria were isolated, including E. coli, Salmonella, Aeromonas, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes. Many of the isolated bacteria showed resistance to multiple antibiotics. The study concludes that antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria are present in ice cream sold in Tripoli and that ice cream has the potential to spread these resistant organisms in the community.
Foodborne illnesses in developing countries
This document summarizes pathogens associated with foodborne illnesses in developing countries. It notes that national surveillance programs are generally lacking in developing nations. The main pathogens discussed are bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli), viruses (Hepatitis A, Norovirus, Rotavirus) and parasites (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium). Specific Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter serotypes found in different developing countries are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing sources and resistance of these pathogens.
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This document summarizes a study that detected four common viral agents (adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus) associated with diarrhea in Libyan children. The study analyzed stool samples from 88 children with diarrhea aged days to 5 years old using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits. It found that 48.8% of samples tested positive for one of the four viruses, with rotavirus detected in 21.6% of samples being the most common. The study concludes these viruses are important causes of diarrhea in Libyan children and more research is needed on larger groups to determine their overall role.
Enteric pathogens-Tripoli-Libya
This document summarizes a study on enteric pathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in Tripoli, Libya. The study found that in addition to classical pathogens like Salmonella and rotavirus, emerging pathogens like norovirus, adenovirus, and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) are also important causes of childhood diarrhea in Tripoli. Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, and Aeromonas appear to play a minor role. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella was detected, which is a serious public health concern. More nationwide studies are needed to better understand the roles and prevalence of different enteric pathogens causing pediatric diarrhea in Libya.
Diarrhea in Libyan children presentation
The document summarizes research on childhood diarrhea in Libya. It finds that viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens are important causes, with rotavirus, Salmonella, and Cryptosporidium as major agents. Misuse of antibiotics in Libya has led to increased drug resistance in enteric bacteria isolated from diarrhea cases. Recommendations include educational programs to promote oral rehydration and breastfeeding, as well as considering introduction of a rotavirus vaccine.
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Urinary Tract Infection in Diabetic Patients-Libya
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Spread of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria in the hospital-Libya
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Lecture 31 Mycoplasms
- 1. بسم ا الرحمن الرحيم MYCOPLASMAS Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh
- 2. Pleomorphic organisms No cell wall – Resistant to antibiotics act on bacterial cell wall synthesis and to lysozyme Require animal protein (blood serum) and sterol for cultivation On agar – Colonies have “fried egg” appearance Two Important genera – Mycoplasma – Ureaplasma
- 5. Mycoplasma & Ureaplasma Important species associated with human disease –M. fermentans –M. genitalium –M. hominis –M. pneumoniae –Ureaplasma urealyticum
- 6. Pathogenesis 1. Respiratory Infections Primary atypical pneumonia – M. pneumoniae Respiratory infection in the newborn – M. hominis and U. urealyticum Other respiratory infection – M. hominis and M. fermentans?
- 7. 2. Urogenital Infections Mainly M. hominis and U. urealyticum Urogenital infections in men >> NGU Urinary infection and calculi – Acute pylonephritis – Patients with infective stones Reproductive tract disease in women – Bacterial vaginosis – PID Disease associated with pregnancy and newborn
- 8. 3. Joint Infections U. Urealyticum and M. genitalium Sexually acquired reactive arthritis Reiter’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis 4. Infection in the Immunocompromised M. penumoniae, M. hominis and ureaplasms Severe pneumonia, arthritis, persistent urethritis and chronic cystitis
- 9. Laboratory Diagnosis 1. Respiratory Infections Specific serological test – Complement fixation test Isolation of M. pneumoniae – Specimen: sputum, throat washing, pharyngeal swab – Specific selective liquid and solid media – Requires up to 3 weeks incubation ? PCR
- 10. 2. Urogenital Infections Isolation of the causative organism – Specimen: Urethral, cervical or vaginal swabs – Specific selective liquid media – Culture on solid media Serological tests – For definitive identification PCR – DNA primers used for amplification by PCR
- 11. Treatment 1. Respiratory Infections M. pneumoniae – Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Ciprofloxacin 2. Urogenital Infections – Tetracyclines, Erythromycin plus clindamycin